HSE Manual: Classifying Waste

Shell International Exploration and Production B.V.
Classifying
Waste
EP 95-0391
HSE
MANUAL
Revision 0: 21 September 1995

EP HSE Manual Amendment Record Sheet
Section Number: EP 95-0391

Section Title: Classifying Waste
Rev. Chapter Description of amendment Date Amended

Nos. by
No. dd/mm/yy
0 All Original hard copy and CD-ROM issue 22/9/95 EPO/62

Contents
CONTENTS
Summary iii
1 Introduction 1
2 Waste Categories 3
3 Hazardous Waste 5
3.1 Terminology 5
3.2 Background 5
3.3 Special Categories of Hazardous Waste 7
3.3.1 Medical waste 7
3.3.2 Radioactive waste 7
3.3.3 Sewage sludge 7
3.3.4 Empty containers 7
4 Non-Hazardous Waste 11
4.1 Industrial Waste 11
4.2 Office Waste 11
4.3 Domestic Waste 11
5 Regulatory Aspects 13
6 Industry Aspects 15
7 Conclusions and
Recommendations 17
Appendices
I Waste Streams Encountered during EP
Operations 19
II Waste Category Lists Conforming with
Basel Convention and EU Legislation 23
III Waste Information Guideline for PCB -
Contaminated Solids (Synonyms: Askarel,
Polychlorinated Biphenyls) 27
Glossary 35
References 37
EP 95-0391 Revision 0 21 September 1995 i

HSE Manual EP 95-0391 Classifying Waste
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ii EP 95-0391 Revision 0 21 September 1995

Summary
SUMMARY
This report has been prepared to give Opcos guidance on classifying waste streams. Practical aspects
of classifying waste are addressed in the context of EP operations, focusing on pragmatic assessment
of HSE hazards at all stages in the waste life cycle. International regulations covering waste
classification are outlined, with emphasis on legislation applicable to hazardous wastes.
EP 95-0391 Revision 0 21 September 1995 iii

iv EP 95-0391 Revision 0 21 September 1995

1 Introduction
1 INTRODUCTION
This document is targeted at Opcos operating in the absence of comprehensive legislative or
regulatory frameworks addressing the classification of waste streams. The objective is to provide a
framework which Opcos can use to develop classification systems in line with local requirements,
while maintaining consistency across the Sector. It is intended to complement EP 95-0390 which
provides a practical basis for waste management in Opcos but does not address waste classification
per se. Waste streams, such as produced water and atmospheric emissions, eg from flaring, are not
addressed in this report. Additional information on waste management in EP operations is given in
Ref. 1 for drilling wastes and EP 95-0319 Safe Handling of Chemicals for chemical wastes.
Figure 1.1, taken from EP 95-0390, illustrates the various stages in waste management, and
emphasises the roles of inventorisation, characterisation and segregation as integral parts of this
process. This document addresses the characterisation stage, which provides the basis for
classification. There are three main reasons for classifying wastes effectively:
 wastes presenting hazards to man and/or the environment need to be identified and handled
accordingly
 the identification of hazardous wastes allows clear priorities to be set for waste management
The focus should be on minimising, reusing/recycling and, if possible, eliminating the
generation of hazardous wastes.
 classification of wastes is a prerequisite to segregation and thus to implementing cost-effective
treatment and disposal options.
The identification of hazardous wastes is thus the first priority of waste classification schemes, and
this reflects the focus of this document. This does not detract from the need to address systematically
non-hazardous wastes, to ensure that opportunities for waste minimisation are thoroughly explored
and that any residues are disposed of responsibly.
EP 95-0391 Revision 0 21 September 1995 1

Figure 1.1 Key waste handling, minimisation and disposal decisions
2 EP 95-0391 Revision 0 21 September 1995

2 Waste Categories
2 WASTE CATEGORIES
The Shell Waste Management Guideline (Ref. 2) differentiates three broad categories of waste:
 hazardous waste
 industrial waste
 domestic waste, including office waste.
Since EP operations commonly include residential camps, the present guidelines differentiate office
and domestic waste. Waste categories for EP operations are thus:
 hazardous waste
 industrial waste
 office waste
 domestic waste.
These categories can be divided further into sub-categories, to be determined by the management
options required and locally available for individual waste streams, and the degree of segregation
possible. For example, medical waste, radioactive waste and sewage sludge should be treated as
defined sub-categories of hazardous waste.
The first priority of waste classification schemes is to identify hazardous wastes. Table I.1 (see
Appendix I) shows typical wastes associated with EP activities, including the sources of the wastes
and potentially hazardous components. It is important to note that hazardous wastes can also arise
from offices and residential accommodation, and all wastes should therefore be screened for hazards
before being allocated to other categories. The industrial, office and domestic categories are defined
broadly in terms of the origin of the wastes, facilitating segregation and waste handling.


