FORMULARIUM

WARMTETRANSPORT

KIM KIEKENS

2014-2015

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS

Nusselt number ℎ𝐿𝑐 ℎ𝐷

𝑁𝑢 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘 𝑘

Prandtl number 𝜇𝑐𝑝 𝜐

𝑃𝑟 = =
𝑘 𝛼

Reynolds number 𝑉𝐿𝑐 𝜌𝑉𝐿𝑐 𝐷ℎ 𝜌𝑙 𝑉𝑙 4𝑚̇

𝑅𝑒 = = 𝑜𝑟𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜐 𝜇 𝜇𝑙 𝑝𝜇𝑙

Peclet number 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟

Biot number ℎ𝐿
𝐵𝑖 =
𝑘

Fourrier number 𝛼𝑡 𝑘
𝐹𝑜 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝛼 =
𝐿2 𝜌 𝑐𝑝

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
CONDUCTION

STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION

Plane wall

𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑘𝐴
𝐿

Cylinder

𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑐𝑦𝑙 = 2𝜋𝐿𝑘
ln(𝑟2 /𝑟1 )

Sphere

𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑠𝑝ℎ = 4𝜋𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑘
𝑟2 − 𝑟1

THERMAL RESISTANCE CONCEPT

𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝐿
𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑘𝐴

𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ln(𝑟2 /𝑟1 )
𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑐𝑦𝑙 = 𝑅𝑐𝑦𝑙 =
𝑅𝑐𝑦𝑙 2𝜋𝐿𝑘

𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑠𝑝ℎ = 𝑅𝑠𝑝ℎ =
4𝜋𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑘
𝑅𝑠𝑝ℎ

𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 1
𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 =
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ℎ𝐴𝑠

𝑄̇𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠 (𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟

4 ) 1
𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑠

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
Critical radius of insulation

𝑘
𝑟𝑐𝑟,𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 =
ℎ

2𝑘
𝑟𝑐𝑟,𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 =
ℎ

STEADY HEAT TRANSFER FROM FINNED SURFACES

MAXIMUM HEAT TRANFER RATE

𝑄̇𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛 (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ )

INFINITELY LONG FIN

𝑇(𝑥) − 𝑇∞
= 𝑒 −𝑥√ℎ𝑝/𝑘𝐴𝑐
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞

𝑄̇𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑛 = √ℎ𝑝𝑘𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ )

𝑄̇𝑓𝑖𝑛 1 ℎ𝑝
𝜂𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑛 = = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑚 = √
𝑄̇𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝐿 𝑘 𝐴𝑐

ADIABATIC FIN TIP

𝑇(𝑥) − 𝑇∞ cosh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥)

=
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ cosh 𝑚𝐿

𝑄̇𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑖𝑝 = √ℎ𝑝𝑘𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ ) tanh(𝑚𝐿)

𝑄̇𝑓𝑖𝑛 tanh(𝑚𝐿)
𝜂𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑖𝑝 = =
̇
𝑄𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝐿

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
SPECIFIED TEMPERATURE (𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 𝑇𝐿 )

𝑇(𝑥) − 𝑇∞ [(𝑇𝐿 − 𝑇∞ )/(𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ )] sinh 𝑚𝑥 + sinh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥)

=
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ sinh 𝑚𝐿

cosh 𝑚𝐿 − [(𝑇𝐿 − 𝑇∞ )/(𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ )]

𝑄̇𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. = √ℎ𝑝𝑘𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ )
sinh 𝑚𝐿

CONVECTION FROM FIN TIP

𝑇(𝑥) − 𝑇∞ cosh m(𝐿 − 𝑥) + (ℎ/𝑚𝑘)sinh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥)

=
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ cosh 𝑚𝐿 + (ℎ/𝑚𝑘) sinh 𝑚𝐿

sinh 𝑚𝐿 + (ℎ/𝑚𝑘) cosh 𝑚𝐿

𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √ℎ𝑝𝑘𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ )
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + (ℎ/𝑚𝑘) sinh 𝑚𝐿

𝐴𝑐 𝑡
𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿 + 𝐿𝑐,𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 +
𝑝 2
𝐷
𝐿𝑐,𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 +
4

FIN EFFECTIVENESS

𝑘𝑝
𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑛 = √
ℎ𝐴𝑐

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
ONE-DIMENSIONAL UNSTEADY HEAT CONDUCTION

LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS

𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ ℎ𝐴𝑠
= 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑏 =
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝

TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN LARGE PLANE WALLS, LONG CYLINDERS AND SPHERES WITH
SPATIAL EFFECTS

Plane wall 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ 2 𝜏 > 0.2

𝜃𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 𝐴1 𝑒 −𝜆1𝜏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆1 𝑥/𝐿)
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞

Cylinder 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ 2 𝜏 > 0.2

𝜃𝑐𝑦𝑙 = = 𝐴1 𝑒 −𝜆1𝜏 𝐽0 (𝜆1 𝑟/𝑟0 )
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞

Sphere 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜆1 𝑟/𝑟0 ) 𝜏 > 0.2

𝜃𝑠𝑝ℎ = = 𝐴1 𝑒 −𝜆1𝜏
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ 𝜆1 𝑟/𝑟0

Center of plane wall 𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ 2

𝜃0,𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 𝐴1 𝑒 −𝜆1𝜏
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞

Center of cylinder 𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ 2
𝜃0,𝑐𝑦𝑙 = = 𝐴1 𝑒 −𝜆1𝜏
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞

Center of sphere 𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ 2
𝜃0,𝑠𝑝ℎ = = 𝐴1 𝑒 −𝜆1𝜏
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞

Plane wall 𝑄 sin 𝜆1

( ) = 1 − 𝜃0,𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝜆1

Cylinder 𝑄 J1 (𝜆1 )
( ) = 1 − 2𝜃0,𝑐𝑦𝑙
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑦𝑙
𝜆1

Sphere 𝑄 sin 𝜆1 − 𝜆1 cos 𝜆1

( ) = 1 − 3𝜃0,𝑠𝑝ℎ
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑝ℎ 𝜆31

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
SEMI-INFINITE SOLIDS

𝑥
𝜂=
√4 𝛼 𝑡

Case 1: Specified Surface Temperature, 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 𝑥
= 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( )
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 2√𝛼𝑡

𝑘(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 )
𝑞̇ 𝑠 (𝑡) =
√𝜋𝛼𝑡

Case 2: Specified Surface Heat Flux, 𝑞̇ 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑞̇ 𝑠 4 𝛼 𝑡 𝑥2 𝑥
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 = [√ 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) − 𝑥 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( )]
𝑘 𝜋 4𝛼𝑡 2√𝛼𝑡

Case 3: Convection on the Surface, 𝑞̇ 𝑠 (𝑡) = ℎ[𝑇∞ − 𝑇(0, 𝑡)]

𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 𝑥 ℎ𝑥 ℎ2 𝛼𝑡 𝑥 ℎ√𝛼𝑡
= 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( ) − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( + 2 ) 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 ( + )
𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑖 2√𝛼𝑡 𝑘 𝑘 2√𝛼𝑡 𝑘

Case 4: Energy pulse at Surface, 𝑒𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑒𝑠 𝑥2
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− )
𝑘√𝜋𝑡/𝛼 4𝛼𝑡

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
CONVECTION

𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )

Nusselt number ℎ𝐿𝑐

𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘

Prandtl number 𝜇𝑐𝑝

𝑃𝑟 =
𝑘

Reynolds number 𝑉𝐿𝑐 𝜌𝑉𝐿𝑐

𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜐 𝜇

Peclet number 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟

𝑉𝑥 𝜌𝑉𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑥 = =
𝜐 𝜇

𝐹𝐷
𝐶𝐷 =
1 2
𝜌𝑉 𝐴
2

𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇∞
𝑇𝑓 =
2

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

FRICTION COEFFICIENT

Laminar 1.33 𝑅𝑒𝐿 < 5 × 105

𝐶𝑓 = 1/2
𝑅𝑒𝐿

Turbulent 0.074 5 × 105 < 𝑅𝑒𝐿 < 107

𝐶𝑓 = 1/5
𝑅𝑒𝐿

Average 0.074 1742 𝑅𝑒𝐿 > 107

𝐶𝑓 = 1/5
−
𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑅𝑒𝐿

FLOW OVER FLAT PLATE

1⁄
Laminar 𝑁𝑢 = 0.664 𝑅𝑒𝐿0.5 𝑃𝑟 3 𝑅𝑒𝐿 < 5 × 105

𝑃𝑟 > 0.6

1⁄
Turbulent 𝑁𝑢 = 0.037 𝑅𝑒𝐿0.8 𝑃𝑟 3 5 × 105 ≤ 𝑅𝑒𝐿 ≤ 107

0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 60

1⁄
Laminar + turbulent 𝑁𝑢 = (0.037 𝑅𝑒𝐿0.8 − 871) 𝑃𝑟 3 5 × 105 ≤ 𝑅𝑒𝐿 ≤ 107

0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 60

1/2 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 ≥ 100
0.3387 𝑃𝑟 1/3 𝑅𝑒𝑥
𝑁𝑢𝑥 =
[1 + (0.0468/𝑃𝑟)2/3 ]1/4

