Thermal Physics

MEP 111s
(lecture 7 and 8)

D/Mohanned yaman
WhatsApp: 01006866661/01012521111
Email: Mohannad.Imad@eng.asu.edu.eg
 Gas Power Cycles
Introduction
▪ Two important areas of application for thermodynamics are
power generation and refrigeration. Both are usually
accomplished by systems that operate on a thermodynamic
cycle.
▪ Thermodynamic cycles can be divided into two general
categories: power cycles, and refrigeration cycles.
▪ The devices or systems used to produce a net power output
are often called engines, and the thermodynamic cycles they
operate on are called power cycles. The devices or systems
used to produce a refrigeration effect are called
refrigerators, air conditioners, or heat pumps, and the
cycles they operate on are called refrigeration cycles.

▪ Thermodynamic cycles can also be categorized as gas

cycles and vapor cycles, depending on the phase of the
working fluid.
▪ Thermodynamic cycles can be categorized yet another way:
closed and open cycles.
 Gas Power Cycles
Introduction
▪ Heat engines are categorized as internal combustion and
external combustion engines, depending on how the heat is
supplied to the working fluid. In external combustion
engines (such as steam power plants), heat is supplied to
the working fluid from an external source such as a furnace,
a geothermal well, a nuclear reactor, or even the sun. In
internal combustion engines (such as automobile engines),
this is done by burning the fuel within the system
boundaries.
▪ Heat engines are designed for the purpose of converting
thermal energy to work, and their performance is expressed 𝐖𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐐𝐋
𝛈𝐭𝐡 = =𝟏−
in terms of the thermal efficiency η , which is the ratio of
th
𝐐𝐇 𝐐𝐇
the net work produced by the engine to the total heat input:

❑ Recall that heat engines that operate on a totally reversible cycle, such as the Carnot cycle, have the highest
thermal efficiency of all heat engines operating between the same temperature levels.
➢ That is, nobody can develop a cycle more efficient than the Carnot cycle.
 IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE
Air standard assumptions
The air-standard assumptions:

1. The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a

closed loop and always behaves as an ideal gas.
2. All the processes that make up the cycle are internally
reversible.
3. The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition
process from an external source.
4. The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process
that restores the working fluid to its initial state.
 BRAYTON CYCLE
THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS-TURBINE ENGINES

An open-cycle gas-turbine engine A closed-cycle gas-turbine engine

The Brayton cycle, which is made up of four internally reversible processes:

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor).
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition.
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine).
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection.
 IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis
1-2 Isentropic Compression
(Compressor)
𝐊
𝐏𝟐 𝐓𝟐 𝐊−𝟏
𝐫𝐩𝐜 = =
𝐏𝟏 𝐓𝟏
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:

෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟏−𝟐 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟏−𝟐

𝐖ሶ 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐫 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐜 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏

2-3 Isobaric Heat addition

(Combustion chamber – Heat exchanger)
𝐏𝟐 = 𝐏𝟑
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:

෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟐−𝟑 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟐−𝟑

𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟑 − 𝐡𝟐 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐜𝐜 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟐
 IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis
3-4 Isentropic Expansion
(Turbine)
𝐊
𝐏𝟑 𝐓𝟑 𝐊−𝟏
𝐫𝐩𝐭 = =
𝐏𝟒 𝐓𝟒
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:

෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟑−𝟒 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟑−𝟒

𝐖ሶ 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟑 − 𝐡𝟒 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐭 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟒

4-1 Isobaric Heat rejection

(Cooler – Heat exchanger)
𝐏𝟒 = 𝐏𝟏
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:

෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟒−𝟏 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟒−𝟏 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟒−𝟏 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟒−𝟏 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟒−𝟏

𝐐ሶ 𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟒 − 𝐡𝟏 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐭 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟒 − 𝐓𝟏
 IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis
Cycle
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:

෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟏−𝟏 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟏−𝟏 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟏−𝟏

❑ Hint:
𝐐ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭 = 𝐐ሶ 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐐ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭 = ෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞 = ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞 = 𝐖ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭
𝐖ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭 = 𝐖ሶ 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞 − 𝐖ሶ 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐫
𝐖ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐐ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐐ሶ 𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝛈𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐲𝐭𝐨𝐧 = = =𝟏−
𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝
𝐦ሶ 𝐭 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟒 − 𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟒 − 𝐓𝟏
𝛈𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏 − =𝟏−
𝐦ሶ 𝐜𝐜 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟐 𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟐
𝐓
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟒 − 𝟏 𝐓𝟏
𝟏
𝛈𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏 − =𝟏−
𝐓 𝐓𝟐
𝐓𝟐 𝐓𝟑 − 𝟏
𝟐