3 Hazardous Waste
3 HAZARDOUS WASTE
3.1 Terminology
Materials with the potential to damage humans or to have a negative impact on the environment have
been variously termed 'hazardous waste', 'special waste', 'chemical waste' and 'toxic waste'. The term
'hazardous waste' is used here because:
 its meaning is generally understood within Opcos
 it is used in other Shell Group documents.
However, the following shortcomings of the term are recognised:
 competent authorities around the world have developed a number of definitions for hazardous
waste which are inconsistent and, in some cases, incompatible with each other
 hazard is determined by situation and circumstance, rather than only by intrinsic properties.
It is difficult to integrate these variables into a practical classification scheme.
Against this background, Opcos are recommended to use the following definition of hazardous waste:
'Hazardous waste is any gaseous, liquid or solid waste, which because of its quantity, physical,
chemical or infectious characteristics can result in hazards to human health or the environment when
improperly handled, stored, transported, treated or disposed of.'
3.2 Background
Hazardous wastes can arise from operational activities, from offices and from residential
accommodation. The following stages in the waste life cycle can be identified:
 generation
 handling
 storage
 transport
 treatment
 disposal.
This is not necessarily a sequential process and stages such as transport and disposal are not universal.
However, it is useful to consider these stages, since potential hazards need to be addressed
systematically. In general, hazard identification during the generation, handling, transport and
treatment of wastes should focus on occupational health aspects, since this is when potential exposure
and associated risks are highest. Hazard identification for disposal should concentrate on
environmental and community aspects, including longer-term issues such as the potential for soil and
groundwater contamination. Hazard identification during storage may need to address occupational
health, environmental and community health aspects, depending on location and circumstances.
Transported wastes should be provided with documentation which focuses clearly and unequivocally
on hazard identification and risk assessment.
A key priority when developing and implementing classification schemes is to maintain practicality
and credibility with the workforce. Opcos are encouraged to take a conservative approach to
classifying wastes, but are reminded of the need to avoid over-classification so that the term
'hazardous waste' does not lose its potency. A balance needs to be struck between providing adequate
protection to man and the environment without attempting to address all conceivable hazards
associated with normal operations. Hazard assessment should systematically address occupational

health, community health and environmental aspects at all stages of this waste life cycle, including
generation, handling, storage, transport, treatment and disposal. This assessment process should retain
a clear focus on prevailing local circumstances to ensure that it is practical and realistic. The
following examples illustrate the preferred approach to classification for overall handling and
management.
Example 1: starch
Starch used in drilling muds does not present a significant occupational health hazard, but discharge
of this biodegradable material into an enclosed water body could result in de-oxygenation with
resulting impacts on the aquatic organisms. Under normal circumstances, no special disposal or
handling procedures will be required, but the adequacy of disposal routes must be systematically
assessed. Providing this is done, it would be inappropriate to classify starch as hazardous waste.
Example 2: organic acids and bases

Organic acids and bases present the familiar health and safety hazards of burns and associated tissue
damage, which also influence disposal options. Indeed, they are generally neutralised prior to
disposal. However, there are situations where such materials can be discharged to the environment
without causing an adverse impact due to buffering of pH effects and rapid degradation. Disposal of
limited quantities to surface waters or a soak away in a desert are examples, but the acceptability of
such options should be rigorously assessed before being used. On balance, the HSE hazards
associated with acids and bases are sufficiently significant to merit overall classification as hazardous
waste.
Example 3: chlorofluorocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are of insignificant toxicity to humans. Indeed, they are extremely safe
in terms of both mammalian and environmental toxicity. However, at the global level they are thought
to contribute to the depletion of stratospheric ozone and their use and disposal are increasingly
regulated at both national and international levels. CFCs should therefore be classified as hazardous
waste.
Example 4: blasting grit

Blasting grit may contain heavy metals, which can contaminate soil and groundwater, and free silica,
which can present occupational health hazards. Used grit containing these materials should be
classified as hazardous waste. Manufacturers have recently introduced grits with reduced heavy metal
contents and no free silica, which do not qualify as hazardous waste. These are preferred on HSE
grounds to conventional products.
Example 5: nickel-cadmium or lithium batteries

Most Opcos use nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) or lithium batteries, which are classified as hazardous waste
following use. Manufacturers are increasingly providing facilities for returning used batteries, which
are then recycled. Opcos are encouraged to purchase materials from manufacturers and suppliers
offering this option.
These are all relatively straightforward examples, and other cases may be less clear-cut. Where
difficulties arise, informed judgement concerning the hazards presented by specific wastes at all
stages of the life cycle, from generation to disposal, should help to resolve issues. Occupational
health, community health and environmental aspects should be systematically addressed at each stage
in the waste life cycle, with the objective of making a decision on overall classification for handling
and management.
As noted earlier, it is important that classification schemes are credible to the workforce, including
contractor staff. Indeed, this is a prerequisite for acceptance and implementation. This process can be
facilitated by ensuring that hazards are defined and explained to employees and contractor staff, and

3 Hazardous Waste
clearly understood by all involved. Transparency and practicality are essential. On-the-job training
courses and tool box meetings are appropriate vehicles for information flow.
3.3 Special Categories of Hazardous Waste

Medical waste, radioactive waste and sewage sludge should always be treated as special categories of
hazardous waste. 'Empty' containers such as chemical and oil drums may also require special
consideration. Below follows a brief description of these different types of hazardous waste.
3.3.1 Medical waste

This category is most relevant to Opcos with their own clinics. However, medical waste can also be
generated at operational locations including platforms, and must always be segregated carefully.
Medical waste includes used equipment, eg needles, used dressings, biological samples, waste
prescription drugs and all potentially pathogenic material.
3.3.2 Radioactive waste

These can comprise Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) from producing reservoirs in
the form of scales or liquid effluents, radioactive sources used in well logging and tracer tests and
radioactive materials from medical facilities. Radioactive waste shall be defined in terms of its
specific activity, complying with local regulations and Shell Group guidance (Ref. 3).
3.3.3 Sewage sludge

This category is relevant to Opcos with residential camps and operational locations which are not
linked to municipal sewage systems. Concerns focus on health issues associated with disposing
sewage sludge, and these merit its status as a separate category of waste.
3.3.4 Empty containers

