Critical value for t distribution

𝑵 ∑𝒙 𝒏𝑵 𝒏𝑵 𝒏𝑵
𝒏= 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 =
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐 𝒏 𝟒 𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒍𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑆 2 𝐶𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇

𝑆
∑𝑛𝑘=1|𝑋𝑘 − 𝑋̅ | ∑𝑛 |𝑋 − 𝑋̅|2 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
= √ 𝑘=1 𝑘 𝑋̅
= 𝑁−1
𝑁
𝑋𝑘 |𝑋𝑘 − 𝑋̅| |𝑋𝑘 − 𝑋̅ |2

Data minus Mean Squared of Difference

̅
X − μo ̅ − μo
X
One Sample z-Test Zc = One Sample t-Test tc =
σ/√n s/√n

𝑫𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒐𝒎 = 𝑁 − 1
Rejection Rule
Right-tailed Left-tailed/Two-tailed
𝑧𝑐 𝑧𝑐
> CV, reject Ho | | > CV, reject Ho
𝑡𝑐 𝑡𝑐

Independent Sample t-Test Rejection Rule

𝑋̅1 − 𝑋̅2 Right-tailed Left-tailed/Two-tailed
tc =
(𝑛 −1)𝑠2 2 𝑡𝑐 > 𝑡𝑎, reject Ho |𝑡𝑐| > |𝑇𝑎/2|, reject Ho
√ 1 1 +(𝑛2 −1)𝑠2 [ 1 + 1 ]
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2 𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑫𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒐𝒎 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2

Dependent Sample t-Test

∑𝑑 𝑛 ∑ 𝑑2 −(∑ 𝑑)
2 𝑑̅
𝑑̅ = 𝑠𝑑 = √ tc =
𝑛 (𝑛−1) 𝑠𝑑 /√𝑛
𝑛

Pair x y y–x=d d2

Tabulated z – values for the common choice of a for both Rejection Rule
one-tailed and two-tailed tests Right-tailed Left-tailed/Two-tailed
𝑡𝑐 > 𝑡𝑎, reject Ho |𝑡𝑐| > |𝑇𝑎/2|, reject Ho
a 0.01 0.05 0.10

One-tailed test (Za) 2.33 or -2.33 1.645 or -1.645 1.28 or -1.28

Psalm 16:8
2.576 and -2.576 1.96 and -1.96 1.645 and -1.645 I have set the LORD always before me: because He is at my right
Two-tailed test (Za/2)
hand, I shall not be moved.