electric energy E Dielectrics   1.

69 x10 8
q c P  Kirchhoff’s Rule Cylindrical Spherical
I,  Amp ( A) time t  0  8.85x10 12
t sec Rule 1: Current Conservation capacitor capacitor
E  Pxt E= Joules/Kwh d Vg  V
I
dq P= Watt/Kw (Charge) d
Q
Ig  A E ;a  r  b Q 4 0 ab
dt t= sec/hr Total currents going into a junction 2r 0 L C 
V ba
q Rg   2 0 L
Ohm’s Law I is equal to total current coming out Ed C
V
U t For Vacuum E
V  Ed  0
E  E 0  E ' 0 ln(b / a) b C  4 0 a
 I in  I out of a junction
q k Rm  
g I   I in   I out k
V  IR t
kq C0 
0A
Where “k” is dielectric
Re call : V 
V 
k (It ) r d constant
Volt Current Resistance Vr r kq
t  V 
(V ) ( A) () kI r Time Constant Vf
Vacuu Dielectrics Rm   Rg
 :electromotove force (emf ) Ig I g Rg
Rule 2: For a closed loop, the total C 0  Q m, V0  E 0 d
Q
C  , V  Ed   RC Rs 
Temperature Relation I f  Ig
V0 V
  I (R  r) voltage is equal to zero
R  R0 1   (T  20)
sec () F
0 A k 0 A when t  RC  
   0 1   (t  20) V  0  Vrise   Vdrop C0  C  kC 0
d d q  C (1  e 1 )  0.632C
L
R when t  RC  2
A Values Coefficient    IR  Ir    V  Ir Vrise: from “-“ to “+” V  Ed 
E 0 d V0
 V
V0
q  C (1  e 2 )  0.865C
k k k Vg  I g R g
Resistivity Constant At 20°C  V    Ir Vdrop: from “+“ to “-” when t  RC  3
( m ) Q2 Q2 Q2 U0
U0  U   q  C (1  e 3 )  0.95C
Stretched R2  L2 
2
V1  IR1 V  V1  V2  V3
Capacitor (C) Kramer’s Rule: linear Algebra 2C 0 2C 2kC 0 k
  Energy stored in
Wire R1  L1  V2  IR2
Definition: A device to store electric energy Charging Discharging the Capacitor Q2
V3  IR3 a11 x  a12 y  a13 z  b1 Parallel V0 
2C 0
  
t
 
t
a 21 x  a 22 y  a 23 z  b2
1
q  C 1  e RC 
 q  Ce RC U
2
CV 2 1
U  QV 
Q2
2 2C
  k 0 A
d a x  a y  a z  b C
 31
t
V 32 33 3   RC
t
  RC New Capacitance
kd  a (k  1)
i e i e
IRs  IR1  IR 2  IR3 Rs  R1  R2  R3 V V V V CV  C V  C V  C3V3
R R (U  0) (U  0)
 a11  a12  a13  x   b1  1 2 3
 1 1 2 2
 
t
 t
VC   1  e RC 
     Q  Q1  Q2  Q3  C  C1  C 2  C3 Pushed in Drawn in

For parallel capacitor VC  e RC
Parallel a
 21  a 22  a y
23    b
 2  
 (Q / A) 
E    a  a  a  z   b 
0 0   C  Q  0 A  0 A  31 32 33    3 Electric Power (P)
 V ( Ed ) d work electric energy U qV  q 
V  Ed  P      V
time time t t t
Parallel Plate capacitor  A A  B
Q in (C/V) = Farad (F) C 
1 1 1 1 0 V  V1  V2  V3 1 1 1 1 P  I 2R
V  IR p   
C d     P  IV , in watts (W)
R p R1 R2 R3
V    A1 B Q  Q1  Q2  Q3 C C1 C 2 C3 P
V2
R

1
F  ILB sin  Magnetic Flux RC circuit: U  qV  eV  mv 2
2
“Charging”
  
t
or  2eV
I 1 e (L / R)  v
     BA R   m
F  ILxB  Step 1
N
Biot-Savant Law B   0 I     0 IN “Discharge” Step 2 Step 3
L FE  qE  eE eE  evB
   ( L / R ) 
t

I e
F Ns Interior R   FB  qvB sin 90  qvB  evB E  vB
F  qvB sin  B ; in  Tesla  0 IdS sin    BA cos   2
“Charging” e E
qv sin  cm dB   0 N   2
4 r2 B  m  2B V
2R
L
 ,in sec Resonance Inductor in AC circuit
mv Exterior R 1
R   BA  “Discharge” f  V L  I (L)  IX L X L  L  2fL
qB B0
2 LC

2m AC circuit
T i  I sin t  I sin 2ft 0 I
qB 0I    B
L
B   2r
  BLv 2 R  2 
 I v  V sin t  V sin 2ft
1 qB B 0 d B0
f   ; in Hz 2R
T 2m  0 I1 I 2 L
 Bds   0 I Special Case F  F12  F21  x
1
2d RMS average I rms  I  .707I B0 ra ar b
2
Inductor: (L) dI 0 I r  b   I  r 2  a 2 
VL   L Similarly B B   0  2 
2 
1  I dT  2r  b  a 
qV  mv 2 B 0 rR Vrms 
V 2r
2 2r
1 2 2
energy stored U LI RC circuit
2 Vrms  IR  Vrms  I rms R

VL  
2
R
mv
They are in phase V  (V L  VC ) 2  VR
qB  0 Ir r  R
0 I 0I B  0 AN 2 V  IR
B BN 2R 2 L  V sin t  I sin tR
2R 2R l
V  IZ
A  r,2 area of cross section I  L  L1  L2
v sin(t  90)
c Z  (X L  X C )2  R2
1 1
Light is EM wave Snell’s Law Concave 1 1 L 
 1  XC  I  Impedance, L1 L2
VC  I    IX C c 2fc
Speed of Light in a vacuum C  3.0 x10 8 m / sec R Focal point  c 
f 
2 Focal length
f 0
1
C  2.99 x10 8 n1 sin 1  n2 sin  2 r
 0 0
Convex
Critical angle R
f 
n  2
 c  sin 1  1 
 n2  f 0
c 1

f
f  c  f
T 1 1 1
 
f p q
Reflection Refraction

q image
m 
p object

i  r i  r
m  0, upright q  0, real image
Index of refraction  
m  0, inverted q  0, virtual image
(n)
c c: vacuum speed of light
n v: medium, speed of light
 m  1, l arg er
 Summary:
v n: pure number, no unit  m  1, smaller