The classification and disposal of empty containers, particularly used chemical drums, has presented
problems in several Opcos, centred around the presence of the residues which invariably remain in the
drums. There is little consensus among competent authorities as to how this should be regulated, but
the issue has been specifically addressed by legislation in Alberta, Canada (Ref. 4). Figure 3.1
illustrates the approach.
Points to note are:
 the contents of containers should be known and classified adequately
 classification is influenced by the volumes involved
 rinsate from washing requires classification and may in itself be a hazardous waste.
This scheme could be readily adapted to Opco circumstances, provided that local regulations are
checked beforehand.
Figure 3.1 Alberta waste classification scheme applied to empty containers

Note:
*Container means a portable device in which a hazardous material is stored. Containers are 'empty' when they
contain less than 2.5 cm of residue in the bottom, or less than 3 per cent of their original contents. These criteria
are specific to Alberta. For example, containers are classified as empty in the UK when they contain less than 1
per cent of original contents.
**Triple rinsing means to wash three times using clean solvent on each occasion that is at least equal to 10 per
cent of the container volume and is capable of removing the contained hazardous waste.

3 Hazardous Waste

4 NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE
Categories of non-hazardous waste can be conveniently classified according to their source, eg
industrial, office and domestic. However, there will be exceptions to this general framework. For
example, domestic wastes may arise from offices equipped with canteens. Similarly, some wastes
arising from offices, such as furniture and computer hardware, may be classified as industrial waste.
Effective segregation is a prerequisite for differentiating categories of waste. This requires that clear
guidance is given on segregating waste streams and that infrastructure is in place to facilitate
implementation. Non-hazardous waste streams should always be carefully screened for hazardous
components, eg rechargeable Ni-Cd and lithium batteries, paints and paint thinners.
4.1 Industrial Waste

Industrial waste is defined as any non-hazardous operational waste. It includes scrap metal, wooden
pallets, plastic and cardboard packaging, etc but excludes contaminated materials, such as tubing with
NORM scales, and acid and alkaline batteries. It also can include some categories of drilling fluid
components and wastes from offices and residential accommodation. There is often considerable
potential for reusing and/or recycling industrial wastes. This generally requires segregation into
discrete sub-categories, eg scrap metal, plastics, wood, etc.
4.2 Office Waste

This is a self-explanatory category. Used stationery, plastics, packaging materials, printer cartridges
and toner for copying machines are the main wastes. Office wastes generally present good
opportunities for segregation and recycling.
4.3 Domestic Waste

This category includes kitchen waste from offices, operational and residential locations, and waste
arising from estate management activities including garden refuse. This can be a significant category
in Opcos with residential camps.

4 Non-hazardous Waste

5 REGULATORY ASPECTS
The World Health Organisation (Ref. 5) has identified the following factors to determine whether
wastes should be classified as 'hazardous':
 the substances present in the waste
 the concentration and chemical reactivity of such substances
 the physical form in which the substances are present
 the quantity and rate of generation of potentially hazardous material
 the mobility and persistence of potentially hazardous materials in the environment in which they
are placed
 the targets available in that environment and their vulnerability to such materials
 the possibility and cost of implementing remedial measures.
There have been three basic approaches to integrating these aspects into classification schemes, all of
which require detailed knowledge about the chemical composition of waste streams and the physico-
chemical properties of their components. Waste can be classified:
 qualitatively
This is done according to type, origin, constituents and physico-chemical properties.
 using a more quantitative approach
This defines hazardous waste in terms of defined characteristics, usually determined using
standard testing procedures.
 using concentration limits for defined substances.
In this approach materials are classified as hazardous waste when such limits are exceeded.
Each of these approaches has merits and shortcomings. The main value of the first approach is that it
is easy to administer. For example, authorities around the world have compiled lists of constituent
materials which can result in wastes being classified as hazardous, as described below in relation to
the Basel Convention and EU legislation (see Appendix II).
While it would be inappropriate to use the presence/absence of proscribed materials as the sole
criterion for classification schemes, a list of such materials can be useful in a first screening of wastes.
The use of limit values for proscribed substances gives a sounder basis for classification, particularly
when linked to defined physico-chemical, toxicological and environmental characteristics. This depth
of knowledge of waste streams requires a high degree of control and understanding which may prove
difficult to achieve in practice.
The regulatory use of the various approaches to classifying wastes outlined above can be illustrated
by the following examples:
The 1993 Basel Convention (Ref. 6) is a key element in international legislation on waste, and
signatories include a number of countries where Opcos operate. The scheme for classifying hazardous
waste under this convention includes information on waste streams to be controlled (Table II.1), a list
of proscribed constituents of wastes (Table II.2) and a list of hazardous properties and characteristics
of wastes (Table II.3). The convention requires that any waste listed in Table II.1 and/or containing a
constituent listed in Table II.2 should be classified as hazardous unless it can be demonstrated that it
does not possess any of the characteristics listed in Table II.3. It is these characteristics which
underpin classification. The onus for classifying waste lies with the generator of that waste.
The European Union (EU) has adopted the approach outlined by the Basel Convention when
defining hazardous wastes, linking the composition of wastes to physico-chemical, toxicological and
environmental properties. Indeed, the classification scheme outlined above and detailed in Tables II.1

5 Regulatory Aspects
to II.3 has been adopted by the EU (Refs. 7 and 8). The onus for classifying waste again lies with the
generator of that waste. The EU has defined toxicological criteria for classifying hazardous waste
(Ref. 10) and has also developed regulations addressing the classification of wastes for land filling
(Ref. 9). This includes specific guidance on assessing leaching potential and a framework of limit
values for interpreting the results of leaching experiments. The EU is developing guidance in other
areas of hazardous waste classification, and Opcos will be kept informed of developments. Copies of
current EU legislation addressing hazardous waste will be sent to Opcos, with updates as required, to
provide background information.
A number of other regulatory regimes for classifying waste have been reviewed during the
preparation of this report. These include the UK, the Netherlands, the USA, Oman, Singapore and
Nigeria. It is considered that the Basel Convention and complementary EU legislation provides the
most comprehensive and coherent framework for classification, with a particular focus on identifying
hazardous wastes by systematically addressing both human health and environmental aspects.
To summarise, the Basel Convention and complementary EU legislation together provide a
comprehensive and coherent framework for classification which Opcos could use as a template for
developing their own classification schemes, geared to local conditions and circumstances.

