MODULE 3: Steam Cycles

Summary of Formulas

Rankine cycle

Heat added in the Boiler, 𝐐𝐀

❀ Boiler Conditions
1. Changes in KE and PE are negligible.
2. There is no work crossing the control surface.
3. The process is constant pressure heat addition.
𝒌𝒋
𝐐𝐀 = 𝐡 𝟏 − 𝐡 𝟒 , 𝒌𝒈
𝒌𝒈 Where 𝐦𝐬 = mass of steam flow,
𝒔

𝐐𝐀 = 𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟒 ) , 𝒌𝑾

Turbine Work, 𝐖𝐓

❀ Turbine Conditions:
1. The turbine is adiabatic. (Q = 0, S1 = S4 )
2. There change in kinetic energy across the turbine is not negligible but in the
ideal analysis, the KE is being ignored since we have no specific means of
determining inlet and discharge velocities.

𝑘𝑗
𝑊𝑇 = h1 − h2 ,
𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒈
Where 𝐦𝐬 = mass of steam flow,
𝒔
𝑾𝑻 = 𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐), 𝑘𝑊

Quality after Turbine Expansion, 𝐱 𝟐

𝐒𝟐 = 𝐒𝟏 = 𝐒𝐟 + 𝐱 𝟐 (𝐒𝐟𝐠 )

𝐡𝟐 = 𝐡𝐟 + 𝐱 (𝐡𝐟𝐠)
 MODULE 3: Steam Cycles
Heat Rejected in the Condenser, 𝐐𝑹

❀ Condenser Conditions:
1. The same as boiler conditions.
𝑘𝑗
𝐐𝐑 = 𝐡 𝟐 − 𝐡 𝟑 ,
𝑘𝑔

𝐐𝐀 = 𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟑 ) , 𝑘𝑊

❀ Cooling Water Requirement in Condenser:

𝐐𝑹 = 𝐐𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝒌𝒈
Where 𝐦𝒘 = mass flow of cooling water,
𝒎 (𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟑 ) 𝒔
𝐦𝒘 =
𝐂𝒑 (𝐭 𝟐 − 𝐭 𝟏 )

Pump Work, 𝐖𝐩

❀ Pump Conditions:
1. The turbine is adiabatic. (Q = 0) and reversible (S1 = S2 )
2. There change in kinetic and potential energy are negligible.
3. The fluid is incompressible (V1 = 𝑉2 )
𝒌𝒋
𝑾𝒑 = 𝐡𝟒 − 𝐡𝟑 ,
𝒌𝒈
Enthalpy Calculations at Point 4:
𝑾𝒑 = 𝐦 (𝐡𝟒 − 𝐡𝟑), 𝑘𝑊
𝒌𝒋
𝐡𝟒 = 𝑽𝟑 (𝐏𝟒 − 𝑷𝟑 ) + 𝐡𝟑
𝑾𝒑 = 𝑽𝟑 (𝐏𝟒 − 𝑷𝟑 ),
𝒌𝒈

Cycle Efficiency, 𝐞

𝑒 𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝒑 (𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐) − (𝐡𝟒 − 𝐡𝟑)

𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 − 𝐏𝐮𝐦𝐩 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝑒= 𝒆=
𝑸𝑨 (𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟒)
=
𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐀𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝

Cogeneration Efficiency, 𝒆𝒄

𝑸𝑹 − 𝑾𝒕
𝒆𝒄 =
𝑸𝑨

Back Work Ratio, 𝐁𝐖

𝑾𝒑
𝐁𝐖 =
𝑾𝒕