Eeem221 - Lec1 - Lec2 - Magnetism and Electromagnetism

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City

ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED DEPARTMENT
MAGNETISM AND
ELECTROMAGNETISM
__________________________
EEM221 – LECTURE 1&2
PREPARED BY: ENGR. JEMMUEL MAMINTA
1
MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM

Magnet is a substance that attracts pieces of iron and its alloys, and which possesses
the property of orientation and the phenomenon by which this magnet attracts iron,
and its alloys is called magnetism.
2
TYPES OF MAGNETS
• Natural Magnets - these are iron ores (magnetite 𝐹𝑒3 𝑂4 ) which are obtained from mines, and which have the
property of attracting iron pieces naturally.
• Artificial Magnets - these magnets are those which are created by artificial means.
Two Types:
• Temporary Magnets. Magnets which retain their power of magnetism by the flow of current through it.
• Permanent Magnets. Man-made magnets which are created from steel and its alloys like cobalt steel,
tungsten steel, etc.
3
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS
1. A magnet always attracts iron and its alloys.
2. A magnet has two poles, the North and the South pole
3. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract
4. If a magnet is broken into pieces, each piece becomes an
independent magnet.
5. A magnet can impart its properties to any magnetic material.
6. A magnet losses its properties when hammered, heated up to Curie
temperature or dropped from a height.
4
MAGNETIC FIELD
The region around a magnet where
its poles exhibit a force of attraction
or repulsion. It results from motion
of electric charges in a material.
Figure 1: Use of steel filings fordetermining distribution of magnetic field
5
MAGNETIC FIELD
If a permanent magnet is suspended in a
horizontal plane, as shown in the figure, it
takes up a position such that one end
points to the earth’s north pole. That end is
said to be the north-seeking end of the
magnet while the other end is called the
south-seeking end.
Figure 2: A suspended permanent magnet
6
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD

• The direction of magnetic lines of force is from N-pole to the S-pole outside
the magnet. But inside the magnet their direction is from S-pole to N-pole.
• They form a closed loop.
• Their tendency is to follow the least reluctance path.
• They act like stretched cords, always trying to shorten themselves.
• They never intersect each other.
• They repel each other when they are parallel and are in the same direction.
• They remain unaffected by non-magnetic materials.
7
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD
Figures 3.1 and 3.2

Attraction and repulsion between
magnets
8
ELECTROMAGNETISM
When a conductor carries an electric current, a magnetic field is produced around
that conductor – a phenomenon discovered by Oersted at Copenhagen in 1820. He
found that when a wire carrying an electric current was placed above a magnetic
needle and in line with the normal direction of the latter, the needle was deflected
clockwise or anticlockwise, depending upon the direction of the current.
9
CURRENT DIRECTION AND

MAGNETIC FIELD RELATION
A convenient method of representing the
relationship between the direction of a current Figures 4.1 and 4.2
and that of its magnetic field is to place a Current convention and Right-hand
corkscrew or a woodscrew alongside the screw rule
conductor carrying the current.
An alternative method of deriving this
relationship is to grip the conductor with the
right hand, with the thumb outstretched parallel
to the conductor and pointing in the direction of
the current; the fingers then point in the
direction of the magnetic flux around the
conductor.
10
PRODUCTION OF
MAGNETIC FIELD
The basic law governing the production of
magnetic field is Ampere’s Circuital H = Magnetic field produced in Ampere-turn/meter
Law. It is defined as the line integral of the dL = differential length along the path of
magnetic field surrounding closed-loop integration
equals the number of times the algebraic
Ienc = Current in Amperes
sum of currents passing through the loop.
11
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH AROUND A LONG

STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR
Given a straight long conductor
carrying a current of i amperes in
downward direction. The field strength
at any point at a distance of r meters
from the center of the conductor due to
its field is:
𝑖
𝐻=
2𝜋𝑟
12
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH ALONG THE AXIS OF

A SQUARE COIL
Consider a square coil with length equal
to 2a meters carrying a current of I
amperes, the magnetic field strength at
the center of the square coil is:
𝑖√2
𝐻=
𝜋𝑎
13
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH ALONG THE AXIS OF