6 INDUSTRY ASPECTS
The regulations and guidelines outlined in chapter 5 have been developed for application across the
broad spectrum of waste, and this can present practical difficulties when applied to specific industries.
The Canadian Petroleum Association (CPA) has addressed this by preparing specific guidance on
waste management in EP production operations (Ref. 4), based on legislation in the province of
Alberta. The information and guidance given in this document is generally pragmatic and technically
sound, but is geared to the Canadian infrastructure and regulations, and frequently lacks sufficient
detail to enable application elsewhere. However, a useful feature is the inclusion of data sheets for
specific waste streams, comprising the following sections:
 waste identification and management options
 components
 physical/chemical data
 health effects
 first-aid measures
 handling , storage and transportation
 fire and explosion hazards
 reactivity data.
Wastes for which CPA information sheets are available are:
 acid
 activated carbon
 batteries
 boiler blowdown water
 caustic
 construction material
 containers (drums/barrels)
 desiccant
 filter backwash liquids
 filters
 incinerator ash
 insulation
 ion exchange resin
 laboratory chemicals
 lubricating oils
 molecular sieve
 PCB-contaminated solids
 pigging waste
 sludges
 wash water

6 Industry Aspects
 workover fluids.
Appendix III gives an example data sheet for PCB-contaminated solids. Copies of sheets for any of
the above wastes are available via SIEP.

7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The identification of hazardous wastes is the first priority of waste classification schemes. Regulations
and guidance in this area is still evolving at both national and international levels, and it is not
possible to identify any one scheme as meeting the needs of all Opcos. However, the following
recommendations are universally applicable.
(1) Opcos should develop and implement practical procedures and controls for identifying and
segregating hazardous wastes. These must comply with local legislative requirements.
(2) Every opportunity should be sought to reduce volumes of hazardous waste generated in Opcos,
with the clear focus on source reduction.
(3) Medical wastes, radioactive wastes and sewage sludge should be identified as distinct categories
of hazardous waste. Empty containers also merit special attention.
(4) Classification of other hazardous wastes should be based on an assessment of physico-chemical,
toxicological and environmental properties and characteristics, in line with the requirements of
the Basel Convention and EU legislation.
(5) Hazard assessment should systematically address occupational health, community health and
environmental aspects at all stages in the waste life cycle, including generation, handling,
storage, transport, treatment and disposal.
(6) Hazard assessment should be carried out with a clear focus on prevailing local circumstances to
ensure that it is practical and realistic.
(7) Opcos can use the CPA Production Waste Management Handbook for guidance on waste
management in production operations, including classification aspects. The applicability of this
guidance to local circumstances should, however, be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Copies
of the handbook can be made available via SIEP.
Non-hazardous wastes should be classified according to their source. The main categories will be
industrial, office and domestic wastes, but further segregation may be required to exploit
opportunities for reuse and recycling. Examples include scrap metal and paper.
These categories of waste will be used in the annual environmental reporting process.

7 Conclusions and Recommendations

APPENDIX I
WASTE STREAMS ENCOUNTERED DURING EP
OPERATIONS
Table I.1 was extracted from EP 95-0390 Waste Management Guidelines which summarises the
primary type of waste streams encountered during EP operations. The main sources of these streams
are provided for clarification. The constituents that may be of environmental concern are also
summarised for each waste stream. The inclusion of a constituent in this column does not necessarily
indicate that the constituent is always present, or that if the constituent is present that it will be of high
enough concentration to warrant concern. The last column of the table indicates which of the
individual EP activities may generate the indicated waste stream.

Appendix I Waste Streams Encountered During EP Operations
Table I.1 Summary of wastes generated by EP activities

WASTE STREAM MAIN SOURCES POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTALLY TYPE OF
SIGNIFICANT CONSTITUENTS OPERATION
Absorbents Spill clean-up Hydrocarbons, production chemicals, solvents ACDMPS