UNHEATED STARTING LENGTH

1⁄ 3⁄
Laminar 𝑁𝑢𝑥(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜉=0) 0.332 𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 𝑃𝑟 3 𝜉 4
𝑁𝑢 = 1⁄ = 1⁄
2 [1 − ( ⁄𝐿) ]
3⁄ 3 3⁄ 3
𝜉 4 𝜉 4 ℎ= ℎ𝑥=𝐿
[1 − ( ⁄𝑥 ) ] [1 − ( ⁄𝑥 ) ] 𝜉
1 − ⁄𝐿

1⁄ 9⁄
Turbulent 𝑁𝑢𝑥(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜉=0) 0.0296 𝑅𝑒𝑥0.8 𝑃𝑟 3 𝜉 10
𝑁𝑢 = 1⁄ = 1⁄
5 [1 − ( ⁄𝐿) ]
9⁄ 9 9⁄ 9
𝜉 10 𝜉 10 ℎ= ℎ𝑥=𝐿
[1 − ( ⁄𝑥 ) ] [1 − ( ⁄𝑥 ) ] 𝜉
4 (1 − ⁄𝐿)

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
UNIFORM HEAT FLUX

1⁄
Laminar 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.453 𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 𝑃𝑟 3 𝑅𝑒𝑥 < 5 × 105

𝑃𝑟 > 0.6

1⁄
Turbulent 𝑁𝑢 = 0.0308 𝑅𝑒𝑥0.8 𝑃𝑟 3 5 × 105 ≤ 𝑅𝑒𝑥 ≤ 107

0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 60

FLOW OVER CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

1⁄
1⁄ 2⁄ 𝜇∞ 4
𝑁𝑢𝑠𝑝ℎ = 2 + [0.4 𝑅𝑒 2 + 0.06 𝑅𝑒 3] 𝑃𝑟 0.4 ( )
𝜇𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑦𝑙 = 𝐶 𝑅𝑒 𝑚 𝑃𝑟 𝑛

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
FLOW ACROSS TUBE BANKS

0.25
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 𝐶 𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑚 𝑃𝑟 𝑛 (𝑃𝑟⁄𝑃𝑟 )
𝑠

𝑁𝑢𝐷,𝑁𝐿<16 = 𝐹 𝑁𝑢𝐷

2
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
∆ 𝑃 = 𝑁𝐿 𝑓𝑋
2

𝑊̇𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑉̇ ∆ 𝑃

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

REYNOLDS NUMBER

𝜌𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

HYDRAULIC DIAMETER

4𝐴𝑐
𝐷ℎ =
𝑝

ENTRY LENGTHS

𝐿ℎ,𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 ≈ 0.05 𝑅𝑒 𝐷

𝐿𝑡,𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 ≈ 0.05 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 𝐷 = Pr 𝐿ℎ,𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟

𝐿ℎ,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 ≈ 𝐿𝑡,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 10 𝐷

THERMAL ANALYSIS

𝑄̇ = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑖 )

CONSTANT SURFACE HEAT FLUX

𝑄̇ = 𝑞̇ 𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑖 )

𝑞̇ 𝑠 𝐴𝑠
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑖 +
𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑝

CONSTANT SURFACE TEMPERATURE

𝑄̇ = ℎ 𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚

𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑒 ∆𝑇𝑒 − ∆𝑇𝑖
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = =
𝑙𝑛[(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑒 )/(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 )] 𝑙𝑛(∆𝑇𝑒 /∆𝑇𝑖 )

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
LAMINAR FLOW IN TUBES

PRESSURE LOSS

2
𝐿 𝜌𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 64
∆𝑃𝐿 = 𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠
𝐷 2 𝑅𝑒

HEAD LOSS

2
𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∆𝑃 𝐷2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠
𝐷 2𝑔 32𝜇𝐿

