SKAB/SEAA2032

Electrical and Mechanical System

Slot 3 - 8 pm – 10 pm
 3 phase system
Previously we deal with only single phase AC systems which involves only 1
voltage supply.

A 3 phase system is simply a combination of 3 single phase systems. All three

single phase voltage has the same magnitude but separated from each other by a
1200 phase difference between them.

Generally the electrical power is generated, transmitted and distributed to the

users through 3 phase system.

A single phase system can be obtained from a 3 phase system by using any one of
the 3 phase voltages.

Heavy industries usually use 3 phase system to operate big machines, while most
of domestic users utilize only single phase system.
2
Suppose three similar loops of wire with terminals L1-L1’, L2-L2’
and L3-L3’ are fixed to one another at angles of 120 and
rotating in a magnetic field.

L1

L2 ’ L3’

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFaDfOap2fs&ab_channel=sourabhsharma

L3 L2 Another interesting video on 3 phase signal generation explained in animation

L1’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBiUOQ2WX2I&ab_channel=TechTrainerNJ

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 3 phase system generation
To generate 3 voltages 1200 apart from each other, 3 loops (compared to
a single loop in single phase systems) needs to be rotated to through the
north and south poles, and these loops should be physically 1200 apart.

This means 3 phase voltages will be generated on the 3 end pairs of the
3 loops. If the number of turns in the loop, and the rotating speed is the
same, the magnitude and frequency of the generated voltages are the
same.

A three-phase system is superior economically and advantage, and for

an operating of view, to a single phase system. In a balanced three phase
system the power delivered to the load is constant at all times, whereas
in a single-phase system the power pulsates with time.

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 VL1 VL2 VL3

The instantaneous e.m.f. generated in phase L1, L2 and L3:

• VL1 = VL1 sin (ωt +0) →→→ Reference waveform
• VL2 = VL2 sin (ωt – ??)
• VL3 = VL3 sin (ωt – ??) = VL3 sin (ωt + ??)

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 RYB or positive sequence

VL3
VL1 VL1
VL2 VL2
VL1
VL3 VL3
VL3
VL2

VL1 leads VL2, which in turn leads VL3. This sequence is produced
when the rotor rotates in the counterclockwise direction.
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 3 phase system connection methods
• The three phase system is usually connected using:
– Star, Y (transformers, motors and other loads)
– Delta,  (sources i.e. alternators)
• Therefore 4 configurations for 3 phase supply – load can be
established:
• First connection is for supply, next is for load (supply-load)
– Star-star connection,
– Star-delta connection,
– Delta-delta connection,
– Delta-Star connection.
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POP Quiz

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 Star connection

• 3 phase star connected generator is also known as a WYE

(Y) connected generator.
• Star connection is established by joining the ends of each
loop conductor which has the same polarity to a common
point termed the neutral point, N.

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STAR – STAR connection

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Loads in STAR Connection

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STAR Connection - VOLTAGES
How to write the mathematical expression for each voltage?

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STAR Connection - Currents

WHY???

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 STAR – Line voltages
This is how a line voltage is written in phase voltage with the phase difference

VL

??

??

??

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Vector Diagram

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 3 phase 4 wired connection

Source Loads

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 Balanced Load Star Connection

If the loads between the 3 phases are balanced (i.e. their

impedance values are the same) no neutral line is required.

However, the neutral line is required when the loads are not
balanced, to provide a common path for the nett current to flow
back to the generator.

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 Example 5

• Three loads, each of resistance 30 Ω, are connected in star to a

400 V, 3-phase supply. Determine

(a) the system phase voltage

(b) the phase current, and,
(c) the line current.

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 Solutions
Given,
Load impedance, Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = 30  0 Ω
Line voltage, VL = 400  0 V
Then, for star (Y) connection,
(a) Line voltage VL= 3Vp  30 V
𝑉𝐿 400∠0°
Phase voltage, Vp = = = 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟗∠ − 𝟑𝟎° 𝑽
3 ∠30° 3 ∠30°
230.9∠−30°
b) Phase current, I = Vp/Zp = = 𝟕. 𝟕∠ − 𝟑𝟎° 𝑨
30  0
P

c) For a star connection, I =I

L P

Line current , I =I = 7.7 ∠ − 30° A

L P

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 Power in 3 phase systems

Star connection
• For a balanced 3 phase star connected system, the total active power in the
system can be calculated by considering the active power for a single phase
system, multiplied by 3.
• This is due to the equal powers dissipated by each phase. The active power for the
three phases R, Y and B for a balanced star connected load is given by:

(
PR = V RN I R cos VR N −  I R ) ??

( )
??
PY = VYN I Y cos VYN −  IY

(
PB = V BN I B cos VB N −  I B )
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Power Calculation
• The three phase power is equal the sum of the phase powers
P = PR + PY + PB
What is this??
• If the load is balanced:
P = 3 Pphase = 3 Vphase Iphase cos θ

• Wye connection system:

I phase = I L & 𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
P = 3 Vphase Iphase cos θ = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃 [𝑊]

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Reactive power:

Q = 3 Vphase Iphase sin θ = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sin 𝜃 𝑉𝐴𝑅

Apparent power:

S = 3 Vphase Iphase
= 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝐴
or S = P + jQ
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 Example 6
A 345 kV, three phase transmission line delivers 500 MVA, 0.866 power
factor lagging, to a three phase load connected to its receiving end
terminals. Assume the load is Y connected and the voltage at the receiving
end is 345 kV, find:

• The line and phase currents.

• The load impedance, Z for each phase.
• The total real, P and reactive power, Q.

