ECE 5984: Power Distribution System Analysis

Lecture 5: Shunt Admittance of Distribution Lines

Reference: Textbook, Chapter 5, and Glover-Sarma-Overbye
Instructor: V. Kekatos

1
Line capacitance

•  Charge in conductors induces electric field [Gauss’ law]

•  Induced voltage difference modeled as capacitance
•  Capacitance calculated as charge-to-voltage ratios

•  Voltage difference due to charge q [Cb/m]

q D2
V12 = ln
2⇡✏ D1
permittivity ✏ = ✏r ✏0
12
✏0 = 8.854 · 10 [F/m]

[Glover-Sarma-Overybye]

•  Generalization to multiple conductors through superposition

N
1 X Dkj
Vij = qk ln [V]
2⇡✏ Dki
k=1

2
Transmission line

•  Equidistant conductors (D) of radius r

1 D
Vab = (qa qb ) ln
2⇡✏ r

•  Interested in phase voltages

•  Assuming (a1) symmetry (or transposition); and (a2) balanced charges

Vab + Vac 1 D
Van = = qa ln
<latexit sha1_base64="peMEcIKtuSLuoNpg5h6Cwgumj1s=">AAACMnicbVDLSgMxFM3Ud31VXboJFkEQykwVdCMIutBdBdsKnWHIpJkazGTGJCOUkG9y45cILnShiFs/wkw7glYPhJyccy8390QZo1K57rNTmZqemZ2bX6guLi2vrNbW1jsyzQUmbZyyVFxFSBJGOWkrqhi5ygRBScRIN7o5KfzuHRGSpvxSDTMSJGjAaUwxUlYKa+edUCNujvxYIKyLR2R2iwsbo/e+dc/opp9R6JNMUpZyA29D5DMOx/ap0cKEtbrbcEeAf4lXkjoo0Qprj34/xXlCuMIMSdnz3EwFGglFMSOm6ueSZAjfoAHpWcpRQmSgRysbuG2VPoxTYQ9XcKT+7NAokXKYRLYyQepaTnqF+J/Xy1V8GGjKs1wRjseD4pxBlcIiP9ingmDFhpYgLKj9K8TXyKagbMpVG4I3ufJf0mk2PLfhXezXj70yjnmwCbbADvDAATgGZ6AF2gCDe/AEXsGb8+C8OO/Ox7i04pQ9G+AXnM8vETSrzA==</latexit>
3 2⇡✏ r

qa 2⇡✏
•  Shunt capacitance for phase conductor a Can = = [F/m]
<latexit sha1_base64="omNbwXfeFbMN6ofDEoXkHSxou2Q=">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</latexit>
Van ln D
r

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Method of images
•  Earth is modeled by mirror conductor carrying opposite charges

[Glover-Sarma-Overybye]

•  Voltage difference across conductor and mirror

" N N
#
1 X Ski X Dki
Vii0 = qk ln qk ln
2⇡✏ Dki Ski
k=1 k=1

•  Due to symmetry
N
Vii0 1 X Ski
Vin = = qk ln [Kersting]
2 2⇡✏ n=1 Dki
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 Primitive potential coefficient matrix

•  Phase voltages are linear combinations of charges at all non-dirt conductors

N
X Ski
Vin = Pik qk , where Pik := 11.177 · ln [mile/µF]
Dki
k=1

•  Primitive potential coefficient matrix P [mile/µF]

  
v P P n q
not phasors =
vn P>n Pnn qn

with Pik as matrix entries

•  Trick: If di is a complex number denoting the location of conductor i

Dki = |dk
<latexit sha1_base64="A4/6SzEnipcNk9oPI9xiV9Kq8AI=">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</latexit>
di | and Ski = |dk d⇤i |

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Phase potential and capacitance matrices
  
v P P n q
•  Primitive potential coefficient matrix =
vn P>n Pnn qn

•  Kron reduction to eliminate qn since vn = 0

•  Phase potential coefficient matrix

1 >
v =P q
<latexit sha1_base64="cSOvp1q+GBi9YN7xiRX2lt1TMM8=">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</latexit>
where P =P P n Pnn P n [mile/µF]

1
•  Phase capacitance matrix q = C v <latexit sha1_base64="0PaRYz1DPDHuYKNYsPk7pzyB52s=">AAACqXicbVFdb9MwFHXCx0bHRzfgiReLDgmJ0SXTJHhBmjRp2mMn0a2iCZHj3LTWbCeznbLKyvid/AD+B06TIeh2JcvnHt9zbZ+blpxpEwS/PP/Bw0ePNzaf9LaePnv+or+9c66LSlEY04IXapISDZxJGBtmOExKBUSkHC7Sy+Pm/GIBSrNCfjXLEmJBZpLljBLjqKT/MxLEzNPcXtWJjco5q7/cMsd10hC36aJLryqS4cjAtbE/5qCgXjFror9NRm3+3X4M65ubVrYbiWr3ZF8wDnXSHwTDYBX4Lgg7MEBdjJJtbyfKCloJkIZyovU0DEoTW6IMo65hL6o0lIRekhlMHZREgI7tyqkav3NMhvNCuSUNXrH3KvayBSt1C/Vi1gJDnK2xvW6b/auzRGi9FOneDGSzu5saA/R6TUPedzatTP45tkyWlQFJ24fmFcemwM3YcMYUUMOXDhCqmPsrpnOiCDVuuD3nYrju2V1wfjAMg2F4djg4Cjs/N9Eb9Ba9RyH6hI7QKRqhMaLot7flvfJe+x/8M3/if2tLfa/TvET/hU//AP4b1lc=</latexit>
where C =P µF/mile