NUSSELT NUMBERS

Circular tubes, constant surface temperature ℎ𝐷

𝑁𝑢 = = 3.66
𝑘

Circular tubes, constant heat flux ℎ𝐷

𝑁𝑢 = = 4.36
𝑘

Circular tubes, entrance region 0.065 (𝐷/𝐿) 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟

𝑁𝑢 = 3.66 +
1 + 0.04 [(𝐷/𝐿) 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟]2/3

Circular tubes, isothermal parallel plates 0.03 (𝐷ℎ /𝐿) 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟

𝑁𝑢 = 7.54 +
1 + 0.016 [(𝐷ℎ /𝐿) 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟]2/3

ENTRANCE REGION

Entry region, circular tube 0.03 (𝐷ℎ /𝐿)𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟

𝑁𝑢 = 3.66 +
1 + 0.016[(𝐷ℎ /𝐿)𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟]2/3

Entry region, between parallel plates 0.065 (𝐷/𝐿)𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟

𝑁𝑢 = 7.54 +
1 + 0.04[(𝐷/𝐿)𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟]2/3

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
TURBULENT FLOW IN TUBES

𝑁𝑢 = 0.125 𝑓 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 1/3

(𝑓/8)(𝑅𝑒 − 1000)𝑃𝑟 0.5 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 2000

𝑁𝑢 =
1 + 12.7 (𝑓/8)0.5 (𝑃𝑟 2/3 − 1)
3 × 103 < 𝑅𝑒 < 5 × 106

FRICTION FACTOR

𝑓 = (0.790 ln 𝑅𝑒 − 1.64)−2 3000 < 𝑅𝑒 < 5 × 106

ROUGH SURFACES (TURBULENT FLOW)

1 𝜀/𝐷 2.51
= −2.0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( + )
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒√𝑓

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
NATURAL CONVECTION

𝑁𝑢 = 𝐶 𝑅𝑎𝐿𝑛

𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )𝐿3𝑐 1
𝐺𝑟𝐿 = 2
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝛽𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 =
𝜐 𝑇

𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )𝐿3𝑐
𝑅𝑎𝐿 = 𝐺𝑟𝐿 𝑃𝑟 =
𝜈𝛼

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
NATURAL CONVECTION FROM FINNED SURFACES

ISOTHERMAL, 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

−0.5
ℎ𝑆 576 2.873
𝑁𝑢 = =[ 2+ 0.5
]
𝑘 (𝑅𝑎𝑆 𝑆⁄𝐿) (𝑅𝑎𝑆 𝑆⁄𝐿)

𝐿
𝑆𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 2.714 ( )
𝑅𝑎𝐿0.25

ℎ 𝑆𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝑁𝑢 = = 1.307
𝑘

ISOFLUX, 𝑞̇ 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

−0.5
ℎ𝐿 𝑆 48 2.51
𝑁𝑢 = =[ + 0.4 ]
𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑆∗ 𝑆⁄𝐿 (𝑅𝑎𝑆∗ 𝑆⁄ )
𝐿

𝑔𝛽𝑞̇ 𝑠 𝑆 4
𝑅𝑎𝑆∗ = 𝑃𝑟
𝑘𝜈 2

0.2
𝑆 4𝐿
𝑆𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 2.12 ( )
𝑅𝑎𝑆∗

NATURAL CONVECTION INSIDE ENCLOSURES

𝑔𝛽(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝐿3𝑐
𝑅𝑎𝐿 = 𝑃𝑟
𝜐2
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) = 𝑘 𝑁𝑢 𝐴𝑠
𝐿𝑐

𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘 𝑁𝑢

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
HORIZONTAL RECTANGULAR ENCLOSURES

1⁄
𝑁𝑢 = 0.195 𝑅𝑎𝐿 4 104 < 𝑅𝑎𝐿 < 4 × 105

1⁄
𝑁𝑢 = 0.068 𝑅𝑎𝐿 3 4 × 105 < 𝑅𝑎𝐿 < 107

1⁄ +
1708 + 𝑅𝑎 3
𝑁𝑢 = 1 + 1.44 [1 − ] + [ 𝐿 − 1]
𝑅𝑎𝐿 18 air

INCLINED RECTANGULAR ENCLOSURES

+
1708 + 1708(sin 1.8𝜃)1.6 (𝑅𝑎𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)1/3
𝑁𝑢 = 1 + 1.44 [1 − ] (1 − )+[ − 1]
𝑅𝑎𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑅𝑎𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 18

