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The PVT Company

Formulas & Definitions

 Formulas & Definitions
Gas and Oil Properties

1 g/cc = 62.4 lbm/ft3 1 bbl = 5.615 ft3

Standard / stock tank conditions

Standard / stock tank conditions psc = 14.7 psia
Tsc = 60 F | 520 R
T °R = T ℉ + 460

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Formulas & Definitions
Black Oil PVT

In-place Numbers
7758 𝐴 ℎ 𝜑(1−𝑆𝑤𝑖)
𝑁𝑜 = [STB] 𝐺𝑜 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑅𝑠𝑖 [scf]
𝐵𝑜𝑖
7758 𝐴 ℎ 𝜑(1−𝑆𝑤𝑖)
𝑁𝑔 = 𝐺𝑔 𝑟𝑠𝑖 [STB] 𝐺𝑔 = [scf]
𝐵𝑔𝑑𝑖

𝐵𝑔𝑑 𝑉𝑔 𝑉𝑔
ഥ𝑔 𝑉𝑔
𝑟𝑠
=𝑉 𝑉𝑜ഥ𝑔
=𝑉 [RB/STB]
ഥ𝑔
𝑔 ഥ𝑔
𝑜

Not Recommended

Recommended

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Formulas & Definitions
K-Values Characterization Factors

PVT Experiments

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 Formulas & Definitions
Compositions Component Material Balance - Mass

𝑤𝑖 = 𝑤𝑜𝑖
ത 1 − 𝐹𝑔𝑤 + 𝑤𝑔𝑖
ത 𝐹𝑔𝑤

𝑤𝑖 − 𝑤𝑜𝑖
ത
𝐹𝑔𝑤 =
𝑤𝑔𝑖
ത − 𝑤𝑜𝑖
ത

2130𝜌𝑜ത −1
𝐹𝑔𝑤 = (1 + )
𝑀𝑔ത 𝐺𝑂𝑅

Component Material Balance - Mole

𝑧𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 1 − 𝐹𝑔 + 𝑦𝑖 𝐹𝑔

Mass to Mole Conversion 𝑧𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖

𝐹𝑔 =
Although the composition of a mixture is usually expressed in
terms of mole fraction, the measurement of composition is
𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖
usually based on mass, which is converted to mole fraction with
component molecular weights. 2130𝜌𝑜 −1
𝐹𝑔 = (1 + )
ഥ 𝑀𝑜 𝐺𝑂𝑅
𝑀
𝑧𝑖 = 𝑤𝑖
𝑀𝑖 Oil C7+ - Molecular Weight and Specific Gravity

𝑤7+ 𝑤7+
Molecular Weight and Specific Gravity Averaging by Mass 𝑀7+ = 100 𝑤𝑖 𝛾7+ = 100 𝑖=6𝑤𝑖
−σ𝑖=6
𝑖=1 ഥ
−σ 𝑖=1 𝛾
𝑀 𝑀𝑖 𝛾 𝑖
σ𝑖=𝑁 𝑤 σ𝑖=𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖
ഥ = 𝑖=1 𝑖
𝑀 𝛾ҧ = 𝑤 is in wt%
𝑤𝑖 𝑤𝑖
σ𝑖=𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑀 σ𝑖=𝑁
𝑖=1 𝛾
𝑖 𝑖
Molecular Weight and Specific Gravity Averaging by Moles

σ𝑖=𝑁 𝑧 𝑀 σ𝑖=𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑧𝑖 𝑀𝑖
ഥ=
𝑀
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖 𝛾ҧ =
𝑖=𝑁 𝑧𝑖 𝑀𝑖
σ𝑖=𝑁 𝑧
𝑖=1 𝑖 σ𝑖=1 𝛾
𝑖