A CIRCULAR COIL
Consider a single turn circular coil of radius
r meters and carrying a current of I amperes
The magnetizing force at the axial point P
is given by:
1
𝐻 = sin3 𝜃
2𝑟
The magnetizing force at the center point of the coil is:
1
𝐻=
2𝑟
14
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH USING

BIOT SAVART LAW
𝑖 𝑑𝑙 × 𝑟Ƹ
H= න 2
4𝜋 𝑟
𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝒍
𝑯= න
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
15
MAGNETIC FIELD
OF A SOLENOID
If a coil is wound on a steel rod and connected to a
battery, the steel becomes magnetized and behaves
like a permanent magnet. The magnetic field of the
electromagnet is represented by the dotted lines and
its direction by the arrowheads.
Figure 5: Solenoid with a steel core
16
PRODUCTION OF
MAGNETIC FIELD IN A SOLENOID
𝑯𝒍 = 𝑵𝒊
H = Magnetic field produced in Ampere-turn/meter
l = mean length of the ferromagnetic core
N = number of turns
i = Current in Amperes
17
FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING
CONDUCTOR
The rule can be summarized as follows:
• Hold the thumb, first finger and second finger of the
left hand in the manner indicated by Fig. 6, whereby
they are mutually at right angles.
• Point the First finger in the Field direction.
• Point the seCond finger in the Current direction.
• The thuMb then indicates the direction of the
Mechanical force exerted by the conductor.
Figure 6: Left hand rule
18
FORCE DETERMINATION
𝐹 = 𝛽𝑖𝑙
F= Force on the conductor in Newtons
𝛽 = Magnetic Flux Density in Tesla
i = current in amperes
l = length of the conductor at right angle with the
magnetic field in meters
19
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A conductor, 150 mm long, is carrying a current of 60 A at right angles to a magnetic field. The force
on the conductor is 3 N. Calculate the density of the field.
[0.33T]
20
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY

The magnetic field intensity H is in a sense a
measure of the "effort" that a current is putting
into the establishment of a magnetic field. The 𝛽 = 𝜇𝐻
strength of the magnetic field flux produced in
the core also depends on the material of the 𝛽 = Magnetic Flux Density in Tesla
core. The relationship between the magnetic H = Magnetic Field Intensity in Ampere-
field intensity H and the resulting magnetic turn/meter
flux density 𝛽 produced within a material is
given by: 𝜇= permeability of material
𝜇o = permeability of air which equals to
4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻/𝑚
21
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
• The ability of a material to conduct 𝜇
magnetic lines of force through it is
called permeability. The permeability of 𝜇𝑟 =
any other material compared to the
permeability of free space is called its
𝜇𝑜
relative permeability 𝜇𝑟 = Relative Permeability
𝜇= Permeability of the material
𝜇𝑜 = Permeability of Free Space
22
MAGNETIC FLUX
The amount of magnetic lines of force set-
up in a magnetic circuit is called magnetic
flux. Its unit is weber (Wb). It is analogous
to electric current I in electric circuit. If 𝝓 = න 𝛽𝑑𝐴
the flux density vector is perpendicular to
a plane of area A, and if the flux density is 𝐴
constant throughout the area, then this
equation reduces to: 𝜙= Magnetic Flux in Webers
𝜙 = 𝛽𝐴 dA = differential unit Area
23
MAGNETIC FLUX
𝜇𝑁𝑖𝐴
𝜙 = 𝛽𝐴 =
𝑙
𝜙= Magnetic Flux in Webers
A = Core cross-sectional area in square meters
N = number of turns
i = current in the conductor in Amperes
l = mean path length of the core in meters
24
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
The phenomenon by which an emf is induced in a circuit
(and hence current flows when the circuit is closed) when
magnetic flux linking with it changes.
25
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
In this experiment done by Faraday, an electric
current could be produced by the movement of
magnetic flux relative to a coil. It also showed that
the magnitude of the induced electromotive force is
proportional to the rate at which the magnetic flux
passed through the coil is varied. Alternatively,
when a conductor cuts or is cut by magnetic flux,
an electromotive force is generated in the conductor
and the magnitude of the generated electromotive
force is proportional to the rate at which the
conductor cuts or is cut by the magnetic flux.
26
FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION
First Law: “Whenever a conductor cuts across the
magnetic field, an emf is induced in the conductor
or whenever the magnetic flux linking with any
circuit (or coil) changes, an emf is induced in the
circuit.”
Second Law: “The magnitude of induced emf in a
coil is directly proportional to the rate of change
of flux linkages.”
27
DIRECTION OF INDUCED EMF