𝐓𝟏 𝟏
𝛈𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏 − =𝟏− 𝐊−𝟏
𝐓𝟐
𝐫𝐩𝐜 𝐊
 IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis
▪ For fixed values of Tmin and Tmax, the net work of the
𝐓𝟏 𝟏 Brayton cycle first increases with the pressure ratio and
𝛈𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐲𝐭𝐨𝐧 = 𝟏 − =𝟏− 𝐊−𝟏 finally decreases.
𝐓𝟐
𝐫𝐩𝐜 𝐊
❑ It reaches the maximum value at:
𝐤
𝐓𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝟐(𝐤−𝟏)
𝐫𝐏 =
𝐓𝐦𝐢𝐧
BRAYTON CYCLE
Summary of laws

𝐏𝐇
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 𝐫𝐩 =
𝐏𝐋
 IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis
▪ In gas-turbine power plants, the ratio of the compressor work
to the turbine work, called the back work ratio, is extremely
high.
❑ Usually more than one-half of the turbine work output is
used to drive the compressor.

𝐖ሶ 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐫
𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 = 𝐁𝐖𝐑 =
𝐖ሶ 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞
 ACTUAL BRAYTON CYCLE
Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from Idealized Ones
➢ The actual gas-turbine cycle differs from the ideal Brayton cycle on several
accounts.
▪ Some pressure drop during the heat-addition and heat-rejection processes is
inevitable.
▪ The actual work input to the compressor is more, and the actual work output from
the turbine is less because of irreversibilities.

❑ The deviation of actual compressor and turbine behavior from the idealized
isentropic behavior can be accurately accounted for by utilizing the isentropic
efficiencies of the turbine and compressor as:

𝐖𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐥
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 (𝛈𝐜 ) =
𝐖𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥

𝐖𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥
𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 (𝛈𝐓 ) =
𝐖𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐥
 IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE
Development of Gas Turbines
➢ The efforts to improve the cycle efficiency concentrated in three areas:
❑ Increasing the turbine inlet (or firing) temperatures.
These increases were made possible by the development of new materials and the innovative cooling techniques for the
critical components such as coating the turbine blades with ceramic layers and cooling the blades with the discharge air from
the compressor.
❑ Increasing the efficiencies of turbomachinery components.
• The performance of early turbines suffered greatly from the inefficiencies of turbines and compressors.
• However, the advent of computers and advanced techniques for computer-aided design made it possible to design these
components aerodynamically with minimal losses.
• The increased efficiencies of the turbines and compressors resulted in a significant increase in the cycle efficiency.
❑ Adding modifications to the basic cycle.
• The simple-cycle efficiencies of early gas turbines were practically doubled by incorporating intercooling, regeneration (or
recuperation), and reheating.
 IDEAL JET-PROPULSION CYCLES
Introduction
❑ Gas-turbine engines are widely used to power aircraft because they are light
and compact and have a high power-to-weight ratio. Aircraft gas turbines
operate on an open cycle called a jet-propulsion cycle.
• Aircraft are propelled by accelerating a fluid in the opposite direction to
motion. This is accomplished by either slightly accelerating a large mass of
fluid (propeller-driven engine) or greatly accelerating a small mass of fluid
(jet or turbojet engine) or both (turboprop engine).

ሶ 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐭 − 𝐦𝐕
The net thrust developed, 𝐅𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐮𝐬𝐭 = (𝐦𝐕) ሶ 𝐢𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ (𝐕𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐭 −𝐕𝐢𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐭 )

The propulsive power developed, 𝐖ሶ 𝐩 = 𝐅𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐕𝐚𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ (𝐕𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐭 −𝐕𝐢𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐭 )𝐕𝐚𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐭

