10 Ultimate Moment Capacity

 Once the requirement of prestressing is finalized by checking serviceability condition, the

section must be checked for the ultimate condition, using factored Mu
∅𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝑛 = Nominal moment capacity
∅ = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
 In some cases, the design may fall short of the required steel area to provide the ultimate
strength. Instead of increasing prestressing steel which is expensive it is economical to add
rebars as extra reinforcement to use increase the ultimate moment capacity.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

11 Example 3

 For the given T-section, calculate Mn. The stress in prestressing steel is assumed to be
1517.24 MPa. 𝑓𝑐′ = 34.48 𝑀𝑃𝑎 . 𝐴𝑝𝑠 = 806.45 𝑚𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑠 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑) =
645.16 𝑚𝑚2 .

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

12 Flexural Strength formulas with tension +
compression Steel
 With Tension steel
➢ Rectangular Section

𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑝𝑠 𝑓𝑝𝑠 𝑑𝑝 − + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2 2

𝐴𝑝𝑠 𝑓𝑝𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑇
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = =
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

  Flanged Section
13
➢ Two cases

❖ If 𝑎 ≤ ℎ𝑓 , 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

❖ If 𝑎 > ℎ𝑓 𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑏 , 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 ×
ℎ𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 × 𝑏𝑤
𝐶1 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 × ℎ𝑓
𝐶2 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑏 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑎
𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 𝐴𝑝𝑠 𝑓𝑝𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝑇
𝐶2 = 𝑇 − 𝐶1 = 𝐴𝑝𝑤 𝑓𝑝𝑠

𝐴𝑝𝑤 𝑓𝑝𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 =
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑝𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑇1 − 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

ℎ𝑓 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶1 𝑑𝑝 − + 𝐶2 𝑑𝑝 − + 𝑇2 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑝 )
2 2

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

14 With Compression Steel

𝑑′ 600
𝐼𝑓 (𝐴𝑝𝑠 𝑓𝑝𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦 )≥ 0.85𝛽1 𝑓𝑐′
𝑑 600 − 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑝𝑠 𝑓𝑝𝑠 𝑑𝑝 − + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝑑′
2 2 2
′
𝐴𝑝𝑠 𝑓𝑝𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏

𝐼𝑓𝐴′𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

15  For a given prestress force P, axial stress component P/Ac will be higher, if Ac is lesser. Also, the
bending stress at top and bottom would be less, if st and sb (section modulus) are high for the
section. Thus, the aim would be to maximize
 st/Ac and sb/Ac
𝑟2
 sb/Ac= 𝑐2
 For a given area A, I should be a large as possible for an economical section. This requires
flanges to have more areas and web to be relatively thin.
 For a comparison of efficiency of a section, the value of parameter Q is calculated as
𝑟2
 Q= 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝑟2 𝐾1 𝑟2
 Since 𝐾1 = 𝑐2
, dividing this equation by c1, 𝑐1
=𝑐
1 𝑐2
𝐾2 𝑟2
 Similarly, =
𝑐2 𝑐1 𝑐2
 Where K1 & K2 kern of the section
𝐾1 +𝐾2 𝐾
 𝑄= = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐾 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝐾1 + 𝐾2
ℎ ℎ
 As K< h, Q is less than 1

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

16

 For I section, Q is < 0.45 means heavier uneconomical section. Q ≥

0.5 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑄 = 0.33 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
 In choosing dimension, practical considerations are more important than the theoretical
efficiency. The cross section must provide ample room for prestressing steel and the web
should not be too thin to make construction difficult (enough space for stirrups and rebars)
 Standard sections are available for slab (voided), T sections, bridge girders (I section , box
section) See the text for standard sections

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

17 Concept of Load Balancing

 Prestressing is externally applied stress to a member. In many cases (simple geometry of

tendons the effect of prestressing can be replaced by equivalent load to the member which
would produce the same effect. Many problems can be solved easily this way

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

18 Example 4

 A 500 x 750 beam of simple span 7.3 m is loaded with uniformly distributed load of 46.75
kN/m inclusive of self weight. Assume cable profile is a parabola as shown with effective
force of 1424 kN. Compute the stress in the beam at the mid span, using load balancing
method.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

19 Cable profile for simple and overhang beams

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

20 ACI Design Provisions Chapter 18

 1. Classifications of sections
 Depend up the level of computed tensile stress ft, there are 3 classes for flexural members.
❖ Class U
❖ Class T
❖ Class C

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

21 Serviceability requirements for class U, T and
C (Table R18.3.3)

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

22 Permissible Stresses in concrete

 Allowable tensile and compression stresses at transfer and service loads (serviceability
requirements)

 Follow the clause 18.4

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

23

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

24 Permissible stresses in Prestress

 Jacking stress and after transfer

➢ Cl. 18.5

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

25 Loss of Prestress

 Including friction; K and μ values

 Cl.18.6

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

26 Flexural Strength

 Use strain compatibility method

 As an alternative to more accurate determination of fps based on strain compatibility.
 Cl.18.7

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

27 Limit of reinforcement

 Section compression controlled

 Tension controlled
 Or Transitional
 Cl.18.8

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

28 Minimum Bonded reinforcement (for
unbonded Members)
 Minimum bonded steel in unbonded PS.

 Special provision for two-way slab

 Cl.18.9

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

29 Moment Redistribution

 Increase/decrease in negative moment of bonded members only in indeterminate structures.

 Cl.18.10

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415

30 Other Provisions

 Cl.18.13
 Anchor zone
 Corrosion protection
 Etc.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 415