positive diagonal and negative off-diagonal entries

•  Phase shunt admittance matrix <latexit sha1_base64="HRNKIXAoDgIp2B0FL039Lgo2ymk=">AAACbXicbVFdT9swFHUDG6xjWwHtiWmyVqbtAXUJQoKXSUh94RE0CkxNVDnuTWqwnci+qaii7P/wa/Y6fgV/AacpEgOuZPnonPvhexznUlj0/duWt7T86vXK6pv227V37z901jfObFYYDgOeycxcxMyCFBoGKFDCRW6AqVjCeXzVr/XzKRgrMn2KsxwixVItEsEZOmrU6YeK4SROyt/VqAwRrrG0k6r6eRlmClJGH+R+LecTUf1pkrZDVWz/+qGEhGrU6fo9fx70OQgWoEsWcTxab22E44wXCjRyyawdBn6OUckMCu4atsPCQs74FUth6KBmCmxUzret6FfHjGmSGXc00jn7YsXOeCpy20A7TRuAzFkTlddNs8d1JVPWzlS8k4KubzepXt4+zanJl7RhgclBVAqdFwiaNw9NCkkxo7X1dCwMcJQzBxg3wu1K+YQZxtF9UNu5GDz17Dk42+0Ffi842eseBgs/V8kW+UK+k4Dsk0NyRI7JgHByQ/6Sf+S2ded99D55n5tUr7Wo2ST/hfftHjq9wA4=</latexit>

Ysh = j!C µS/mile

6
 2.5 ft 4.5 ft
Parallel lines Line 1 1-a 1-b 1-c

2.0 ft
Procedure generalizes to parallel lines 3.0 ft
Line 2 2-c 2-a 2-b
6.0 ft

Step 1: Find distances between conductors

29 ft
D=

Step 2: Find distances between conductors and mirror conductors

S=

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Parallel lines (cont’d)

Sji
Step 3: Form primitive potential coefficient matrix Pij := 11.177 · ln [mile/µF]
Dji

Step 4: Kron reduction to get the phase potential coefficient matrix

  
v 1 P 1 1 P 1 2 q 1
=
v 2 P>1 2 P 1 2 q 2

Step 5: Invert to get the (coupled) phase capacitance matrix

 1
P 1 1 P 1 2
C=
P>1 2 P 1 2

8
Parallel lines (cont’d)

Step 6: Convert capacitance to (coupled) phase shunt admittance matrix

Ysh,12 = j!C = µS/mile

•  Compare shunt admittance values to series impedance from Lecture 5…

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Concentric neutral underground cables
3
2 k : # concentric neutrals
R : radius of concentric arrangement
Rp : radius of phase conductor
2Rp 1
Rs : radius of neutral strand
D1n : distance between strand 1 and strand n
2Rs
k
k 1
•  Due to shielding, electric fields are confined within cables
•  No coupling between phase cables, and between cables and earth

•  All neutral strands are at the same potential (ground)

•  Voltage between phase conductor and ground (e.g., neutral strand #1)

" k
#
1 R X D1n
Vpg = qp ln + qn ln
2⇡✏ Rp n=1 R

10
Concentric neutral underground cables (cont’d)
3
" k
#
1 R X D1n
2 Vpg = qp ln + qn ln
2⇡✏ Rp n=1 R

2Rp 1 •  Equal charge on neutral strands

qp
qn = , 8n = 1, . . . , k
2Rs k
k
•  Distances between strands
k 1 2⇡(n 1)
D1n = |R Rej k |, n = 2, . . . , k

•  Using formula for bundled conductors uniformly spaced on the perimeter

qp 2⇡✏
Cpg = = kRs
Vpg ln RRp 1
k ln R

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Tape-shielded cables

2Rp

•  Limiting case of concentric neutrals for k ! 1

qp 2⇡✏
Cpg = =
Vpg ln RRp

•  For either cables, no capacitive coupling across phases or circuits in parallel lines

•  Phase admittance matrix is diagonal Ysh =

•  For both overhead and underground lines, shunt admittances are typically ignored
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Sequence admittance

•  Similarly to series impedances

ip = Ysh, v () is = Ysh,s vs

•  Sequence shunt admittance matrix

2 3
y00 y01 y02
1
Ysh,s := As Ysh, As = 4 y01 y11 y12 5
y02 y12 y22

•  Diagonal for underground or transposed overhead lines

•  In fact, for underground lines with three identical cables <latexit sha1_base64="pWnWxqkycgbHrTI+5YVFEy7d6yc=">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</latexit>
Ysh,s = Ysh,

13
 Summary

•  Find distances between (mirror) conductors

•  Find primitive potential coefficient matrix

•  Kron reduction to get the phase potential coefficient matrix

•  Inversion to get the phase capacitance matrix

•  For underground cables, the capacitance matrix is a scaled identity

•  Shunt admittance is typically ignored

14