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule:
If the first finger of the right hand is pointed in
the direction of the magnetic flux, and if the
thumb is pointed in the direction of motion of
the conductor relative to the magnetic field,
then the second finger, held at right angles to
both the thumb and the first finger, represents
the direction of the e.m.f.
28
DYNAMICALLY INDUCED
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
By either moving the conductor keeping the magnetic field system stationary or moving the field system
keeping the conductor stationary so that flux is cut by the conductor, the emf thus induced in the
conductor is called dynamically induced emf.
29
MAGNITUDE OF INDUCED
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
The work done in moving conductor AA
through a distance d in meters to position BB
is β𝑖𝑙 × 𝑑 joules.
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = β𝑖𝑙𝑑 = 𝑖𝐸𝑡

β𝑙𝑑
𝐸=
t
𝑬 = 𝜷𝒍𝒗
β = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎
𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
30
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
𝑬 = 𝜷𝒍𝒗 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜽
β = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎

𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
Θ = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
31
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Calculate the e.m.f. generated in the axle of a car travelling at 80 km/h, assuming the
length of the axle to be 2 m and the vertical component of the earth’s magnetic field to
be 40 μT (microteslas).
[1780 μV]
32
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
𝐸 = 𝛽𝑙𝑣
𝐸 = 𝜙/𝑡
𝑬 = 𝒅𝝓/𝒅𝒕
𝜙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
33
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE IN A COIL
𝑬 = 𝑵 𝒅𝝓/𝒅𝒕
𝜙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
34
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A magnetic flux of 400 μWb passing through a coil of 1200 turns is reversed in 0.1 s.
Calculate the average value of the e.m.f. induced in the coil.
[9.6V]
35
DIRECTION OF INDUCED
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
Lenz’ Law:
The direction of an induced e.m.f. is always
such that it tends to set up a current opposing
the motion or the change of flux responsible
for inducing that e.m.f.
36
STATICALLY INDUCED EMF

When the coil and magnetic field system both are stationary but the magnetic field linking with the
coil changes (by changing the current producing the field), the emf thus induced in the coil is called
statically induced emf.
The statically induced emf may be:
• Self induced emf
• Mutually induced emf
37
SELF - INDUCED EMF

The emf induced in a coil due to the change of flux produced by it linking with its own turns is called
self induced emf. Since the rate of change of flux linking with the coil depends upon the rate of
change of current in the coil. Therefore, the magnitude of self induced emf is directly proportional to
the rate of change of current in the coil.
𝐿𝑑𝑖
𝑒=
𝑑𝑡
• where L is a constant of proportionality and is called self inductance or co-efficient of self
inductance or inductance of the coil.
38
COEEFFICIENT OF SELF INDUCTION L

The property of a coil due to which it opposes the change of current flowing through itself is called
self inductance or inductance of the coil.
𝑵𝝓 𝑵𝟐 𝑨𝝁𝑶 𝝁𝒓
𝑳= =
𝒊 𝒍
L = Self inductance in Henry
N = Number of turns
A = Cross-sectional Area
𝜇𝑂 = Permeability of free space
𝜇𝑟 = Permeability of the material
l = mean length of the ferromagnetic core 39
MUTUALLY - INDUCED EMF

The emf induced in a coil due to the change of flux produced by another (neighboring) coil, linking
with it is called mutually induced emf. Since the rate of change of flux linking with coil ‘B’ depends
upon the rate of change of current in coil ‘A’. Therefore, the magnitude of mutually induced emf is
directly proportional to the rate of change of current in coil ‘A’.
𝑀𝑑𝑖1
𝑒=
𝑑𝑡
where M is a constant of proportionality and is called mutual inductance or co-efficient of mutual
inductance
40
COEEFFICIENT OF MUTUAL INDUCTION M

