RF and EMC Formulas and Charts www.arworld.

us
Conversions for 50Ω Environment Field & Power Calculations Antenna Equations
Radiated Field Strength Far Field Distance Estimation λ
FarField =
dBµ V/m - 120 Dipole & Log-periodic antennas 2∗π
dBµ V/m to V/m
V/m = 10 20
V/m to dBµ V/m Horn Antennas FarField = 2∗aperature
2
6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 dBµ V/m = 20∗Log (V/m) + 120
λ
New V/m with dB∆

dB∆+20∗Log (V/m start )

V/m new = 10 20 Far Field Equations Gain dBi
3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Gain Over Isotropic GainNumeric = 10 10

30∗Watts∗Gainnumeric
V/m = GaindBi = 10 ∗ Log GainNumeric
Meters
2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 987 6 5 4 3 2 2 (Meters∗V/m) 2
V/m∗meters GainNumeric =
30∗Watts
Watts =
30∗Gainnumeric
(Meters∗V/m) 20
Gain dBi = 10 ∗ Log
Unit Conversions 30∗Watts
Connector Power Handling VS. Frequency VSWR VSWR Conversion Chart GaindBi
VSWR Calculations V/m =
30∗Watts∗10 numeric
10
Linear Log
Minimum Typical Class AB Amplifier
Voltage Power Return Power Transmission Meters Gain dBi = 20 ∗ Log (MHz) -- AF -- 29.79
1 5/8 EIA 7-16 DIN 7/8 EIA C Type N & TNC AR Amplifier 150W1000B VSWR = Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Volts to dBm dBm = 20 ∗ Log (Volts) + 13
Available Power Reflective Reflected Loss Transmitted Loss 2
SMA 3.5mm BNC 2.92mm 2.4mm AR Amplifier 4000W1000B
VSWR Amps to dBm dBm = 20 ∗ Log (Amps) + 47
V/m∗meters
Coefficient % dB % dB
100 Emax Vmax 1+ρ Watts to DbµV dBµV = 10 ∗ Log (Watts) + 137
Watts = Antenna Factor (AF)
Watts (CW) 1.0 0 0 100 0.0 VSWR = = = Amps to DbµV dBµV = 20 ∗ Log (Amps) + 154 30∗10 GaindBi
90 1.3 Emin Vmin 1 – ρ 10

% Forward Power
Watts to dBµA dBµA = 10 ∗ Log (Watts) + 103 AF = 20 ∗ Log (MHz) -- GaindBi -- 29.79
80 1.5 .2 0.2
10000 13.0 Volts to dBµA dBµA = 20 ∗ Log (Volts) + 86
70 1.7 Power Required for Field or Distance Change
60 2
1.9 .3 10 10.0 90
0.4
0.5
Pr VSWR – 1 Linear Log Power required if gain remains constant (in far field AF = 20 ∗ Log (MHz) -- 10 ∗ Log (Gainnumeric ) -- 29.79
1 5/8 EIA 50 2.0 3 = using the same antenna and changing the field level or
.35 9.0 3 0.6 Pf VSWR + 1 Watts to dBm dBm = 10 ∗ Log (Watts) + 30
40 8.5 test distance)
0.7 Volts to dBµV dBm = 20 ∗ Log (Volts) +120
7/8 EIA 30 .40 8.0 0.8
7.5 Amps to dBµA dBµA = 20 ∗ Log (Amps) + 120 (V/m new ) 2
1000 20 2.5 0.9 For Field Change Watts New = Watts Old Find Antenna Spot Size, Beam Width and Distance
7-16 DIN
10 .45 20 7.0 80
1.0 ρ = Reflection Coefficient Ω to dB Ω dBΩ = 20 ∗ Log (Ω)
(V/m old ) 2
C Type 6.5
0 Angle 3 dB
3.0 .50 6.0 Log Linear For Distance Change Spotmeters = 2 ∗ Distancemeters tan
N & TNC 0 20 40 60 80 100 Z1 – Z 2 dBm - 30 (Meters New )2 2
% Power Reflected 5.5 ρ= dBm to Watts Watts = 10 10 Watts New = Watts Old
30 70 1.5 Z1+Z 2 (Meters Old )2
100
BNC SMA
VSWR 2 3 4 6 8 20 ∞ 3.5 .55 5.0 dBµV to Volts Volts = 10
dBµV - 120
20
Distancemeters =
Spot meters

Reflected Power 4.5

dBµA - 120 Conducted Current Measurement 2∗tan
Angle 3 dB
3.5mm 4.0 .60
2.0 RL(dB)= Return Loss dBµA to Amps Amps = 10 20
2
Using a Current Probe
2.92mm 14.00 40 4.0 60 dB Ω to Ω Ω = 10
dBΩ

2.4mm 96% 4.5

.65 RL(dB)= –20 log(ρ) 20 Where reading is in dBµV and probe factor is dBΩ or Ω
Spotmeters
12.00
Reflected Power dB

-1
10 5.0 3.5 2.5 Angle 3 dB = 2 ∗ tan
92% Log Linear dBµA = dBµV -- dbΩ 2∗distance
0.1 1 10 100 10.00
Frequency (GHz) 87%
5.5 .70 ML(dB)= Mismatch Loss dBµV to Watts Watts = 10
dBµV - 137
10
8.00 50 3.0 50 3.0 dBµA = dBµV -- 20 ∗ Log(Ω)
6.0
81%
ML(dB)= – 10 log (1– ρ 2 )
dBµA - 103