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐖ሶ 𝐩
The propulsive efficiency, 𝛈𝐩 = =
𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧
 IDEAL JET-PROPULSION CYCLES
Processes
❑ The Ideal Jet-Propulsion cycle, which is made up of four internally
reversible processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression (Diffuser).
2-3 Isentropic compression (Compressor).
3-4 Constant-pressure heat addition (Burner section).
4-5 Isentropic expansion (Turbine).
5-6 Isentropic expansion (Nozzle).
6-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection (Atmosphere).
 IDEAL JET-PROPULSION CYCLES
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis
1-2 Isentropic Compression (Diffuser) 3-4 Isobaric Heat addition
𝐊 (Combustion chamber – Heat exchanger)
𝐏𝟐 𝐓𝟐 𝐊−𝟏
𝐏𝟑 = 𝐏𝟒
=
𝐏𝟏 𝐓𝟏 Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:
෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟑−𝟒 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟑−𝟒
෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟏−𝟐 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟏−𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟒 − 𝐡𝟑 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐜𝐜 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟒 − 𝐓𝟑
𝐦ሶ
𝑽𝟏 𝟐 − 𝑽𝟐 𝟐 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐜 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏
𝟐
2-3 Isentropic Compression 4-5 Isentropic Expansion
(Compressor) (Turbine)
𝐊 𝐊
𝐏𝟑 𝐓𝟑 𝐊−𝟏 𝐏𝟒 𝐓𝟒 𝐊−𝟏
𝐫𝐩𝐜 = = 𝐫𝐩𝐭 = =
𝐏𝟐 𝐓𝟐 𝐏𝟓 𝐓𝟓
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics: Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:

෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟐−𝟑 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟐−𝟑 ෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟒−𝟓 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟒−𝟓 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟒−𝟓 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟒−𝟓 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟒−𝟓

𝐖ሶ 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐫 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟑 − 𝐡𝟐 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐜 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟐 𝐖ሶ 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟒 − 𝐡𝟓 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐭 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟒 − 𝐓𝟓
 IDEAL JET-PROPULSION CYCLES
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis
5-6 Isentropic Expansion (Nozzle) 6-1 Isobaric Heat rejection
𝐊 (Atmosphere)
𝐏𝟓 𝐓𝟓 𝐊−𝟏
𝐏𝟔 = 𝐏𝟏
=
𝐏𝟔 𝐓𝟔 Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:
෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟔−𝟏 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟔−𝟏 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟔−𝟏 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟔−𝟏 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟔−𝟏
෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟓−𝟔 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟓−𝟔 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟓−𝟔 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟓−𝟔 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟓−𝟔
𝐐ሶ 𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟔 − 𝐡𝟏 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐭 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟔 − 𝐓𝟏
𝐦ሶ
𝐕𝟓 𝟐 − 𝐕𝟔 𝟐 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟔 − 𝐡𝟓 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐓 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟔 − 𝐓𝟓
𝟐

❑ Hint:
𝐐ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭 = 𝐐ሶ 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝

Ideally, 𝐖ሶ 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞 = 𝐖ሶ 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐫

 Gas Power Cycles
Introduction
▪ The ideal cycles are internally reversible, but, unlike the
Carnot cycle, they are not necessarily externally reversible.
▪ That is, they may involve irreversibilities external to the
system such as heat transfer through a finite temperature
difference.
▪ Therefore, the thermal efficiency of an ideal cycle, in
general, is less than that of a totally reversible cycle
operating between the same temperature limits.

❑ The idealizations and simplifications commonly employed in the analysis of power cycles can be summarized as
follows:
1. The cycle does not involve any friction. Therefore, the working fluid does not experience any pressure drop as it
flows in pipes or devices such as heat exchangers.
2. All expansion and compression processes take place in a quasi-equilibrium manner.
3. The pipes connecting the various components of a system are well insulated, and heat transfer through them is
negligible.
4. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies.
Carnot cycle – Gas Cycle (open system)
The Carnot cycle is composed of four totally reversible processes:
1-2 Isothermal heat addition.
2-3 Isentropic expansion.
3-4 Isothermal heat rejection.
4-1 Isentropic compression.
❑ The Carnot cycle can be executed in a closed system (a piston–cylinder device) or a Carnot Cycle
steady-flow system (utilizing two turbines and two compressors), and either a gas or a (processes)
vapor can be utilized as the working fluid.

