Magnetic Circuits

and Transformers

Discussion D10.1
Chapter 6

1
Hans Christian Oersted (1777 – 1851)

1822

In 1820 he showed that a current

produces a magnetic field.

Ref: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/oersted.htm
2
André-Marie Ampère (1775 – 1836)
French mathematics professor who only
a week after learning of Oersted’s
discoveries in Sept. 1820 demonstrated
that parallel wires carrying currents
attract and repel each other.

attract

A moving charge of 1 coulomb

per second is a current of
repel
1 ampere (amp).
3
 Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867)
Self-taught English chemist and physicist
discovered electromagnetic induction in
1831 by which a changing magnetic field
induces an electric field.

A capacitance of 1 coulomb per volt

is called a farad (F) Faraday’s electromagnetic
induction ring 4
 Joseph Henry (1797 – 1878)
American scientist, Princeton University
professor, and first Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution.

Discovered self- Built the largest

induction electromagnets of
his day
Unit of inductance, L, is the “Henry” 5
 Magnetic Fields and Circuits
A current i through a coil produces a
magnetic flux, f, in webers, Wb.
i
f   B dA f  BA
A +
v N
B = magnetic flux density in Wb/m2. -

B  H

H = magnetic field intensity in A/m.

 = magnetic permeability
Hl  Ni
Ampere's Law:  H dl   i reluctance

Magnetomotive force F  Ni F Rf

6
 Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux, f, in webers, Wb. Current entering
"dots" produce
i1 i2 fluxes that add.
+ +
v1 N1 N2 v2
- -

f11  flux in coil 1 produced by current in coil 1

f12  flux in coil 1 produced by current in coil 2
f21  flux in coil 2 produced by current in coil 1
f22  flux in coil 2 produced by current in coil 2
f1  total flux in coil 1  f11  f12
f2  total flux in coil 2  f21  f22
7
 Faraday's Law
i1 i2
+ +
i v1 N1 N2 v2
- -

Total flux linking coil 1: 1  N1f1

d 1 df1
Faraday's Law: induced voltage in coil 1 is v1 (t )   N1
dt dt
Sign of induced voltage v1 is such that the current i through
an external resistor would be opposite to the current i1 that
produces the flux f1.
Example of Lenz's law Symbol L of inductance from Lenz
8
 Mutual Inductance
i1 i2
+ +
v1 N1 N2 v2
- -

Faraday's Law
df1 df df
v1 (t )  N1  N1 11  N1 12
dt dt dt
In linear range, flux is proportional to current
di1 di2
v1 (t )  L11  L12
dt dt

self-inductance mutual inductance 9

 Mutual Inductance
i1 i2
+ +
v1 N1 N2 v2
- -

di1 di2
v1 (t )  L11  L12
dt dt
di1 di
di di v1 (t )  L1 M 2
v2 (t )  L21 1  L22 2 dt dt
dt dt
di1 di2
Linear media v2 (t )  M  L2
dt dt
L12  L21  M

Let L2  L22 L1  L11

10
 Ideal Transformer - Voltage
df
i1 i2 v1 (t )  N1
dt
+ +
AC v1 N1 N2 v2 Load The input AC voltage, v1,
- -
produces a flux
1
f f
N1  v1 (t )dt
This changing flux through
coil 2 induces a voltage, v2 df
v2 (t )  N 2
across coil 2 dt

df
v1 N1 dt N1 N2
  v2  v1
v2 N 2 df N 2 N1
dt
11
 Ideal Transformer - Current
i1 i2 Magnetomotive force, mmf

F  Ni
+ +
AC v1 N1 N2 v2 Load
- -

f
The total mmf applied to core is F  N1i1  N 2i2  R f
For ideal transformer, the reluctance R is zero.

N1i1  N 2i2 i2 
N1
i1
N2

12
 Ideal Transformer - Impedance
i1 i2 Load impedance
+ +
V2
AC v1 N1 N2 v2 Load ZL 
- - I2

N1
V1  V2
Input impedance N2
2
V1  N1 
Zi  Zi    ZL N2
I1  N2  I1  I2
N1

ZL N2
Zi  2 Turns ratio n
n N1
13
 Ideal Transformer - Power
i1 i2
+ +
AC v1 N1 N2 v2 Load P  vi
- -

Power delivered to primary Power delivered to load

P1  v1i1 P2  v2i2

N2
v2  v1 i2 
N1
i1 P2  v2i2  v1i1  P1
N1 N2

Power delivered to an ideal transformer by the source

is transferred to the load. 14
 L.V.D.T.
Linear Variable Differential Transformer
Position transducer

http://www.rdpelectronics.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htm
http://www.efunda.com/DesignStandards/sensors/lvdt/lvdt_theory.cfm
15
 LVDT's are often used on clutch actuation
and for monitoring brake disc wear

LVDT's are also used for

sensors in an automotive
active suspension system

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