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Unit Conversion
From CGR to GOR From GOR to CGR
CGR (OGR) GOR CGR (OGR) GOR GOR CGR (OGR) GOR CGR (OGR)
STB/MMscf scf/STB Sm3/1E6 Sm3 Sm3/Sm3 scf/STB STB/MMscf Sm3/Sm3 Sm3/1E6 Sm3
1 1000000 5.6 178108 10 100000 1.78 561458
2 500000 11.2 89054 20 50000 3.56 280729
3 333333 16.8 59369 30 33333 5.34 187153
4 250000 22.5 44527 40 25000 7.12 140365
5 200000 28.1 35622 50 20000 8.91 112292
6 166667 33.7 29685 60 16667 10.7 93576
7 142857 39.3 25444 70 14286 12.5 80208
8 125000 44.9 22263 80 12500 14.2 70182
9 111111 50.5 19790 90 11111 16.0 62384
10 100000 56.1 17811 100 10000 17.8 56146
20 50000 112 8905 200 5000 35.6 28073
30 33333 168 5937 300 3333 53.4 18715
40 25000 225 4453 400 2500 71.2 14036
50 20000 281 3562 500 2000 89.1 11229
60 16667 337 2968 600 1667 106.9 9358
70 14286 393 2544 700 1429 124.7 8021
80 12500 449 2226 800 1250 142 7018
90 11111 505 1979 900 1111 160 6238
100 10000 561 1781 1000 1000 178 5615
200 5000 1123 891 2000 500 356 2807
300 3333 1684 594 3000 333 534 1872
400 2500 2246 445 4000 250 712 1404
500 2000 2807 356 5000 200 891 1123
600 1667 3369 297 6000 167 1069 936
700 1429 3930 254 7000 143 1247 802
800 1250 4492 223 8000 125 1425 702
900 1111 5053 198 9000 111 1603 624
1000 1000 5615 178 10000 100 1781 561
2000 500 11229 89.1 20000 50 3562 281
3000 333 16844 59.4 30000 33 5343 187
4000 250 22458 44.5 40000 25 7124 140
5000 200 28073 35.6 50000 20 8905 112
6000 167 33688 29.7 60000 17 10686 94
7000 143 39302 25.4 70000 14 12468 80
8000 125 44917 22.3 80000 13 14249 70
9000 111 50531 19.8 90000 11 16030 62
10000 100 56146 17.8 100000 10 17811 56

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 Nomenclature “Cheat Sheet”
Latin alphabet
a = attraction term in Van der Waals EOS (p=RT(v-b)-a/v2) v = molar volume = V/n = M/ρ
b = repulsion term in Van der Waals EOS (p=RT(v-b)-a/v2) V = volume, ft3 or bbl or m3
bgd = “dry” gas expansion factor, STB/res.bbl = 1/Bgd Vg = reservoir gas volume, ft3 or res.bbl
bgw = “wet” gas expansion factor, STB/res.bbl = 1/Bgw Vo = reservoir oil volume, res.bbl
B = formation volume factor (FVF) Vgത g = surface gas volume originating from reservoir gas, scf
Bgd = “dry” gas FVF res.bbl/STB = (pscTZ)/(Tscp) Vgത o = surface gas volume originating from reservoir oil, scf
Bgw = “wet” gas FVF res.bbl/STB = (pscTZ)/(TscpFgത g)
Vഥog = surface oil volume originating from reservoir gas, STB
Bo = oil FVF res.bbl/STB
cc = single-phase oil compressibility, 1/psia = -1/Bo*(dB/dp) Vഥoo = surface oil volume originating from reservoir oil, STB
Fg = molar gas fraction = (zi-xi)/(yi-xi), fraction wi = wellstream composition, mass%
Fgw = mass gas fraction = (wi-woi)/(w wgത i = separator gas composition, mass%
kij = binary interaction parameter between comp i and j
wഥoi = separator oil composition, mass%
Ki = “K-value” / equilibrium ratio = yi/xi
Kw = Watsons characterization factor, ratio xi = separator oil composition, mol%
m = mass, lbm or kg = M*n = ρ*V Y = “Y-function” = (ps-p)/(p(Vrt-1))
M = molecular weight, g/mole = m/n yi = separator gas composition, mol%
MLi = lower molecular weight, g/mole zi = wellstream composition, mol%
n = moles zsi = “seed feed” composition – estimated wellstream, mol%
N = original oil in place (OOIP), STB zRi = “in-situ” reservoir composition, mol%
Z = “Z-factor” = pV/nRT
G = original gas in place (OGIP), scf
Zc = critical Z factor = pcvc/RTc
p = pressure, psia
pb = bubblepoint pressure, psia
pc = critical pressure, psia Greek alphabet
pd = dewpoint pressure, psia
α = shape (parameter needed in gamma model)
pk = convergence pressure, psia
β = beta = (MC7+-η)/α
pr = reduced pressure = p/pc
γAPI = stock-tank liquid API
psat = saturation pressure, psia
γg = gas specific gravity, fraction = Mg/28.97
pv = vapor pressure, psia
γg = average surface gas specific gravity
pwf = flowing bottomhole pressure, psia
si = dimensionless volume shifts Γ = gamma model
Sgc = critical gas saturation, fraction or % η = bound (parameter needed in gamma model)
Sor = residual / critical oil saturation, fraction or % μg = gas viscosity, cp
SF = shrinkage factor, STB/sep.bbl (1/Bo,sep) μo = oil viscosity, cp
rs = solution CGR, STB/MMscf ρ = density, lbm/ft3 or kg/m3
R = universal gas constant, 10.73146 (psia*ft 3) / (R*lbm*mol) φ = porosity, fraction
Rp = producing GOR, scf/STB ω = acentric factor
Rs = solution GOR, scf/STB
Rs,sep = flash factor, scf/STB – solution GOR (Rs) of separator oil
T = temperature, °F
Tc = critical temperature, psia
Tr = reduced temperature = T/Tc
Tres = reservoir temperature, °F