𝐓𝐋
𝛈𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐨𝐭 = 𝟏 −
𝐓𝐇

T-S diagram P-V diagram

 Carnot cycle – Gas Cycle (open system)
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis
1-2 Isothermal Expansion (Heat addition) 3-4 Isothermal Compression (Heat rejection)
𝐓𝐇 = 𝐓𝟏 = 𝐓𝟐 𝐓𝐋 = 𝐓𝟑 = 𝐓𝟒
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics: Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:

෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟏−𝟐 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟏−𝟐 ෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟑−𝟒 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟑−𝟒

𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟒
𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 = 𝐐ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐖ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐦𝐑𝐓
ሶ 𝐇 𝐥𝐧( ) 𝐐ሶ 𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 = 𝐐ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 = 𝐖ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 = 𝐦𝐑𝐓
ሶ 𝐋 𝐥𝐧( )
𝐏𝟐 𝐏𝟑

2-3 Isentropic Expansion 4-1 Isentropic Compression

𝐊 𝐊
𝐏𝟑 𝐓𝟑 𝐊−𝟏 𝐏𝟒 𝐓𝟒 𝐊−𝟏
= =
𝐏𝟐 𝐓𝟐 𝐏𝟏 𝐓𝟏
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics: Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:

෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟐−𝟑 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟐−𝟑 ෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟒−𝟏 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟒−𝟏 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟒−𝟏 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟒−𝟏 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟒−𝟏

𝐖ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 = 𝐦𝐂
ሶ 𝐏 (𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟑 ) 𝐖ሶ 𝟒−𝟏 = 𝐦𝐂
ሶ 𝐏 (𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟒 )
Carnot cycle – Gas Cycle (open system)
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis

𝐖ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐐ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐐ሶ 𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝛈𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐨𝐭 = = =𝟏−
ሶ𝐐𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝

𝐏𝟒
𝐦𝐑𝐓ሶ 𝐋 𝐥𝐧 𝐓𝐋
𝐏𝟑
𝛈𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐨𝐭 =𝟏− =𝟏−
𝐏𝟏 𝐓𝐇
ሶ
𝐦𝐑𝐓 𝐇 𝐥𝐧 𝐏
𝟐
 STIRLING AND ERICSSON CYCLES
• Consider a heat engine operating between a heat source at TH and a heat
sink at TL. For the heat-engine cycle to be totally reversible, the
temperature difference between the working fluid and the heat source (or
sink) should never exceed a differential amount dT during any heat-
transfer process. That is, both the heat-addition and heat-rejection
processes during the cycle must take place isothermally, one at a
temperature of TH and the other at a temperature of TL. This is precisely
what happens in a Carnot cycle.

• There are two other cycles that involve an isothermal heat-addition

process at TH and an isothermal heat-rejection process at TL: the Stirling
cycle and the Ericsson cycle. They differ from the Carnot cycle in that
the two isentropic processes are replaced by two constant-volume
regeneration processes in the Stirling cycle and by two constant-pressure
regeneration processes in the Ericsson cycle.

❑ Both cycles utilize regeneration, a process during which

heat is transferred to a thermal energy storage device (called
a regenerator) during one part of the cycle and is transferred
back to the working fluid during another part of the cycle.
 Stirling cycle
The Stirling cycle, which is made up of four totally reversible processes:
1-2 T = constant expansion (heat addition from the external source).
2-3 V = constant regeneration (internal heat transfer from the working fluid to
the regenerator).
3-4 T = constant compression (heat rejection to the external sink).
4-1 V = constant regeneration (internal heat transfer from the regenerator back to
the working fluid).

Stirling Cycle
(processes)

𝐓𝐋
𝛈𝐒𝐭𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 =𝟏−
𝐓𝐇

T-S diagram P-V diagram

 Stirling cycle
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis
1-2 Isothermal Expansion 3-4 Isothermal Compression
𝐏𝟐 𝐕𝟏 𝐏𝟒 𝐕𝟑
= 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐇 = 𝐓𝟏 = 𝐓𝟐 = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐋 = 𝐓𝟑 = 𝐓𝟒
𝐏𝟏 𝐕𝟐 𝐏𝟑 𝐕𝟒
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics: Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:

෍ 𝐐𝟏−𝟐 − ෍ 𝐖𝟏−𝟐 =  𝐔𝟏−𝟐 ෍ 𝐐𝟑−𝟒 − ෍ 𝐖𝟑−𝟒 =  𝐔𝟑−𝟒

𝐏 𝐏𝟒
𝐐𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 = 𝐐𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐖𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐦𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐥𝐧( 𝟏 ) 𝐐𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 = 𝐐𝟑−𝟒 = 𝐖𝟑−𝟒 = 𝐦𝐑𝐓𝐋 𝐥𝐧( )
𝐏𝟐 𝐏𝟑

2-3 Isochoric regeneration 4-1 Isochoric regeneration

(Regenerator) (Regenerator)
𝐏𝟑 𝐓𝟑 𝐏𝟏 𝐓𝟏
= =
𝐏𝟐 𝐓𝟐 𝐏𝟒 𝐓𝟒
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics: Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:

