EE 238

Power
Engineering - II
Transformer
Transformer :

Machine to transform
levels of voltage and
current but not power or
volt-ampere.
 From ampere’s law:

m 
N1i m • Core
reluctance • Winding
N1 = no. of turns of the coil
im = current in the coil

m
im
Direction of flux + +
given by right v1 e1 N1
hand thumb _ _
rule
 From Faraday’s law:
dm
v1  e1  N1
dt

Magnitude of core flux is determined

by the induced voltage and hence   N1i m
m
applied voltage in case of an ideal reluctance
transformer.
m
im
For an ideal + +
transformer, v1 e1 N1
im = 0 _ _
 d m If v is sinusoidal, m is also a sinusoid riding
v1  e1  N1 on a dc component. In reality as the system
dt is lossy, at steady state dc componet will die
down to zero.

Let us assume,

m  mp sin t
therefore,
v1  e1  N1mp cos t
N1mp 2 f
V1  E1   4.44 N1 f mp
2
Dot convention

Gives information regarding the sense of winding:

current entering both the “dots” set fluxes which aid
each other

m
im
+ +
v1 e1 N1 N2
_ _
 Voltage induced in winding 2
m
+ + + +
v1 e1 N1 N2 e2 v2
_ _ _ _
i m= 0

Ideal transformer: Recluctance of core material is zero

d m V1  E1  4.44 N1 f mp
v1  e1  N1
dt V2  E2  4.44 N 2 f mp
dm
v2  e2  N 2 Therefore,
dt
Polarity of induced voltage is given by
Lenz’s law : “dotted” terminals gets ‘ v1 e1 V1 N1
  
similar polarity v2 e2 V2 N 2
 Ideal Transformer on load

2

m
i2
+ + + +
v1 e1 N1 N2 e2 v2
_ _ _ _
i m= 0

v1 being the applied voltage

remains same, but
d (m  2 )
e1  N1
dt Therefore, e1  v1

i
Hence a current 1 flows from v1 to “dot” terminal
of winding 1.
Flow of current
1i in N1 sets a flux 1 in the core
 Ideal Transformer on load
1
2

m
i1 i2
+ + + +
v1 e1 N1 N2 e2 v2
_ _ _ _
i m= 0

Steady state will reach when, 1  2 Therefore at steady state

N1i1 N 2i 2 N1i1  N 2i2

1  2 
reluctance reluctance
i1 N 2 I1
 
Power factors at both the sides remain the i2 N1 I 2
same
 Ideal Transformer on load
1
2

m
i1 i2
+ + + +
v1 e1 N1 N2 e2 v2 Z
_ _ _ _
i m= 0

v1 e1 V1 N1 Therefore,
   v1i1  v2i2
v2 e2 V2 N 2
e1i1  e2i2
i1 N 2 e2 v2
  
i2 N1 e1 v1 Volt-amperes at both the sides are
same
 Ideal Transformer on load
1
2

m
i1 i2
+ + + +
v1 e1 N1 N2 e2 v2 Z
_ _ _ _
i m= 0

v2 e2
Impedance seen by winding-2, Z 
i2 i2
Impedance seen by winding-1,
N1v2
2 2
/ v1 N2  N1  v2  N1 
Z       Z
i1 N 2i2  N 2  i2  N 2 
N1
Flux pattern in a realistic transformer

1c
2c
1L 2 L
m
i1 i2
+ +
v1 N1 N2 v2 Z
_ _
i m= 0
1  1L  1c
2  2 L  2 c d (1L  m )
v1  N1 v1 N1
1c  2 c dt 
v2 N 2
d (m  2 L )
v2  N 2
dt
 N
Inductance =
i
Therefore, leakage ampere turns of winding-1
can be modelled as:
Ll1i1  N11L
Similarly, leakage ampere turns of winding-2
can be modelled as:
Ll 2i2  N 22 L

Moreover, winding-1 of a practical transformer will have a

resistance
component: R1

winding-2 of a practical transformer will have a resistance

component: R2
 Circuit model of a realistic transformer

1c
2c

R1 Ll1 m Ll2 R2
i2
+ +
i 1+ i m
v1 N1 N2 v2 Z
_ _

v1 V1 N1
 
v2 V2 N 2
i1  im N 2

i2 N1
 Circuit model of a realistic transformer

1c
2c

R1 / / m
Ll1 Ll2 R2 i2
i1
+ +
v1 v1/ N1 N2 v2 Z
_ _

Neglecting, i m ,
2
 N1 
Ll2    Ll 2
Ideal Transformer

 N2  i1 I1 N 2
 
Neglecting, i m , i2 I 2 N1

 
2 and
N
R2   1
 R2
 N2  v1 V 1 N1
 
v2 V 2 N 2
Losses in a transformer:

Iron Loss: Hysteresis Loss

Eddy current Loss
- Function of voltage for a given frequency
modelled by incorporating a resistance
in
parallel to the source

Copper loss: Ohmic loss incurred in the windings

modelled by R1 and R2

To account for the magnetizing current:

Incorporation of inductance in parallel to the source.
 Complete circuit model of the transformer

1c
2c
_ / / _ m
_
R1 Ll1 Ll2 R2 I2
I _ I1
_
+ IO _ _ +
V1 V1/ N1 N2 V2 Z
Ri Lm
_ _

Ideal Transformer

Io = No load current of the transformer,

accounts for no load loss and magnetizing
current
Applications of transformer:

• Voltage matching

• Voltage boosting for power transmission

• Impedance matching

• Isolation – voltage and current sensing