MENG3601 - Fundamentals of

Thermodynamics
Spring 2022
Dr. Asmaa Ramadan El-Sayed
Mechanical Power Engineering Dept.
Faculty of Engineering – Ain Shams University
 Lecture 7
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
 Outline
• Importance of 2nd law
• Cycle efficiency
• 2nd law statement
• Reversible process
• Sources of irreversibility
• Carnot cycle
 Importance
of 2nd law
• The 2nd law asserts that
processes occur in a
COP𝑅𝑒𝑓 certain direction
• The 2nd law shows that
the energy has quality as
well as quantity
• Also, It is used to
determine the possibility of
the process occurrence
 Thermal Reservoir

“A thermal reservoir is a thermodynamic system with

a heat capacity that is large enough that, when it is
in thermal contact with another system of interest or its
environment, its temperature remains effectively constant”
Clausius statement Kelvin-Planck statement
 2nd law Statement
• Kelvin-Planck statement
It’s impossible to construct a device that will operate in a cycle and produce no effect
other than raising of a weight and the exchange of heat with a single reservoir
• Clausius statement
It’s impossible to construct a device that will operate in a cycle and produce no effect
other than the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter body
 Note That

“A process can only occur when it satisfies the 1st

and 2nd laws of thermodynamics”
 Reversible & Irreversible Process
• A reversible process is a process that can be reversed without leaving any
traces on the surroundings
• It means both system and surrounding returned to their initial states at the
end of the reverse process
• We use reversible process concept to:
• They are easy to analyze
• They serve as limits to which the actual processes can be compared
 Sources of irreversibility
• Friction
• Unrestrained expansion and compression
• Heat transfer through delta T
• Mixing
• Chemical reactions
 Internally, externally and totally reversible
processes
• Internally reversible process:
• In these processes a system undergoes through a series of equilibrium states, and when the
process is reversed, the system passes through exactly the same equilibrium states while
returning to its initial state.
• Externally reversible process:
• Heat transfer between a reservoir and a system is an externally reversible process if the
surface of contact between the system and reservoir is at the same temperature.
• Totally reversible process:
• Both internally and externally reversible processes
Carnot Cycle
 Carnot cycle
• It’s the best known reversible cycle in which all processes occur reversibly.
• The Carnot cycle consists of 4 processes
Heat SOURCE

Engine
High pressure High pressure
liquid vapor

Boiler
1 2

Win Wout
Pump Turbine

4 3
Condenser
Low pressure Low pressure
liquid vapor
SINK
Pressure-Volume Diagram
 n should be
replaced by
Cycle Calculations m
Temperature-Entropy Diagram
 n should be
replaced by
Cycle Calculations m
Heat Engine Cycle
Process 1-2: Heat addition at
constant temperature

Process 2-3: Isentropic

expansion

Process 3-4: Heat rejection at

constant temperature

Process 4-1: Isentropic

compression
Refrigerator and Heat Pump
Refrigerator and Heat Pump

𝑄𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐿
COP𝑅𝑒𝑓 = = =
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑊𝑐 𝑄𝐻 −𝑄𝐿

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻
COP𝐻𝑃 = = = = COP𝑅𝑒𝑓 + 1
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑊𝑐 𝑄𝐻 −𝑄𝐿
 Summary of equations

For actual cycles For reversible cycles

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝐿
η𝐻𝐸 = η𝐻𝐸,𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 1 -
𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝐻
𝑄𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝑄𝐿 𝑇𝐿
COP𝑅𝑒𝑓 = = COP𝑅𝑒𝑓, 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 =
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑊𝑐 𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐿

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝐻 𝑇𝐻
COP𝐻𝑃 = = COP𝐻𝑃, 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 =
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑊𝑐 𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐿
2nd law on a Process
 Clausius Inequality
• Clausius inequality states that:
𝛿𝑄
ර ≤0
𝑇
• This inequality means that, for a totally reversible cycle, the heat added along
the cycle at each temperature is equal to zero
• For an irreversible cycle, this integration is less than zero.
For a reversible cycle

