Electric current Electric Energy and Power

current Electricity Rate of flow of Charge, I=

dq
dt
Heat energy developed across regsistor
H = I2Rt
Resistance S.I. Unit Ampere (A) Coulomb/ Second
Power, P = VI = I2R = V
2

dq q R
Instantaneous, Iins = Average, Iav =
dt t In parallel, P = P1 + P2
Drift velocity
Ohm's Law PP
In series, P = 1 2

The property due to which body opposes

Drift velocity is defined as the velocity with which P1 + P2
the free electrons get drifted towards the positive
the flow of current through it, is • current passing through metals or
terminal under the effect of the applied external
known as resistance. conductors is directly proportional Galvenometer to Ammeter Galvenometer to Voltmeter
electric field
ρ
R= to the potential difference applied qE
A
across them. vd = τ Gig
m S=
i − ig
G

R=
V
−G
I ∝ V ⇒ V = IR;(R-electric resistance)
G R
• S.I Unit of Resistance ohm(Ω)
ig
ig ig

• The property of any material due to

Relation between Drift velocity ig + –

which it opposes the flow of electric

and current Balanced Condition i
+
a
S
i – ig b
–
a
Circuit
element

• substances which Obey Ohm's law called

i b i

of wheat stone
V

current through it.

S.I unit of Resistivity:( m) Ω
Ohmic and that do not obey called bridge P R Potentiometer
non-ohmic substances. = Meter bridge
Factors affecting resistivity:
A vd Q S Based on wheat Used to
• Nature of material • The slope of V-I plot for E1 1
– B (i) compare emfs =
• Temperature. I stone bridge E2  2
• Ohmic substance dx i1 i1 P R  R
V

ig = 0
• Relation between resistivity and = = = Internal resistance of cell
tan θ = = R P
Q S 100 −  S
ne2 AτE V
Q
temprature
I
A  
V G
C E 
r = R  − 1 = R  1 − 1
i = neAVd = = neAµ eE = neAµ e
ρf = ρi 1 + α ( t f − t i )  V   2 
Unknown resistance
R S
m  X

i2 i2 Resistance box
R
i D

D
G Galvanometer
E
Current density (J) 0

A
10 20

P
30 40

B
50 60 70

Q
80 90 100

Current per unit cross-section (100 – )

area perpendicular to current I E When cell is discharging

J= =
E

Conductivity (σ) flow. A ρ E

+ –
K
Resistance colour code
1 1 1 1
r i
Conductance, C = = σ= = A B
Resistance R Resistivity ρ
Unit is mho (Ω )
–1
∆V = E − ir
Unit = 1 = 1 or mho Kirchoff's laws
Ωm ohm ⋅ m m

Grouping of Resistance 1st law/

nd
2 law/loop
Junction law rule When cell charging
Series grouping of resistance
Some Important Formula
• Sum of the incoming •The algebraic sum of the E r
currents is equal to sum of potential differences in any
• Equivalent resistance, RS = R1 + R2 + R3 ..... • After stretching length of wire
the outgoing currents at any loop (including those i
increases by n times then junction. associated with emf’s and
resistance will increase by n² • Based on law of those of resistive elements), ∆V = E + ir
• Current flow through each resistance is same.
times i.e., conservation of charge. must equal zero.
• Potential difference, V∝R • Based on law of
i i2
conservation of energy. When cell is open circuit
1 1
R=∞
• If radius be reduced to �mes then area of Vdrop = –iR1 Vdrop = –iR2 Vdrop = –iR3
n i3
Parallel grouping of resistance R1 R2 R3 E
cross-sec�on decreases 12 �me so the i Loop i I= = 0 and V = E
n i4 R+r
• Equivalent resistance, resistance become n4 times i.e., R2 = n4R1
+ –
V
Vrise = +V

1 1 1 1
= + + + .... When cell is short circuited
Rp R1 R2 R3 i 0
junction
V 0 Resistance colour code
R = 0 and I = −E and V = IR = 0
Closedloop
R = 1st digit – 2nd digit × 3rd digit + 4th digit%
R+r

Power transferred to load by cell

• Potential difference across Grouping of cells P = I2R =
E2R
and P = Pmax
each resistance same (r + R)2 2
E
Pmax =
4r
current distribution, in each Cell in series, Cell in parallel if dP and P = Pmax if r = R
1
resistance, I ∝ Cells in series and parallel dR P
R nε ε
nε Current in the circuit, I =
i.e., mixed current in the circuit, I = Current in the circuits, I = r 2 2
nr
+R R + nr R+ Pmax = E = E r=R
R
m m 4r 4R

anand_mani16 DR. Anand Mani https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001