VERTICAL RECTANGULAR ENCLOSURES

𝑃𝑟 0.29 𝐻
𝑁𝑢 = 0.18 ( 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ) 1< <2
0.2 + 𝑃𝑟 𝐿
𝑅𝑎𝐿 𝑃𝑟
> 103
(0.2 + 𝑃𝑟)

𝑃𝑟 0.28
𝐻 −1/4 𝐻
𝑁𝑢 = 0.22 ( 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ) ( ) 2< < 10
0.2 + 𝑃𝑟 𝐿 𝐿
𝑅𝑎𝐿 < 1010

CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS

2𝜋𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑄̇ = (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑂 )
𝑙𝑛(𝐷𝑂 /𝐷𝑖 ) 𝑖

1/4 0.70 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 6000

𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑃𝑟 1/4
= 0.386 ( ) (𝐹𝑐𝑦𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝐿 )
𝑘 0.861 + 𝑃𝑟
102 ≤ 𝐹𝑐𝑦𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 107

[𝑙𝑛(𝐷𝑜 /𝐷𝑖 )]4

𝐹𝑐𝑦𝑙 =
−3/5 −3/5 5
𝐿3𝑐 (𝐷𝑖 + 𝐷𝑜 )

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
CONCENTRIC SPHERES

𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑜
𝑄̇ = 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑂 )
𝐿𝑐

1/4 0.70 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 4200

𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑃𝑟 1/4
= 0.74 ( ) (𝐹𝑠𝑝ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 )
𝑘 0.861 + 𝑃𝑟
102 ≤ 𝐹𝑠𝑝ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 104

𝐿𝑐
𝐹𝑠𝑝ℎ =
−7/5 5
(𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑜 )4 (𝐷𝑖−7/5 + 𝐷𝑜 )

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
RADIATION

BLACKBODY RADIATION

𝐸𝑏 (𝑇) = 𝜎𝑇 4

SPECTRAL BLACKBODY EMISSIVE POWER (PLANCK’S LAW)

𝐶1
𝐸𝑏𝜆 (𝜆, 𝑇) =
𝜆 [𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝐶2 /𝜆𝑇)
5 − 1]

𝐶1 = 3.74177 × 108 𝑊 ∙ µ𝑚4 /𝑚²

𝐶2 = 1.43878 × 104 µ𝑚 ∙ 𝐾

EMISSIVITY

𝐸(𝑇)
𝜀(𝑇) =
𝐸𝑏 (𝑇)

Absorptivity 𝐺𝑎𝑏𝑠 0≤𝛼≤1

𝛼=
𝐺
Reflectivity 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑓 0≤𝜌≤1
𝜌=
𝐺
Transmissivity 𝐺𝑡𝑟 0≤𝜏≤1
𝜏=
𝐺

VIEW FACTOR

RECIPROCITY RULE

𝐹𝑗→𝑖 = 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐴𝑗

𝐹𝑗→𝑖 ≠ 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝑖 ≠ 𝐴𝑗

𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 = 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑗→𝑖

SUMMATION RULE

∑ 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 = 1
𝑗=1

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
SUPERPOSITION RULE

𝐹𝑖→(2,3) = 𝐹1→2 + 𝐹1→3

INFINITELY LONG SURFACES

∑(𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠) − ∑(𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠)

𝐹𝑖→𝑗 =
2 × (𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑖)

RADIATION FROM BLACK SURFACES

𝑄̇𝑖 = ∑ 𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 𝜎(𝑇𝑖4 − 𝑇𝑗4 )

𝑗=1

RADIATION FORM DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES

RADIOSITY

𝐽𝑖 = 𝜀𝑖 𝐸𝑏𝑖 + (1 − 𝜀𝑖 )𝐺𝑖

NET RATE OF RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

𝐸𝑏𝑖 − 𝐽𝑖
𝑄̇𝑖 =
𝑅𝑖

Surface resistance to radiation 1 − 𝜀𝑖

𝑅𝑖 =
𝐴𝑖 𝜀𝑖

Space resistance to radiation 1

𝑅𝑖→𝑗 =
𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖→𝑗

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
HEAT EXCHANGERS

𝑄̇ = 𝑚̇𝑐 𝑐𝑝𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝐶ℎ (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 )