The property of a coil due to which it opposes the change of current flowing through itself is called
self inductance or inductance of the coil.
𝑵𝟐 𝝓𝟏𝟐 𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐 𝑨𝝁𝑶 𝝁𝒓
𝑳= =
𝒊𝟏 𝒍
L = Self inductance in Henry A = Cross-sectional Area of the core
N1 = Number of turns in first coil 𝜇𝑂 = Permeability of free space
𝜇𝑟 = Permeability of the material
N2 = Number of turns in second coil
41
COEFFIECIENT OF COUPLING
When current flows through one coil, it produces flux.
The whole of this flux may not be linking with the other
coil coupled to it as shown. It may be reduced, because of
leakage flux, by a fraction k known as co-efficient of
coupling. Thus, the fraction of magnetic flux produced by
the current in one coil that links with the other is known
as co-efficient of coupling (k) between the two coils.
42
INDUCTANCES IN SERIES
When their fields are additive, their fluxes are set-up in the same direction in this case, the inductance
of each coil is increased by M,
𝐿 𝑇 = (𝐿1 + 𝑀) + (𝐿2 + 𝑀) = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 2 𝑀
When their fields are subtractive, their fluxes are set-up in opposite direction, in this case, the
inductance of each coil is decreased by M,
𝐿 𝑇 = (𝐿1 – 𝑀) + (𝐿2 – 𝑀) = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 – 2 𝑀
43
INDUCTANCES IN PARALLEL
𝐿1 𝐿2 −𝑀2
When the fields produced by the coils are in the same direction, 𝐿𝑡 =
𝐿1 +𝐿2 −2𝑀
𝐿1 𝐿2 −𝑀2
When the fields produced by the coils are in the opposite direction, 𝐿𝑡 =
𝐿1 +𝐿2 +2𝑀
44
ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR

If the current in a coil having a constant inductance of L henrys grows at a uniform rate from zero to I
amperes in t seconds, the average value of the current is I and the e.m.f. induced in the coil is (L × I/t)
volts. The product of the current and the component of the applied voltage to neutralize the induced
e.m.f. represents the power absorbed by the magnetic field associated with the coil.
𝟏 𝟐
𝑾𝑭 = 𝑳𝒊
𝟐
45
FORCE BETWEEN TWO CONDUCTORS

The force between two parallel conductors is given by:
𝝁𝑶 𝒍
𝒊𝒂 × 𝒊𝒃
𝑭= 𝟐𝝅
𝒅
𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑏 = current carried by the two conductors a and b

respectively
d = distance between the two conductors
L = length of the conductor
F = force between the two conductors
46
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
The force between two long parallel conductors is 15 kg/meter. The conductor
spacing is 10 cm. If one conductor carries twice the current of the other, calculate the
current in each conductor.
[6065.270A, 12130.540A]
47
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
It may be defined as a closed path in which
magnetic flux is intended to be established or
build up. The magnetic circuit is analogous to the
electric circuit.
48
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE
It is the magnetic force which sets-up or tends to
set-up magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit. As per
work law it may be defined the work done in
moving a unit magnetic pole (1 Wb) once round
the magnetic circuit is called magnetomotive
force. It is analogous to emf in an electric circuit.
49
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH