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 Abbreviations
API = American Petroleum Institute NCGC = near critical gas condensate
ASTM = American Society of Testing and Materials NCVO = near critical volatile oil
BHS = bottomhole sample LBC = Lohrenz, Bray and Clark (Viscosity model,1964)
BIPS = binary interaction parameters OBM = oil-based mud
BP = bubblepoint OFT = openhole formation testing tool
BO = black oil OGR = oil gas ratio, STB/MMscf = CGR
BOT = black oil table OOIP = original oil in place, STB
CCE = constant composition expansion experiment (=CME) OGIP = original gas in place, scf
CGD = condensing gas drive (mechanism related to gas EOR) PR = Peng-Robinson (EOS)
CGR = condensate gas ratio, STB/MMscf = OGR PTA = pressure transient analysis
CME = constant mass expansion experiment (=CCE) PVT = pressure, volume, temperature
CVD = constant volume depletion QC = quality control/quality check
C/V = (combined) condensing / vaporizing mechanism RBA = rising bubble apparatus (measured MMP by VGD)
DLE = differential liberation experiment RCI = reservoir characterization instrument (Baker OFT)
DP = dewpoint RDT = reservoir description tool (Halliburton OFT)
ECM = equilibrium contact mixing REC = recombined separator fluids
EOR = enhanced oil recovery RF = recovery factor
EOS = equation of state RMS = root mean square
FBHP = flowing bottomhole pressure, psia RTA = rate time analysis / rate transient analysis
FF = flash factor, scf/STB – solution GOR (Rs) of separator oil SAFT = statistical associating fluid theory (PC SAFT EOS)
FC = first-contact (miscibility) SARA = saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes
GC = gas chromatography (method to measure compositions) SCN = single carbon number
GC = gas condensate SEP = separator
GOR = gas oil ratio, scf/STB SF = shrinkage factor, STB/sep.bbl (1/Bo,sep)
GP = gas processing facility SG = specific gravity
HC = hydrocarbon SRK = Soave-Redlich-Kwong (EOS)
MC = multi-contact (miscibility) STO = stock tank oil
MDT = modular formation dynamics tester (Schlumberger OFT) TBP = true boiling point distillation
MMP = minimum miscibility pressure, psia VGD = vaporizing gas drive (mechanism related to gas EOR)
MSF = multi-stage separator test VIT = vanishing interfacial tension
MW = molecular weight, g/mole VO = volatile oil

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