AR Cable Loss 6.00

67%
77% 6.5
7.0 .75 2.5 3.5
dBµA to Watts Watts = 10 10
dBm - 13
Intermodulation Products
4.00
(Multi-Tone)
dBm to Volts Volts = 10 20
AR offers a standard line of low loss microwave coaxial cables. The maximum 56% 7.5
60 4.0 Power Reflected % = ρ 2 * 100 Power Required for BCI Test
44% 8.0 40 dBµA - 86
operating frequency and power handling capability of the cable is deter- 2.00 dBµA to Volts Volts = 10 20 Power needed for BCI probe (50Ω) for given
25% 8.5 2.0
mined by the lowest frequency or power connector. 0.00 9.0 .80 4.5 dBm - 47
Insertion loss(IL(dB))
4%
AR Cable Assembly Loss 0 20 40 60 80 100 Power Transmitted % = (1 – ρ 2 ) * 100 dBm to Amps Amps = 10 20
10.0 IL+10•LOG Volts 50
2
dBµV - 154
2.5 VSWR X:1 dBµV to Amps Amps = 10 20
10
Insertion Loss dB/m

Watts=10
2
Po @ 1dB Compression
Linearity/Gain Harmonics 10dB
CC1
1.5
CC2 IL+10•LOG Amps •50 2 f1 f2
CC4 Watts=10 10
Linearity – an amplifier is said to be in its linear region when its output power is proportional to its input power and still Harmonics are (usually unwanted) signals which are exact multiples of the operating frequency.

RF Output
1 CC5
capable of delivering additional power.
Gain – The ratio of amplifier output power to the input power. SPURIOUS are other unwanted signals. Amplifiers do not generate signals (other than IMD) unless they are unstable. IL+dBµA–73
0.5
Watts=10 10 3IM 3IM
1 dB compression point – this is the output power level where a 10 dB increase at the input produces a 9 dB increase in
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
output power (10 dB – 9 dB = 1 dB). f1+f2
Contributions of Harmonics Harmonic Level V/m f1-f2 2f1-f2 2f2-f1 2f1 2f2
Freq GHz 3 dB compression point – the output power level where a 10 dB increase at the input only results in a 7 dB increase in Power needed for BCI probe or EM Clamp (150Ω) 2f1+f2 2f2 -f1
to Field Level for 10V/m Fundamental Level V/m
output power (10 dB – 7 dB = 3 dB). Above this point the amplifier is said to be in “saturation.” for given Insertion loss(IL(dB))
12.00 Field Probe Output Result
Modulation Examples Rated output power – the output power with a 0 dBm input.
Saturated power – here an increase in input power will have no increase in output power. At this point, the amplifiers is IL+10•LOG Volts 150
2

10.00 Fundamental Tones and Intermodulation Products

{
CW Continuous Wave said to be in full saturation. 10
8.94V/m Watts=10

Field Level (V/m)

(un-modulated signal) Input Power Levels 8.00
AM (Medical equipments) Signal Generator: 1 milliwatt which is equivalent to 0 dBm IL+10•LOG Amps2•150
Function Generator: 1 milliwatt or 224 millivolts rms into 50 Ω IP3 = Power (f1 & f2) + 3IM,
with 2 Hz frequency and 80% modulation depth -6dBc Watts=10 10 2
Max input before damaging amplifier: +13 dBm or 20 milliwatts (20 times more power than 0 dBm) 6.00
AM ( Telecom applications)
FUNDAMENTAL where Power (f1 & f2) = the power in each
HARMONICS
with 1 kHz frequency and 80% modulation depth Gain 4.00 4.48V/m
OR
CARRIER fundamental signal, f1 & f2. (Note that f1 = f2 )
MEASURED IN dBc Power Required for TEM Cell
Frequently Used Theoretical
AM (IEC 61000-4-6) Decibel Conversions Height of the TEM Cell
response
1 dB
with 1 kHz frequency and 80% modulation depth dB Power Ratio 2.00 V/m ∗ Height ∗ 0.5
2
In actual practice, to measure 3IM, the two fundamental tones
Power output (dBm)

1 Watts =
AM (ISO 11452) 0
1 1.26 Compression
0.00
Ζ (50Ω)
are set at a level of 10dB below the
with 1 kHz frequency and 80% modulation depth 3 2 Actual region
6 response -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 -0 5 1dB compression point of the amplifier.
4
PM (alarm system components EN 50130-4) 10 10 Power Required for GTEM Cell
20 Harmonic Distortion of Field (dBc) F 2F 3F
with 50% duty cycle and 1 Hz repetition 13
Height in meters
17 50 Thus, Power(f1 & f2) = Po (@ 1dB compression) – 10dB,
Linear
PM (MIL STD 461) 20 100
region SPURIOUS 2
with 50% duty cycle and 1 kHz repetition 30 1000 V/m ∗ SeptumHeight where Po is the output power at the 1dB compression point
Watts = ∗ flatness ∗ modulation
of the amplifier.
Power Gain (dB) = 10 Log
Output Power P1dB Note: dBc means dB below carrier. Ζ (50Ω)
Input Power Power input (dBm)