If the magnetic circuit is homogeneous and of
uniform cross-sectional area, the magnetomotive 𝑵𝒊
force per meter length of the magnetic circuit is 𝑯=
termed the magnetic field strength and is 𝒍
represented by the symbol H. H = Magnetic field produced in Ampere-
turn/meter
N = number of turns
i = Current in Amperes
50
𝝁𝒐 , 𝛜𝒐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒗 RELATIONSHIP
𝟏
𝑪𝒗 =
(𝝁𝒐 × 𝛜𝒐 )
𝜇𝑜 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝜖𝑜 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
51
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A coil of 200 turns is wound uniformly over a wooden ring having a
mean circumference of 600 mm and a uniform cross-sectional area of 500
squared mm. If the current through the coil is 4.0 A, calculate the
magnetic field strength; the flux density; the total flux.
[1333.333 At/m, 1.676mT, 0.838μWb
52
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
Calculate the magnetomotive force required to produce a flux of 0.015
Wb across an airgap 2.5 mm long, having an effective area of 200 𝑐𝑚2 .
[1492.078At]
53
RELUCTANCE
The opposition offered to the magnetic flux by a 𝑭 𝑁𝑖 𝐻𝑙
= =
magnetic circuit is called its reluctance. It 𝝓 𝛽 × 𝐴 𝜇𝑂 𝜇𝑟 𝐻𝐴
depends upon length (l), area of cross-section (a) 𝑭 𝒍
and permeability (𝜇 = 𝜇0 × 𝜇𝑟 ) of the material = =𝑺
that makes up the magnetic circuit. It is 𝝓 𝝁𝑶 ×𝝁𝒓 ×𝑨
measured in AT/Wb. It is analogous to resistance S = Reluctance in At/wb
in an electric circuit. l = mean length of the ferromagnetic core
N = number of turns
𝜇𝑟 = Relative Permeability
54
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELUCTANCE

𝐹 𝑁𝑖 𝐻𝑙
• Length of the material = =
𝜙 𝛽 × 𝐴 𝜇𝑂 𝜇𝑟 𝐻𝐴
• Cross-sectional Area 𝑭 𝒍
• Nature of the material = =𝑺
𝝓 𝝁𝑶 ×𝝁𝒓 ×𝑨
S = Reluctance in At/wb
Reluctivity is the reciprocal of permeability and l = mean length of the ferromagnetic core
corresponds to resistivity in electrical circuits N = number of turns
𝜇𝑟 = Relative Permeability
55
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE
𝑭=𝝓×𝑹
𝑵×𝒊=𝝓×𝑹
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑖 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝜙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
R = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑡/𝑊𝑏
56
COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC AND

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
57

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
58

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
59
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
A mild-steel ring having a cross-sectional area of 500 square mm and a
mean circumference of 400 mm has a coil of 200 turns wound uniformly
around it. Calculate the reluctance of the ring and the current required to
produce a flux of 800 μWb in the ring. Use 477.5 μH/m as the
permeability of the steel.
[1.675MA-t/Wb, 6.702A]
60
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
A coil of insulated wire of 500 turns and of resistance 4 ohms is closely
wound on iron ring. The ring has a mean diameter of 0.25 m and a
uniform cross-sectional area of 700 𝑚𝑚2 . Calculate the total flux in the
ring when a dc supply of 6 V is applied to the ends of the winding.
Assume a relative permeability of 550.
[0.462mWb]
61
SERIES MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

A magnetic circuit that has a number of parts of
different dimensions and materials carrying the
same magnetic field is called a series magnetic
circuit. Such as series magnetic circuit
(composite circuit) is shown.
𝒏
𝑹𝒕 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝑹𝒏 = ෍ 𝑹𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
62
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
A steel ring of 25 cm diameter and of circular section 3 cm in diameter has an air gap
of 1.5 mm length. It is wound uniformly with 750 turns of wire carrying a current of
2.1 A. Calculate (a) total magnetomotive force (b) flux density in air gap (c) magnetic
flux in air gap (d) relative permeability of steel ring. Assume that iron path takes 65%
of the total magnetomotive force.
[1575At, 0.462T, 0.326mWb, 353.617microHenry/meter]
63
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
A rectangular magnetic core shown has square
cross-section of area 16 𝑐𝑚2 . An air-gap of 2
mm is cut across one of its limbs. Find the
exciting current needed in the coil having 1000
turns wound on the core to create an air-gap flux
of 4 mWb. The relative permeability of the core is
2000.
[4.713 A]
64
PARALLEL MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

A magnetic circuit which has two or more
than two paths for the magnetic flux is called
a parallel magnetic circuit. Its behavior can
be just compared to a parallel electric circuit.
𝑹𝒕 = 𝟏/(𝟏/(𝑹𝟏 ) + 𝟏/(𝑹𝟐 ) + 𝟏/(𝑹𝟑 ) + 𝟏/(𝑹𝟒 ) + ⋯ + 𝟏/(𝑹𝒏 ))

