Inductances and Inductors

Flux Linkage
• Consider two magnetically coupled circuits

I2

S1 S2 C2
C1
I1
 Flux Linkage (Cont’d)
• The magnetic flux produced I1 linking the
surface S2 is given by

12   B1  d s 2
S2

• If the circuit C2 comprises N2 turns and the

circuit C1 comprises N1 turns, then the total
flux linkage is given by

12  N1 N 2 12  N1 N 2  B1  d s 2
S2
 Mutual Inductance
• The mutual inductance between two circuits
is the magnetic flux linkage to one circuit
per unit current in the other circuit:

12 N1 N 2 12
L12  
I1 I1
Neumann Formula for Mutual
Inductance

12 N1 N 2 12 N1 N 2
L12 
I1

I1

I1 
S2
B 1  d s 2

N1 N 2

I1 
C2
A1  d l 2
Neumann Formula for Mutual
Inductance (Cont’d)
N1 N 2
L12 
I1  A  dl
C2
1 2

 0 N1 N 2 d l1  d l 2
  
4 C C R12 1 2

 0 I1 d l 1
A1  
4 C R12 1
 Neumann Formula for Mutual
Inductance (Cont’d)
• The Neumann formula for mutual
inductance tells us that
– L12 = L21
– the mutual inductance depends only on the
geometry of the conductors and not on the
current
 Self Inductance
• Self inductance is a special case of mutual
inductance.
• The self inductance of a circuit is the ratio of the
self magnetic flux linkage to the current
producing it:

2
11 N1 11
L11  
I1 I1
 Self Inductance (Cont’d)
• For an isolated circuit, we call the self
inductance, inductance, and evaluate it
using

 N  2
L 
I I
 Self-Inductance
• Formula by Definition
N m flux linkage
L 
I current through each turn
– Applies to linear magnetic materials only

– Units:
L [Henry]  [H]  [Wb/A]  [T  m2 /A]
 Inductance of Coaxial Cable
• Magnetic Flux
  I ˆ ˆ
m   B  dS   (  )  ( d  dz)
S S
2
b d I  Id
  d  dz  ln(b / a)
a 0 2 2
• Inductance
m  d
L  ln(b / a) [H]
I 2
L 
or  ln(b / a) [H/m]
d 2
(as commonly used in transmission line theory)
 Inductance of Toroid
• Magnetic Flux  NI
B  [T]  [Wb/m ]
2
Density 2
 
• Magnetic Flux m   B  dS
 S
m  B S
If core small vs. toroid
 N IS
 (if S   0 )
2

2  0
w here S  cross section area of the toroid core
 Inductance of Toroid
N m  N 2S
• Inductance L  [H]
I 2 0
– Result assumes that no flux escapes through
gaps in the windings (actual L may be less)

– In practice, empirical formulas are often used

to adjust the basic formula for factors such as
winding (density) and pitch (angle) of the
wiring around the core
 Alternative Approaches
• Self-inductance in terms of

1 2 2WH
– Energy WH  LI  L  2
2 I

– Vector magnetic potential (A)

– Estimate by Curvilinear Square Field Map method

Energy Stored in Magnetic Field
• The magnetic energy stored in a region
permeated by a magnetic field is given by

1 1
Wm   B  H dv    H dv
2

2V 2V
 Energy Stored in an Inductor
• The magnetic energy stored in an inductor
is given by

1 2
Wm  LI
2
 Inductance of a
Long Straight Solenoid
• Energy Approach
1   
WH   B  Hdv   H 2 dv
2 vol . 2 vol .
NI
where H  for this solenoid
d
 N 2I 2 N 2I 2 d
WH   2 dv  2  dS  dz
2 vol . d 2d S (core) 0

 N 2 I 2S
 WH  where S   a2 for a circular core
2d
• Inductance 2WH  N 2 S
L 2 
I d
 Internal Inductance
of a Long Straight Wire
• Significance: an especially important issue
for HF circuits since
ZL  X L  L     ZL
• Energy approach (for wire of radius a)
1    I 2
WH   B  Hdv   ( )  d  d dz
2 vol . 2 vol . 2 a 2

 I 2 a 3 2 l
 2 4    d  dz
8 a 0 0 0

I 2  I 2
l
 2 4 (a / 4)(2 )(l ) 
4

8 a 16
 Internal Inductance
of a Long Straight Wire
• Expressing Inductance in terms of energy
 I 2l
2( )
2WH 16  l
L 2  
I I 2
8
L 
or 
l 8
• Note: this result for a straight piece of wire
implies an important rule of thumb for HF
discrete component circuit design:
“keep all lead lengths as short as possible”
 Example of Calculating
Self-Inductance
• Exercise 1
Find: the self-inductance of
a) a 3.5 m length of coax cable with a = 0.8 mm
and b = 4 mm, filled with a material for which
r = 50.
d r 0 d
L ln(b / a )  ln(b / a )
2 2
(50)(4  107 H/m)(3.5m) 4
 ln( )
2 0.8
L  56.3  H
 Example of Calculating
Self-Inductance
• Exercise 1 (continued)
Find: the self-inductance of
b) a solenoid having a length of 50 cm and 500 turns
about a cylindrical core of 2.0 cm radius in which r =
50 for 0 <  < 0.5 cm and r = 1 for 0.5 <  < 2.0 cm
 N 2S i N 2 S i o N 2 So N2 0 N 2
L    ( i Si   o S o )  (50 Si  So )
d d d d d
where Si   (.005 m) 2  78.5 106 m 2
and So   [(.020 m) 2  (.005 m) 2 ]  1.18  10 3 m 2
(4  10 7
)(500) 2
 L  [(50)(78.5  106 )  1.18  10 3 ]  3.2 mH
0.50
 Inductors in Series and in
Parallel
 Inductors, like resistors and capacitors, can be
placed in series
 Increasing levels of inductance can be obtained by
placing inductors in series
 Inductors in Series and in Parallel