Air Emissions Vent gases NOx, SOx, H2S, COx, VOC, DP
Flare gases hydrocarbons, carbon, particulates,
Blow down from bulk chemicals PAHs, BTEX
Air Emissions Engine exhausts COx, SOx, NOx, VOC, PAHs ACDMPS
formaldehyde, carbon particulates
Air Emissions Fugitive gases VOC, BTEX ACDMP
Ballast water Tankers with non-segregated Hydrocarbons P
ballast
Boiler/cooling tower blow Steam generation facilities and Scale inhibitors, biocides, corrosion inhibitors, DM
down cooling towers heavy metals, solids
Cement Cement slurries Heavy metals, thinners, viscosifiers, pH, salts DP
Cement mix water
Cement returns
Consolidation materials Carrier fluids Hydrocarbons P
Epoxy resins Excess chemicals
Contaminated soil Spill/leaks Hydrocarbons, heavy metals, salts, treating ACDMPS
chemicals
Contaminated drainage Rainwater run-off Inorganic salts, heavy metals, solids, ACDMP
water Rig wash production chemicals, detergent,
Process water hydrocarbons
Wash water
Dehydration and Dehydration processes Amines, glycols, filter sludges, metal P
sweetening wastes Sweetening processes sulphides, H2S, metals, benzene
Domestic sewage Living quarters BOD, COD, solids, detergent, Coliform ACDMPS
bacteria
Drilling fluid chemicals Chemical containers Biocides, surfactants, salts, metals, DP
Drilling fluids emulsifiers, viscosifiers, organics, pH
Drill cuttings
Rig wash
Firefighting agents Fire protection Halons, CFCs, firefighting foams ACDMP
equipment/facilities
Hydrotest fluids Pipeline hydrotesting activities BOD, solids, corrosion inhibitors, oxygen C
scavengers, dyes
Incinerator ash Incinerators Heavy metals, salts, ash ADP
Industrial refuse Cleaning materials Hydrocarbons, plastic ACM
Insulation
Maintenance wastes Sandblast (grits) Heavy metals, hydrocarbons, solids, solvents M
Greases
Fuel oils
Filters
Medical waste Dressings Pathogenic organisms, plastic, glass, ACDMP
Clinical and cleaning materials medicines, needles
Blood samples
A= Abandonment C= Construction and Commissioning D= Drilling M= Maintenance P= Production S= Seismic

Table I.1 Summary of wastes generated by EP activities (continued)
WASTE STREAM MAIN SOURCES POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTALLY TYPE OF

SIGNIFICANT CONSTITUENTS OPERATION
Mercury Instrumentation Mercury ADMP

Oil/gas production
Production testing
Oil-based muds and Drilling operations Hydrocarbons, inorganic salts, heavy metals, D
cuttings solids/cuttings, drilling fluid chemicals
Paint materials Paints Heavy metals, solvent, hydrocarbon CM
Thinners
Coatings
Pigging sludges Pipeline cleaning operations Inorganic salts, heavy metals, solids, P
production chemicals, NORM, hydrocarbons,
phenols, aromatics
Process water Engine cooling water Hydrocarbons, treatment chemicals ADMPS
Brake cooling water
Wash water
Production chemicals Chemical containers Demulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, wax P
Spent fluids inhibitors, , scale inhibitors, defoamers, oxygen
Sludges scavengers, biocides, coagulants, flocculants
Contaminated chemicals
Produced water Production of oil and gas inorganic salts, heavy metals, solids, DP
production chemicals, benzene, PAHs
Produced sand Drilling/production operations Hydrocarbons, heavy metals, NORM P
Refrigerants Air conditioning/ CFC, HCFC ACMP
refrigerant systems
Scrap metals Abandoned platforms Heavy metals, NORM scales ACMS
Used pipelines
Used process equipment/used
tanks
Electrical cables
Empty drums
Used tubulars
Used casing
Spacers Drilling operations Hydrocarbon, alcohol, aromatics, DP
detergents, surfactants
Spent catalysts Catalyst beds Heavy metals, hydrocarbons, inorganic salts MP
Molecular sieve
Spent completion fluid Production well completion Inorganic salts, hydrocarbons, corrosion DP
activities inhibitors
Spent stimulation or Production well workover Inorganic acids (HCl, HF), hydrocarbons, DP
fracturing fluids activities methanol, corrosion inhibitors, oxygen
scavengers, formation fluids, NORM, gelling
agents
Tank and vessel bottom Separation tank sediments Inorganic salts, heavy metals, solids, P
wastes Storage tank sediments production chemicals, NORM, hydrocarbons,
Water drain tank sediments PAHs
Waste lubricants Equipment lube oil changes Organics, heavy metals DMS
Water-based Drilling activities High pH, inorganic salts, hydrocarbons, drilling D
(include brine) fluid chemicals, heavy metals
muds and cuttings
A= Abandonment C= Construction and Commissioning D= Drilling M= Maintenance P= Production S= Seismic

Appendix I Waste Streams Encountered During EP Operations

APPENDIX II
WASTE CATEGORY LISTS CONFORMING WITH BASEL
CONVENTION AND EU LEGISLATION
Table II.1 Basel convention. Categories of waste to be controlled: waste streams
1. Clinical wastes from medical care in hospitals, medical centres and clinics
2. Wastes from the production and preparation of pharmaceutical products
3. Waste pharmaceuticals, drugs and medicines
4. Wastes from the production, formulation and use of biocides and phytopharmaceuticals
5. Wastes from the manufacture, formulation and use of wood-preserving chemicals
6. Wastes from the production, formulation and use of organic solvents
7. Wastes from heat treatment and tempering operations containing cyanides
8. Waste mineral oils unfit for their originally intended use
9. Waste oils/water, hydrocarbons/water mixtures, emulsions
10. Waste substances and articles containing or contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
and/or polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) and/or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs)
11. Waste tarry residues arising from refining, distillation and any pyrolytic treatment
12. Wastes from production, formulation and use of inks, dyes, pigments, paints, lacquers, varnishes
13. Wastes from production, formulation and use of resins, latexes, plasticisers, glues/ adhesives
14. Waste chemical substances arising from research and development or teaching activities which are
not identified and/or are new and whose effects on man and/or the environment are not known
15. Wastes of an explosive nature not subject to other legislation
16. Wastes from production, formulation and use of photographic chemicals and processing materials
17. Wastes resulting from surface treatment of metals and plastics
18. Residues arising from industrial waste disposal operations

Appendix II Waste Category Lists Conforming with Basel Convention and EU Legislation
Table II.2 Basel convention. Categories of waste to be controlled: constituents

