UNIT-II

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
 DC MACHINES
• Constructional features
• EMF and Torque
• Circuit Model
• Characteristics of DC Motors
• Speed Control
DC Generators
– Operating principle
– Separately excited generator
– Shunt generator
– Compound generator
• DC Motors
– Shunt motor
– Series motor
– Compound motor
– Starting and braking
– Basics of speed control
 Transformers
• It is a static piece of electrical apparatus
which transforms the power from one level
to another level without any change in
frequency.
• Works on the principle of Mutual Induction.
• Statically induced EMF
 Construction

• Core type transformer

• Shell type transformer
• Berry type
IDEAL TRANSFORMERS

N2
v 2 t   v1 t 
N1
 N1
I 2 rms  I 1rms
N2

p2 t   p1 t 
 Transformer Summary

1. We assumed that all of the flux links all of the

windings of both coils and that the resistance
of the coils is zero. Thus, the voltage across
each coil is proportional to the number of turns
on the coil.
N2
v 2 t   v1 t 
N1
2. We assumed that the reluctance of the core is
negligible, so the total mmf of both coils is zero.
N1
i2 t   i2 t 
N2
3. A consequence of the voltage and current
relationships is that all of the power
delivered to an ideal transformer by the
source is transferred to the load.
Analysis of a Circuit Containing an
Ideal Transformer
Impedance Transformations

2
V1  N 1 
Z L     Z L
I1  N 2 
REAL TRANSFORMERS
 Regulation and Efficiency
Vno-load  Vload
percent regulation   100%
Vload

Pload  Ploss 
power efficiency   100%  1    100%
Pin  Pin 
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
SPLIT PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
SHADED POLE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
CAPACITOR START – RUN INDUCTION MOTOR