𝛿𝑄
ර =0
𝑇
𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐻 𝑇𝐻
− = 0 , so =
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐿 𝑄𝐿 𝑇𝐿

Also, ‫ > 𝑄𝛿 ׯ‬0

𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 > 0
𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑣 is maximum for reversible cycles
 For An irreversible cycle
𝛿𝑄
ර <0
𝑇
𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐿
− <0
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐿
If totally irreversible ,
‫ 𝑄𝛿 ׯ‬approaches zero
𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 ≈ 0
So, 𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑣 is always > 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣
 Entropy as a Property
• By applying Clausius inequality on the following
reversible cycle between state 1-2-1, we get:
• Using the path A-B:
2 𝛿𝑄𝐴 1 𝛿𝑄𝐵
‫׬‬1 𝑇 + ‫׬‬2 𝑇 =0
• Using the path A-C:
2 𝛿𝑄𝐴 1 𝛿𝑄𝐶
‫׬‬1 𝑇 + ‫׬‬2 𝑇 =0
 Entropy as a Property
• From the previous integration we get,
1 𝛿𝑄𝐵 1 𝛿𝑄𝐶
‫׬‬2 𝑇 = ‫׬‬2 𝑇
• Which means that this quantity is independent on the mass, i.e. it is a
property
• This property is called “Entropy”
2 𝛿𝑄𝐴 2
‫׬‬1 𝑇 = ‫׬‬1 𝑑𝑆 = ΔS = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1
 Definition of Entropy
• Entropy: A thermodynamic
property which provides a
quantitative measure of the disorder
of a given thermodynamic state.
 • By applying Clausius inequality on an
Principle of Entropy irreversible cycle between 1 & 2 through a
Increase reversible process 2-1 and an irreversible
process 1-2:
2 𝛿𝑄1−2 1 𝛿𝑄2−1
‫׬‬1 𝑇 + ‫׬‬2 𝑇 ≤0
2 𝛿𝑄1−2
‫׬‬1 𝑇 + 𝑆1 − 𝑆2 ≤ 0
2 𝛿𝑄1−2
𝑆2 − 𝑆1 ≥ ‫׬‬1 𝑇
Even if 𝛿𝑄1−2 =0 , 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 ≥ 0 for an
irreversible process
“S increases as time moves forward”
 Principle of Entropy Increase
∆𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 + ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
∆𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≥ 0

∆𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 is equal to zero for a totally reversible isentropic process

&
∆𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 > 0 for an irreversible process
 Thermodynamic Relations
• From the 1st law of • By substituting Eq. (3) in Eq. (1):
thermodynamics, we get:
du = δq – δw (1) dh - pdv - vdp = Tds – pdv
du = 𝐓𝐝𝐬 – 𝜹w (2)
• And, dh = Tds + vdp (4)
dh = du + d(pv)
dh = du + pdv + vdp (3)
 Entropy for Different Substances
• For pure substances • For ideal gases
• Use tables to get ΔS = m × (𝑠2 − 𝑠1 ) From Eq. 3,
• For solids and liquids dv
Tds = Cv dT − RT
𝑇2 v
• ΔS = m × C × ln 𝑇1 d𝑇 dv
ds = Cv -R
• For a thermal reservoir T v
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 By integrating this Eq.,
• ΔS = 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑇2 𝑉2
Δs = Cv ln - R ln
𝑇1 𝑉1
 Isentropic Efficiency
Power Devices Nozzle & Diffuser
• For a turbine, • For a nozzle,
𝑊𝑎𝑐𝑡 2
𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡
η𝑖𝑠 =
𝑊𝑖𝑠 η𝑖𝑠 = 22
𝑉𝑖𝑠
• For a pump or compressor
2
𝑊𝑖𝑠
η𝑖𝑠 = • For a diffuser,
𝑊𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑉𝑖𝑠2
η𝑖𝑠 = 22
𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡
2
QUESTIONS?