1. Metal carbonyls
2. Beryllium; beryllium compounds
3. Hexavalent chromium compounds
4. Copper compounds
5. Zinc compounds
6. Arsenic; arsenic compounds
7. Selenium; selenium compounds
8. Cadmium; cadmium compounds
9. Antimony; antimony compounds
10. Tellurium; tellurium compounds
11. Mercury; mercury compounds
12. Thallium; thallium compounds
13. Lead; lead compounds
14. Inorganic fluorine compounds excluding calcium fluoride
15. Inorganic cyanides
16. Acidic solutions or acids in solid form
17. Basic solutions or bases in solid form
18. Asbestos (dust and fibres)
19. Organic phosphorous compounds
20. Organic cyanides
21. Phenols; phenol compounds including chlorophenols
22. Ethers
23. Halogenated organic solvents
24. Organic solvents excluding halogenated solvents
25. Any congener of polychlorinated dibenzofuran
26. Any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin
27. Organohalogen compounds other than substances referred to in this list

Table II.3 Basel convention. Categories of waste to be controlled: hazardous properties and

characteristics
UN class (*) Characteristics

1 Explosives
An explosive substance or waste is a solid or liquid substance or waste (or mixture of
substances or wastes) which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a
temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings.
3 Flammable liquids
The word 'flammable' has the same meaning as 'inflammable'. Flammable liquids are liquids, or
mixtures of liquids, or liquids containing solids in solution or suspension (for example, paints,
varnishes, lacquers, etc, but not including substances or wastes otherwise classified on account
of their dangerous characteristics) which give off a flammable vapour at temperatures of not
more than 60.5°C, closed-cup test, or not more than 65.6°C, open-cup test. (Since the results of
open-cup tests and of closed-cup tests are not strictly comparable and even individual results
by the same test are often variable, regulations varying from the above figures to make
allowance for such differences would be within the spirit of this definition).
4.1 Flammable solids

Solids, or waste solids, other than those classed as explosive, which under conditions
encountered in transport are readily combustible, or may cause or contribute to fire through
friction.
4.2 Substances or wastes liable to spontaneous combustion

Substances or wastes which are liable to spontaneous heating under normal conditions
encountered in transport, or to heating up on contact with air, and being then liable to catch fire.
4.3 Substances or wastes which, in contact with water emit flammable gases
Substances or wastes which, by interaction with water, are liable to become spontaneously
flammable or to give off flammable gases in dangerous quantities.
5.1 Oxidising agents

Substances or wastes which, while in themselves not necessarily combustible, may, generally
by yielding oxygen cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other materials.
5.2 Organic peroxides

Organic substances or wastes which contain the bivalent -O-O- structure are thermally unstable
substances which may undergo exothermic self-accelerating decomposition.
6.1 Poisonous (acute) substances

Substances or wastes liable either to cause death or serious injury or to harm human health if
swallowed or inhaled or by skin contact.
6.2 Infectious substances

Substances or wastes containing viable micro-organisms or their toxins which are known or
suspected to cause disease in animals or humans.
8 Corrosives
Substances or wastes which, by chemical action, will cause severe damage when in contact
with living tissue, or, in the case of leakage, will materially damage, or even destroy, other
goods or the means of transport; they may also cause other hazards.

Appendix II Waste Category Lists Conforming with Basel Convention and EU Legislation
Table II.3 Basel convention. Categories of waste to be controlled: hazardous properties and characteristics
(continued)
UN class (*) Characteristics
9 Liberation of toxic gases in contact with air or water

Substances or wastes which, by interaction with air or water, are liable to give off toxic gases in
dangerous quantities.
9 Toxic (delayed or chronic) substances

Substances or wastes which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may
involve delayed or chronic effects, including carcinogenicity.
9 Ecotoxic substances
Substances or wastes which if released present or may present immediate or delayed adverse
impacts to the environment by means of bioaccumulation and/or toxic effects upon biotic
systems.
9 Substances capable, by any means, after disposal, of yielding another material, eg leachate,
which possesses any of the characteristics listed above.
(*) Corresponds to the hazard classification system including in the United Nations recommendations on the
transport of dangerous goods (ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev. 5, United Nations, New York, 1988)

APPENDIX III
WASTE INFORMATION GUIDELINE FOR PCB -
CONTAMINATED SOLIDS (SYNONYMS: ASKAREL,
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS)
The following text is an extract out of a Canadian Petroleum Association Waste Information
Guideline, December 1990.
SECTION 1 - WASTE IDENTIFICATION &

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
SOURCE:
Gas processing, crude oil production, pipeline transmission, heavy oil production and gas
compression.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Electrical (transformers, capacitors, hydraulic equipment, switching mechanisms) and heat transfer
equipment containing PCB fluids. Phase out of equipment began in 1977. Askarels contain up to 60%
PCBs with the balance composed of trichlorobenzene and mineral oils. High level PCBs can still be
found in older liquid-filled capacitors and electrical transformers. Current practice is to use highly
refined mineral oils.
REGULATORY CLASSIFICATION:
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System):
WHMIS Regulations do not apply to a hazardous waste except that the employer shall ensure
the safe storage and handling of a hazardous waste generated at that workplace through the
combination of any mode of identification and worker education. Without the benefit of waste
specific information, the following information can be used as a guide to identify waste stream
hazards. Further safety information is contained in Sections 4, 5 & 6 below.
Identification: PCB - Contaminated Solids
Classification: D2A - Does not meet criteria for other classes.
TDGR (Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations):
NOT REGULATED, if the waste is not contaminated with a dangerous good (see also Section
6).
PCB - Contaminated Solids Refer to 'Reference Guide' for guideline interpretation notes.