Inductors, like resistors and capacitors, can be

placed in parallel.
 Decreasing levels of inductance can be obtained by
placing inductors in parallel.
 Mutual Inductance
• Significant when current in one conductor
produces a flux that links through the path
of a 2nd separate one and vice versa

• Defined in terms of magnetic flux (m)

N 2 12
M 12   mutual inductance between circuits 1 and 2
I1
where 12  the flux produced by I1 that links the path of I 2
and N 2  the # of turns in circuit 2
 Mutual Inductance
• Expressed in terms of energy

1   1  
M12 
I1I 2 
vol .
B1  H 2 dv 
I1I 2  0 H1  H2dv
vol .

and M12  M 21 [H/m]

• Thus, mutual inductances between

conductors are reciprocal
 Example of Calculating
Mutual Inductance
• Given: 2 coaxial solenoids, each l = 50 cm
long
1st: dia. D1= 2 cm, N1=1500 turns, core r=75
2nd: dia. D2=3 cm, N2=1200 turns, outside 1st
– Find: a) L1=? for the inner solenoid
1 N12 S1 r 0 N12 D12
L1  
l 4l
(75)(4 107 H/m)(1500)2  (.02m) 2

4(.50m)
L1  .133 H = 133 mH
 Example of Calculating
Mutual Inductance
• Continued
– Find: b) L2 = ? for the outer solenoid
– Note: this solenoid has inner core and outer air
filled regions as in Exercise 1 part c), so
it may be treated the same way!

L2  0.087 H  87 mH
 Example of Calculating
Mutual Inductance
• Continued
– Find: M = ? between the two solenoids
N 2 12  N 2 N1S1
M 12    M 12  M
I1 l
using S1 since core 1 is smaller of the two
(75)(4 107 )(1200)(1500) (.02) 2
M 
4(.50)
M  107 mH
( L1 L2  geometric mean of the self-inductance
of each individual solenoid)
 Mutual Inductance Between
Circular Loops
• A circular loop of conducting wire of
radius a carries current I. Find the
magnetic field on the axis of the
loop a distance h from the plane of
the loop by direct integration of the
Biot-Savart Law.

• If a small circular circuit of radius

is placed at this position (so that the
magnetic field may be considered
uniform over the area of the small
loop) such that the planes of the
two circuits are parallel, find the
mutual inductance between them.
 Solution
• The element of magnetic field at distance h along the
axis, due to a current element is:

• The components of the various along the axis all add,

while those normal to the axis sum to zero. The
magnitude of the component of along the axis is:
• So the total field along the axis is:

• The magnetic flux through the loop of radius

(normal to ) is:

• Since the mutual inductance M is defined by :

 Summary
• Inductance results from magnetic flux (m)
generated by electric current in a
conductor
– Self-inductance (L) occurs if it links with itself
– Mutual inductance (M) occurs if it links with
another separate conductor
• The amount of inductance depends on
– How much magnetic flux links
– How many loops the flux passes through
– The amount of current that generated the flux
 Summary
• Inductance formulas may be derived from
– Direct application of the definition
– Energy approach
– Vector Potential Method

• The self-inductance of some common structures

with sufficient symmetry have an analytical result
– Coaxial cable
– Long straight solenoid
– Toroid
– Internal Inductance of a long straight wire
Magnetic Boundary
Conditions
and
Magnetic Circuits
 Magnetic Boundary Conditions
  
 Magnetic force on a moving charge F  qv  B N.
  
 Magnetic force on a current element F   Id L  B N.
  
 For a straight conductor in a uniform magnetic field F  I L  B or
F = ILBsin N.
   circuit
Torque on a closed  in which current is uniform can be
expressed as T  R  F Nm.

 For current loop thathas uniform

  current and magnetic field, torque
can be expressed as T  I S  B.
Gauss Law for Magnetostatics

Gauss’s law for magnetostatics

 
 B d S  0
S

Bn1S  Bn 2 S  0

Bn1  Bn 2

1
H n2  H n1
2
Ampere Circuital Law
Use Ampere’s circuital law
 
 H d L  I
H t1L  H t 2 L  K L
H t1  H t 2  K
  
( H 1  H 2 )  a n12  K
  
or 
H 1  H 2  a n12  K .
 Duality of Magnetostatics
and Electrostatics
Electrostatics Magnetostatics
 
E  V H  Vm
b   b  
Vab    E  d L Vm,ab   H d L
 
a

a

J E B  H
   
I   J d S    Bd S
V = IR Vm = 
d = d
R
S S
   
 E d L  0  H d L  Itotal  NI