𝒏
𝑹𝒕 = ෍ 𝟏/(𝟏/𝑹𝒊 )
𝒊=𝟏
65
SAMPLE PROBLEM 12
A cast steel magnetic structure made of a
bar of section 2cm x 2cm is shown in the
figure. Determine the current that the
500- turn magnetizing coil on the left limb
should carry so that the flux of 2 mWb is
produced in the right limb. Take relative
permeability of cast steel = 600 and
neglect leakage flux.
66
LEAKAGE FLUX, LEAKAGE FACTOR AND

FRINGING
The magnetic flux which does not follow the intended path in
a magnetic circuit is called leakage flux and is not utilized for
any work.
𝝓 = 𝝓𝒖 + 𝝓𝒍
• Leakage co-efficient or leakage factor is the ratio of total
flux (𝝓) produced by the solenoid to the useful flux (𝝓𝒖 )
set-up in the air gap
𝝀 = 𝝓/𝝓𝒖
67
LEAKAGE FLUX, LEAKAGE FACTOR AND

FRINGING
The magnetic flux which does not follow the intended path in a
magnetic circuit is called leakage flux and is not utilized for any
work.
𝝓 = 𝝓𝒖 + 𝝓𝒍
Leakage co-efficient or leakage factor is the ratio of total flux
(𝝓) produced by the solenoid to the useful flux (𝝓𝒖 ) set-up in
the air gap
𝝀 = 𝝓/𝝓𝒖
Fringing: It may be seen that the useful flux when sets-up in the
air gap, it tends to bulge outwards at b and b’ since the magnetic
lines set-up in the same direction repel each other. This increases
the effective area in the air gap and decreases the flux density.
This effect is known as fringing. The fringing is directly
proportional to the length of the air gap.
68
MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS
When a magnetic material is magnetized first
in one direction and then in the other (i.e., one
cycle of magnetization), it is found that flux
density B in the material lags behind the
applied magnetizing force H. This
phenomenon is known as magnetic hysteresis.
69
RETENTIVITY AND
COERCIVE FORCE
Coercive force is that amount of reversed
magnetizing force H which must be applied to
a magnetic material in a symmetrical,
cyclically magnetized way, to bring the
magnetic flux density of the material B to
zero. The magnetic material inhibits a
capacity to remain magnetized after the
external magnetizing field has ceased to exist
and this is called Retentivity.
70
RETENTIVITY AND
COERCIVE FORCE
Coercive force is that amount of reversed
magnetizing force H which must be applied to
a magnetic material in a symmetrical,
cyclically magnetized way, to bring the
magnetic flux density of the material B to
zero. The magnetic material inhibits a
capacity to remain magnetized after the
external magnetizing field has ceased to exist
and this is called Retentivity.
71

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TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG

Km 14 East Service Rd. Western Bicutan, Taguig City

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JEMMUEL MAMINTA

MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM

Figure 1: Use of steel filings fordetermining distribution of magnetic field

Figure 2: A suspended permanent magnet

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD

Figures 3.1 and 3.2

CURRENT DIRECTION AND

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH AROUND A LONG

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH ALONG THE AXIS OF

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH ALONG THE AXIS OF

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH USING

Figure 5: Solenoid with a steel core

Figure 6: Left hand rule

MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY

FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC

DIRECTION OF INDUCED EMF

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = β𝑖𝑙𝑑 = 𝑖𝐸𝑡

β = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎

STATICALLY INDUCED EMF

SELF - INDUCED EMF

COEEFFICIENT OF SELF INDUCTION L

MUTUALLY - INDUCED EMF

COEEFFICIENT OF MUTUAL INDUCTION M

ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR

FORCE BETWEEN TWO CONDUCTORS

𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑏 = current carried by the two conductors a and b

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELUCTANCE

COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC AND

COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC AND

COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC AND

SERIES MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

PARALLEL MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

𝑹𝒕 = 𝟏/(𝟏/(𝑹𝟏 ) + 𝟏/(𝑹𝟐 ) + 𝟏/(𝑹𝟑 ) + 𝟏/(𝑹𝟒 ) + ⋯ + 𝟏/(𝑹𝒏 ))

LEAKAGE FLUX, LEAKAGE FACTOR AND

LEAKAGE FLUX, LEAKAGE FACTOR AND

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