Appendix III Waste Information Guideline for PCB-contaminated Solids
This is a Regulatory Indication showing

ALBERTA ENVIRONMENT: Regulated: X which government agency is
Not Regulated: responsible for administering the proper

management of this waste. Specific analysis is
required to
ENERGY RESOURCES Regulated: determine if the waste is hazardous or non-

CONSERVATION BOARD: Not Regulated: X hazardous as per Alberta Regulations.
WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:

NOTE: All handling, transportation, storage and treatment options for this waste must be done in
accordance with provincial and federal regulations and with approval of the regulatory body.
REDUCE: Not Applicable
REUSE: Not Applicable
RECYCLE: Not Applicable
RECOVER: Not Applicable
PRETREATMENT PRIOR TO DISPOSAL: Seal in drums (as per regulations) before transportation.
DISPOSAL METHODS (if required):
Hazardous: Hazardous Waste Disposal Facility
Non-hazardous: Not applicable
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS:
PCB liquids are soluble in organic mediums, but are non-biodegradable and insoluble in water. PCB
liquids are highly stable and bioaccumulate in fat tissue of all life forms through the food chain and
eventually to humans. Can be absorbed through the skin. Actual effect of PCBs has not been
completely defined. Potential dioxin and furon production if heated or incinerated.
EMERGENCY INFORMATION:
Energy Resources Conservation Board: 297-3642
Alberta Environment Emergency: 1-800-222-6514
Alberta Public Safety Services: 1-800-272-9600
CANUTEC (Ottawa): 1-613-996-6666

SECTION 2 - COMPONENTS
REGULATED COMPONENTS:
This component information is only based on information supplied to the CPA. The following
components meet or may meet WHMIS ingredient disclosure criteria:
Component Concentration Ranges CAS#
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Various 1336-36-3
OTHER COMPONENTS:
None known
SECTION 3 - PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL DATA
PHYSICAL STATE: Solid APPEARANCE/ODOUR: Clear to yellow
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Not Applicable DENSITY: Not Available
ODOUR THRESHOLD: Not Available SOLUBILITY IN WATER: Insoluble
VAPOUR PRESSURE: Negligible VAPOUR DENSITY: Not Available
BOILING POINT/RANGE: Not Applicable VISCOSITY: Not Applicable
FREEZING/MELTING POINT: Not Applicable pH: Not Applicable
LEACHABILITY: Not Available PERCENT VOLATILE: Not Available
EVAPORATION RATE: Not Available COEFF. OF WATER/OIL DISTRIB.: Not Available
SECTION 4 - HEALTH EFFECTS
ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS:
INHALATION:
Negligible breathing hazard at ordinary temperatures (up to 38). Elevated temperatures may form
vapours, mists or fumes which may be irritating to airway, lungs and eyes, and are readily absorbed
and accumulate in the body.
EYE CONTACT:
Vapour and liquid PCBs are moderately irritating to the eyes, but will not injure eye tissue.

SKIN CONTACT:
PCBs can be absorbed through intact skin. Local PCB action on skin causes removal of natural
protective skin oils, drying and cracking of skin. Prolonged contact will cause a persistent, itching
acne.
INGESTION:
Low toxicity. May be irritating to mouth, throat and stomach.
CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS OF COMPONENTS:

PCBs may cause liver damage, reproductive disorder and may cross the placenta from the mother to
the foetus. PCBs are listed as a suspected carcinogen. Group 2A, by IARC.
Prolonged or repeated absorption of trichlorobenzene may cause damage to liver, kidneys or lungs.
QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY DATA ON THIS WASTE:

PCB LD50: 8,650 mg/kg, rat, oral (42% chlorine).
PCB LD50: 11,900 mg/kg, rat, oral (54% chlorine).
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS:

For chlorobiphenyl (42% chlorine), skin, 1 mg/m3.
For chlorobiphenyl (54% chlorine), skin, 0.5 mg/m3.
SECTION 5 - FIRST AID MEASURES
INHALATION:
In emergency situations, use proper respiratory protection to immediately remove the affected victim
from exposure. Administer artificial respiration if breathing has stopped. Keep at rest. Call for prompt
medical attention.
EYE CONTACT:
Flush eyes with a continuous flow of fresh water until irritation subsides but at least for 15 minutes. If
irritation persists, get medical attention.
SKIN CONTACT:
Flush with large amounts of fresh water. Use soap if available. Remove severely contaminated
clothing (including shoes) and clean thoroughly before reusing.
INGESTION:
If individual is conscious, have him rinse his mouth with water. Give victim milk or water in order to
dilute stomach contents. DO NOT attempt to give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Keep
warm and quiet. Get prompt medical attention.