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 Solutions

For Star connection, 𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐼𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑆 500×106
Given apparent power, S = 𝟑VLIL → 𝐼𝐿 = = = 0.84 × 103 ∠0° A
𝟑𝑉𝐿 𝟑×345×103 ∠0°
𝐼𝑝 = 836.74 ∠0° A

345 𝑥 103ൗ
𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 3 ∠30°
𝑍= = 3
= 237.13∠ − 30° Ω
𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 0.84 × 10 ∠0°

Real power, P = 3 VPIP cos  = 3VLIL cos  = ??

Reactive Power, Q = 3 VPIP sin  = 3VLIL sin  = ??

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Chapter 1 – Part 3
Electrical Supply, Transmission and Distribution
(Punca bekalan, penghantaran dan pengagihan)
 TNB’s supply system
3 phase voltage (50Hz)

Main transmission network consists of voltage systems:

275kV, 132kV, 66kV

Distribution networks uses:

33 kV, 11 kV, 415 V
22 kV & 6.6 kV (for restricted areas)
240 V (single phase) drawn from 415 V, 3 phase (phase voltage), between line (R, Y,
B) and Neutral (N)
 Stepped-down 11 kV or 22 kV
127 kV,
transformer End – user
Stepped-up 132 kV,
275 kV,
transformer
500 kV

Substations

415/240 V

Transmission:
1. Overhead line
2. Underground
11 kV, 22 kV, 33 kV cable

Generation
 11kV
Generation Station
STESEN PENJANA
22kV
33kV

127kV
132kV
PENGUBAH LANGKAH
Stepped-up NAIK
transformer
Transmitter 275kV
PENGHANTAR
500kV
TALIAN
Overhead
RENTANG
line
ATAS

33kV
Stepped-down transformer
PENGUBAH LANGKAH TURUN 22kV
11kV

Substations
STESEN PENCAWANG
Distributor
PENGAGIH

TALIAN
Underground
ATAS/DALAM
cable
TANAH

Stepped-down transformer 11kV

PENGUBAH LANGKAH TURUN
415V
PEMBEKAL
Distributor

Consumer
PENGGUNA

415/240V 11kV 11kV 415/240V

 Supplying Method

1. Single consumer as in housing areas, factories and

shophouses.
– Single-phase, 2-wire, 240 V up to 12 kVA maximum demand
– 3-phase, 4-wires, 415 V up to 45 kVA maximum demand
– 3-phase, 4-wires, C.T. metered 415 V up to 1,500 kVA
maximum demand
2. Multi tenanted premises such as high rises flats, office
blocks and commercial buildings:
a. Low voltage:
i. 3-phase, 4-wires, CT metered 415 V up to 1500 kVA
b. High voltage, Extra High Voltage
i. 3-phase, 4-wires, 6.6 kV & 11 kV for load of 1,500
kVA max demand and above, whiever voltage is
available
ii. 3-phase, 4-wires, 22 kV & 33 kV for load of 5,000
kVA max demand and above, whiever voltage is
available
iii. 3-phase, 4-wires, 66 kV, 132 kV dan 275 kV for
exceptional high load maximum demand above 20
MVA max demand
 Calculating Your Electric Bill

• Although the unit of energy is the joule (W=Pt), when dealing

with large amounts of energy, the unit used is the kilowatt
hour (kWh) where:

1 kWh = 1000 watt X 1 hour

= 1000 X 3600 watt seconds (or joules)
= 3 600 000 J = 3.6 MJ

Electricity Bill = Electricity (kWh) x tariff rates ($$/kWh)

 Estimating Power Usage (kWh) Using
Manufacturer’s Label

Maximum Power the appliance operates at, which may be

higher than the actual average wattage. Some devices show a
range of watts, such as "200W–300W." It may be more accurate
to choose the middle of this range, or 250W.

Example:
A large window fan rated at 250 watts runs for an
average of 5 hours a day. The fan's daily power
consumption
= (250 watts) x (5 hours / day)
= 1250 watt-hours per day = 1.25 kWh/day
 Electricity Consumption

Electricity cost for different appliances can be calculated using

the following:
1. Power rating of the electrical appliance and its efficiency
2. Number of hours used
3. The domestic tariff rate per kilowatt - hour (kWh)

Electricity Consumption (kWh)

= Power (watts) x Hours of Operation x 30 days ÷ 1000
 Calculating Your Electric Bill

Pricing & Tariffs (Domestic Consumer)

 Unit Rate Energy Cost
Block No. kWh
(sen/kWh) (RM)
1 200 21.80 43.60
2 100 33.40 33.40
3 300 51.60 154.80
4 300 54.60 163.80
5 461.1 57.10 263.29
Actual total bill (RM) 658.69
15% Discount for economic
-98.80
stimulus
Total bill after discount 559.89
The Energy Efficiency Label for Electrical Appliances
Summary of Terms, Units, Symbols & Relationships
 Summary of Terms, Units, Symbols &
Relationships

➢ Current is the rate of flow of electric charge in a circuit. The term is often used to
describe the flow of electric charge, e.g. ‘a current is flowing in a circuit’; this is
ambiguous but is so common that we have to accept it.
➢ A source supplies energy to a system.
➢ A load accepts energy from a system.
➢ Electric charge may be either positive or negative. Negative electrons are free to
move around a circuit thus transporting energy from source to load.
➢ The potential difference across a load indicates in volts the energy lost per
coulomb of charge passing through the load.
➢ Since the current is the rate of flow, its product with the voltage gives the rate of
energy transmission, i.e. the power.
➢ Resistance is a measure of the opposition to the flow of charge through a load.
➢ Ohm’s law states that the ratio of voltage to current is constant, provided other
physical factors such as temperature remain unchanged.
 TEST 1

Test 1 will cover up to single phase part only – Next class (9Apr)
will start with Test 1 at 2.00pm