𝑄̇ = 𝑚̇ℎ 𝑐𝑝ℎ (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

𝑄̇ = 𝑚̇ℎ𝑓𝑔

𝑄̇ = 𝑈𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚

LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
∆𝑇
𝑙𝑛 ( 1⁄∆𝑇 )
2

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 𝐹 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝐶𝐹

𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑃= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 =
𝑇1 − 𝑡1 𝑡2 − 𝑡1

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
EFFECTIVENESS NTU METHOD

HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTIVENESS

𝑈𝐴𝑠 𝐶
1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− (1 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛 )]
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜀𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 =
𝐶
1 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥

MAXIMUM POSSIBLE HEAT TRANSFER RATE

𝑄̇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 )

NUMBER OF TRANSFER UNITS

𝑈𝐴𝑠
𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛

CAPACITY RATIO

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑐=
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
BOILING AND CONDENSATION

POOL BOILING

1/2 3
𝑔(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 ) 𝑐𝑝𝑙 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )
𝑞̇ 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝜇𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 [ ] [ ]
𝜎 𝐶𝑠𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑙𝑛

𝑞̇ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑐𝑟 ℎ𝑓𝑔 [𝜎 𝑔 𝜌𝑣2 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )]1/4

1/4
𝜎 𝑔 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )
𝑞̇ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.09 𝜌𝑣 ℎ𝑓𝑔 [ ]
(𝜌𝑙 + 𝜌𝑣 )2

1/4
𝑔 𝑘𝑣3 𝜌𝑣 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )[ℎ𝑓𝑔 + 0.4 𝑐𝑝𝑣 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )]
𝑞̇ 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 [ ] (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )
𝜇𝑣 𝐷 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )

3
𝑞̇ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑞̇ 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 + 𝑞̇ 𝑟𝑎𝑑
4

FLOW BOILING

4 𝑄̇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝑅𝑒 = ∗
𝑝 𝜇𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔

VERTICAL PLATES

∗ 1/4 0 < 𝑅𝑒 < 30

𝑔 𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 ) ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑘𝑙3
ℎ𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = 0.943 [ ]
𝜇𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 ) 𝐿

1/3
𝑅𝑒 𝑘𝑙 𝑔 30 < 𝑅𝑒 < 1800
ℎ𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡,𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑦 = ( )
1.08 𝑅𝑒 1.22 − 5.2 𝑣𝑙2
𝜌𝑣 ≪ 𝜌𝑙

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
 1/3 𝑅𝑒 > 1800
𝑅𝑒 𝑘𝑙 𝑔
ℎ𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ( )
8750 + 58 𝑃𝑟 −0,5 (𝑅𝑒 0.75 − 253) 𝑣𝑙2 𝜌𝑣 ≪ 𝜌𝑙

1/3 4/3
0.0690 𝐿 𝑘𝑙 𝑃𝑟 0.5 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 ) 𝑔 0.5
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 =[ ∗ ( 2) − 151 𝑃𝑟 + 253]
𝜇𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑣𝑙

INCLINED PLATES

ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = ℎ𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 (cos 𝜃)1/4

HORIZONTAL TUBES AND SPHERES

∗ 1/4
𝑔 𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑘𝑙3
ℎℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧 = 0.729 [ ]
𝜇𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 ) 𝐷

ℎ𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝐷 1/4
= 1.29 ( )
ℎℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝐿

HORIZONTAL TUBE BANKS

∗ 1/4
𝑔 𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑘𝑙3 1
ℎℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧,𝑁 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠 = 0.729 [ ] = ℎ
𝜇𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 ) 𝑁𝐷 𝑁 1/4 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧,1 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒

FILM CONDENSATION INSIDE HORIZONTAL TUBES

𝑔 𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )𝑘𝑙3 3
1/4 𝜌𝑣 𝑉𝑣 𝐷
ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 0.555 [ (ℎ𝑓𝑔 + 𝑐𝑝𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 ))] 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 = ( ) < 35,000
𝜇𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝐷 8 𝜇𝑣 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡

DROPWISE CONDENSATION

ℎ𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 51,104 + 2044 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 22°𝐶 < 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 , 100°𝐶

ℎ𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 255,310 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 > 100°𝐶

*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***
*** Figures and tables from “Heat and Mass Transfer, Fundamentals and applications”, 4rd edition, Yunus A. Ҫengel ***