SECTION 6 - HANDLING, STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:

The selection of personal protective equipment will vary depending upon site safety regulations and
the actual conditions of use. Where eye contact is unlikely, but may occur as a result of short and/or
periodic exposure, long sleeves and safety glasses with side shields should be worn. Wear complete
personal protection equipment at all times when handling PCB equipment or liquids. Where
concentrations in air may exceed the occupational exposure limits given in Section 4 above, and
cannot be reduced by mechanical ventilation or other means, approved respirators may be necessary
to prevent overexposure by inhalation.
HANDLING PRECAUTIONS:
Handle and open containers with care. Avoid frequent and prolonged skin contact and avoid inhaling
vapours.
In confined spaces, provide mechanical ventilation using explosion-proof equipment.
STORAGE METHODS:
Great care and strict observance of both Federal and Provincial regulations are required when dealing
with PCBs. In all cases, the guidance of the regulatory environmental agency must be sought.
In general, liquid PCB wastes can be stored in sealed steel tanks or drums and kept in a cool, indoor,
well-ventilated place away from sources of heat and ignition. Equipment containing high level PCB
wastes must be either placed in steel drums with a lid or wrapped in heavy polyethylene.
TRANSPORTATION:
TDG Regulations specify that consignors (shippers) of dangerous goods are responsible for assigning
appropriate classifications. Based on the component information that was supplied to the CPA and
which is contained in Section 2 of this Waste Information Guideline the following typical TDG
classification can be used as a guide in classifying the waste as per TDGR:
Shipping name: Waste articles containing Polychlorinated biphenyls
Class: 9.1 (9.2)
PIN: UN2315
Packing Group: II
Special Provisions: 46.118
There is a PCB small quantity exemption in TDGR. Check TDGR Section 2.3 (l)
(Consult TDGR for specific TDG classification)

SECTION 7 - FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS
FLASH POINT:
Depends on mineral oil content, but can be > 140 deg C. (CC)
AUTOIGNITION:
1000 deg C
FLAMMABLE LIMITS ( % vol):

No information.
FIREFIGHTING:
Foam, dry chemical or carbon-dioxide. Use water spray to cool fire-exposed surfaces and protect
personnel, but avoid spraying water directly into storage containers due to danger of boil-over.
Respiratory and eye protection required for fire fighting personnel. Self-contained breathing apparatus
should be used for all indoor fires and major outdoor fires.
HAZARDOUS COMBUSTION PRODUCTS:

Hydrogen chloride; chlorine; phenolics; aldehydes and oxides of carbon.
SECTION 8 - REACTIVITY DATA
STABILITY:
Material is normally stable.
POLYMERISATION:
Not expected to occur.
INCOMPATIBILITIES:
Reacts with liquid chlorine.
High temperatures, ignition sources and oxidising agents.
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION:
None.

NOTE: This Waste Information Guideline was originally prepared by the Canadian Petroleum
Association (CPA), 3800, 150 Sixth Avenue S.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2P 3Y7. It has been
modified for local conditions by:
Name:_________________________________________
Company:______________________________________
Phone:_________________________________________
While CPA and its consultants believe that data contained herein are factual and the opinions
expressed are those of qualified experts, the data are not to be taken as a warranty or representation
for which CPA or its consultants assumes legal responsibility. Any use of these data and information
must be determined by the user in accordance with applicable federal, provincial and local laws and
regulations.


GLOSSARY
A glossary of commonly used terms in HSE is given in both EP 95-0100 HSE Management Systems
and EP 95-0300 Overview Hazards and Effects Management Process.

Glossary

REFERENCES
1 Report EP 93-1760, Making the Most of Drilling Waste, SIPM , September 1993.
2 Waste Management Guide, Shell Product Safety and Environmental Conservation
Committee, April 1989.
3 Ionising Radiation Safety Guide, Shell Product Safety and Environmental Conservation
Committee, November 1993.
4 Production Waste Management Handbook for the Alberta Petroleum Industry, Canadian
Association of Petroleum Producers, February 1993.
5 Management of Hazardous Waste, World Health Organisation Regional Publications,
European Series No. 14, 1983.
6 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and
their Disposal, 1989.
7 (91/689/EEC) Council Directive of 12 December 1991 on Hazardous Waste, Official
Journal of the European Communities No. L377/20, December 1991.
8 (93/259/EEC) Council Regulation of 1 February, 1993, on the Supervision and Control of
Waste Within, Into, and Out of the European Community, Official Journal of the European
Communities No. L30, February 1993.
9 (91/689/EEC) Council Decision of 22 December 1994 Establishing a List of Hazardous
Waste Pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive on Hazardous Waste, Official Journal
of the European Communities No. L356/14, December 1994.
10 (93/C/212/02) Amended Proposal for a Council Directive on the Landfill of Waste. Annex
III Waste Acceptance Criteria and Procedures, Official Journal of the European
Communities No. C212/33, August 1993.
36 Revision 0: 14 June 1995

HSE Manual: Classifying Waste

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Shell International Exploration and Production B.V.

Revision 0: 21 September 1995

Section Number: EP 95-0391

Rev. Chapter Description of amendment Date Amended

0 All Original hard copy and CD-ROM issue 22/9/95 EPO/62

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Figure 1.1 Key waste handling, minimisation and disposal decisions

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Example 2: organic acids and bases

Example 4: blasting grit

Example 5: nickel-cadmium or lithium batteries

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3.3 Special Categories of Hazardous Waste

3.3.1 Medical waste

3.3.2 Radioactive waste

3.3.3 Sewage sludge

3.3.4 Empty containers

Figure 3.1 Alberta waste classification scheme applied to empty containers

EP 95-0391 Revision 0 21 September 1995 7

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4.1 Industrial Waste

4.2 Office Waste

4.3 Domestic Waste

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7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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Table I.1 Summary of wastes generated by EP activities

Absorbents Spill clean-up Hydrocarbons, production chemicals, solvents ACDMPS

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Table I.1 Summary of wastes generated by EP activities (continued)

WASTE STREAM MAIN SOURCES POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTALLY TYPE OF

Mercury Instrumentation Mercury ADMP

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Table II.2 Basel convention. Categories of waste to be controlled: constituents

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Table II.3 Basel convention. Categories of waste to be controlled: hazardous properties and

UN class (*) Characteristics

4.1 Flammable solids