෍ 𝐐𝟐−𝟑 − ෍ 𝐖𝟐−𝟑 =  𝐔𝟐−𝟑 ෍ 𝐐𝟒−𝟏 − ෍ 𝐖𝟒−𝟏 =  𝐔𝟒−𝟏

𝐐𝟐−𝟑 = 𝐦𝐂𝐕 (𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟑 ) 𝐐𝟒−𝟏 = 𝐦𝐂𝐕 (𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟒 )

 Stirling cycle
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis

𝐖ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐐ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐐ሶ 𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝛈𝐒𝐭𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 = = =𝟏−
ሶ𝐐𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝

𝐏
𝐦𝐑𝐓𝐋 𝐥𝐧(𝐏𝟒 ) 𝐓𝐋
𝟑
𝛈𝐒𝐭𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 = 𝟏 − =𝟏−
𝐏 𝐓𝐇
𝐦𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐥𝐧(𝐏𝟏 )
𝟐
 Ericsson cycle
The Ericsson cycle, which is made up of four totally reversible processes:
1-2 T = constant expansion (heat addition from the external source).
2-3 P = constant regeneration (internal heat transfer from the working fluid to the
regenerator).
3-4 T = constant compression (heat rejection to the external sink).
4-1 P= constant regeneration (internal heat transfer from the regenerator back to
the working fluid).

Ericsson cycle
(processes)

𝐓𝐋
𝛈𝐄𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 = 𝟏 −
𝐓𝐇

T-S diagram P-V diagram

 Ericsson cycle – (open system)
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis
1-2 Isothermal Expansion (Heat addition) 3-4 Isothermal Compression (Heat rejection)
𝐓𝐇 = 𝐓𝟏 = 𝐓𝟐 𝐓𝐋 = 𝐓𝟑 = 𝐓𝟒
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics: Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:

෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟏−𝟐 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟏−𝟐 ෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟑−𝟒 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟑−𝟒

𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟒
𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 = 𝐐ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐖ሶ 𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐦𝐑𝐓
ሶ 𝐇 𝐥𝐧( ) 𝐐ሶ 𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 = 𝐐ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 = 𝐖ሶ 𝟑−𝟒 = 𝐦𝐑𝐓
ሶ 𝐋 𝐥𝐧( )
𝐏𝟐 𝐏𝟑

2-3 Isobaric regeneration 4-1 Isobaric regeneration

(Regenerator) (Regenerator)
𝐏𝟐 = 𝐏𝟑 𝐏𝟒 = 𝐏𝟏
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics: Applying 1st law of thermodynamics:

෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟐−𝟑 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟐−𝟑 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟐−𝟑 ෍ 𝐐ሶ 𝟒−𝟏 − ෍ 𝐖ሶ 𝟒−𝟏 =  𝐇ሶ 𝟒−𝟏 +  𝐊. ሶ 𝐄𝟒−𝟏 +  𝐏. ሶ 𝐄𝟒−𝟏

𝐐ሶ 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟑 − 𝐡𝟐 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐜 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟑 − 𝐓𝟐 𝐐ሶ 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟒 − 𝐡𝟏 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐭 𝐂𝐏 𝐓𝟒 − 𝐓𝟏
 Ericsson cycle – (open system)
First law of thermodynamics - Analysis

𝐖ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐐ሶ 𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐐ሶ 𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝛈𝐒𝐭𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 = = =𝟏−
ሶ𝐐𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐐ሶ 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝

𝐏𝟒
ሶ
𝐦𝐑𝐓 𝐥𝐧(
𝐋 𝐏 )
𝟑 𝐓𝐋
𝛈𝐒𝐭𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 = 𝟏 − =𝟏−
𝐏𝟏 𝐓𝐇
ሶ
𝐦𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐥𝐧(𝐏 )
𝟐
 T-s and P-v diagrams of Carnot, Stirling, and
Ericsson cycles
❑ Both the Stirling and Ericsson cycles
are totally reversible, as is the
Carnot cycle, and thus according to
the Carnot principle, all three cycles
must have the same thermal
efficiency when operating between the
same temperature limits:

𝐓𝐋
𝛈𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐨𝐭 = 𝛈𝐄𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 = 𝛈𝐒𝐭𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 = 𝟏−
𝐓𝐇

❑ Thermal efficiency increases with

an increase in the average
temperature at which heat is
supplied to the system or with a
decrease in the average
temperature at which heat is
rejected from the system.
Thank you