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ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS

Method · July 2019

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Mohammed Almulali Mayadah W. Falah

Al-Mustaqbal University College Al-Mustaqbal University College
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ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

By

Dr. Mohammed Zuhear Al-mulali

Ms. Mayadah Waheed Falah
STRESS DISTRIBUTION AT ULTIMATE LOADING
 General Analysis of Rectangular Beam
• To analyse any singly reinforced rectangular beam, the following steps
should be followed:
𝜋
1. Determine 𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑁 × ϕ2
4

𝐴𝑠
2. Determine 𝜌 𝜌=
𝑏𝑑

𝑓𝑐 ′ 600
3. Calculate 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85𝛽1 , where:
𝑓𝑦 600+𝑓𝑦

a) 𝛽1 = 0.85 if 𝑓𝑐 ′ ≤ 28𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐′ −28
b) 𝛽1 = 0.85 − × 0.05 if 𝑓𝑐 ′ > 28𝑀𝑃𝑎
7
c) 0.65 ≤ 𝛽1 ≤ 0.85
4. IF 𝝆 > 𝝆𝒃 then the section suffers from COMPRESSION
FAILURE (OVER REINFORCED SECTION). The nominal moment (Mn) is
determined as follows:

600 𝛽1 𝑑 𝜌𝑓𝑠 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
a) Solve 𝑓𝑠 = − 600……. (1), and a= = ……….(2).
𝑎 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′

A 2nd order equation is then established. Solve for 𝑓𝑠 and then substitute 𝑓𝑠
in (1) or (2) to find a.

𝑎
b) Determine 𝑀𝑢 ’ (𝑀𝑛 ) by using 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 − .
2
5. IF 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒃 , then the section is UNDER REINFORCED and the section fails by
TENSION then COMPRESSION. The nominal moment (𝑀𝑛 ) is determined as
follows:

𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑
a) Calculate a, where a =
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′

𝑎 𝒇𝒚
b) Determine 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 𝝆𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒚 (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 )
2 𝒇𝒄 ′

Example : Check page 15.

 METHODS OF DESIGN

for rectangular singly reinforced beams

 WORKING STRESS METHOD (WSM)
• The WORKING STRESS METHOD (WSM) is based on the cracked elastic stage.

• The load is taken as the service load (the load as it is, without factors of safety).
𝑊 = 𝑊𝐷 + 𝑊𝐿

• To determine the design using this method, the following steps should be followed:
1. Determine 𝑘, and this had two formulae according to the given information.
𝟏
 If 𝑓𝑠 and 𝑓𝑐 are given, then ….. 𝒌 = 𝒇
𝟏+ 𝒔
𝒏𝒇𝒄

 If the section’s dimensions are given as well as 𝐴𝑠 , then 𝒌 = 𝒏𝝆 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒏𝝆

− 𝒏𝝆
𝒌
2. Determine 𝒋 = 𝟏 − 𝟑
3. Determine the moments for concrete and steel, 𝑀𝑐 and 𝑀𝑠 respectively.
𝑓𝑐 𝑘𝑑 2 𝑏𝑗
 𝑀𝑐 =
2
 𝑀𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑
 𝑀𝑐 = 𝑀𝑠
 ULTIMATE STRENGTH METHOD (USM)
• This method depends on the failure stage where 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 and 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐 ′.
• The loads in this method are taken as ultimate loads (the loads are factored
for safety). According to ACI Code 9.2, the ultimate load is :
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝑊𝐷 + 1.6 𝑊𝐿
• To determine the ultimate moment capacity, the following steps should be
followed:
𝐴𝑠
1. Determine 𝜌, where 𝜌 =
𝑏𝑑
𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑
2. Determine a=
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑎 𝒇𝒚
3. Calculate 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − or 𝑀𝑛 = 𝝆𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒚 (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 )
2 𝒇𝒄 ′
4. Determine the design moment or ultimate moment capacity (𝑀𝑢 ),
Where:
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛
5. The reduction factor (∅) is determined by:
𝑎
 Calculate 𝑐, where 𝑐 =
𝛽1
𝑑 −𝑐
 Determine 𝜀𝑡 , where 𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑐 × 𝑡 , where 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003 and 𝑑𝑡 is the
𝑐
distance from top compression fibre to the last reinforcement layer.

 ∅ = 0.9 if 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 (𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑡 )
 ∅ = 0.483 + 83.3𝜀𝑡 for 0.002 ≤ 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 0.005 (𝜌 > 𝜌𝑡 )
 ∅ = 0.65 for 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 𝜀𝑦 = 0.002
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝜀𝑐
 𝜌𝑡 = 0.85𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐 +0.005
6. Check if 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , where:
1.4 𝑓𝑐 ′
 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ,
𝑓𝑦 4𝑓𝑦
𝑓′ 𝜀𝑐
 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝛽1 𝑓𝑐
𝑦 𝜀𝑐 +0.004

 Depending on the information given in the question and the requirements, the
procedure of the solution may vary.

 IF 𝑴𝒖 IS REQUIRED TO BE DETERMINED
1. Determine 𝛒, 𝛒𝐦𝐢𝐧 , 𝛒𝐦𝐚𝐱 and the condition of 𝛒𝐦𝐢𝐧 ≤ 𝛒 ≤ 𝛒𝐦𝐚𝐱 should stand.

2. Determine 𝝆𝒃 and compare it to 𝝆 to determine the type of failure.

3. Determine ∅

𝒇𝒚
4. Determine 𝑴𝒖 using the following formula 𝑴𝒖 = ∅𝝆𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒚 (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 𝒇 ′)
𝒄
 IF THE REQUIRED IS THE DIMENSIONS OF THE CROSS SECTION AND As
1. Assume 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
2. Compare 𝝆 to 𝝆𝒕 to determine the value of ∅.
3. Assume that d=2.5b, and then substitute this value in the 𝑴𝒖 formula.
Then calculate d then b.
4. Calculate 𝑨𝒔 by using 𝑨𝒔 = 𝝆𝒃𝒅.
5. Assume that the ϕ𝑏 = 25𝑚𝑚, then determine number of bars, where
𝑨
𝑵 = 𝒔 (the bars are taken to the nearest larger number).
𝑨𝒃
6. Assume that the bars are laid in one row, then determine 𝑺𝒄 ,
𝒃−𝟐×𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄.𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓−𝟐×𝝓𝒔𝒕. −𝑵×𝝓𝒃
𝑺𝒄 = ≥ ϕ𝒃 then it’s OK. If not, the bars are laid
𝑵−𝟏
in two layers.
7. Determine 𝒉, where:
𝝓𝒃
a) If the bars are laid in one row 𝒉 = 𝒅 + 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄. 𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 + 𝝓𝒔𝒕. +
𝟐
𝟐𝟓
b) If the bars are laid in two rows ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝝓𝒔𝒕. + ϕ𝒃 +
𝟐
 IF THE DIMENSIONS OF THE CROSS SECTION ARE GIVEN AND THE
REQUIRED IS As
1. Assume that ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗
2. From the formula of 𝑴𝒖 , calculate 𝝆 then check with 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 and 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙.
3. Determine 𝝆𝒕 then compare it to 𝝆 to see if the assumption of ∅ is correct.
4. Determine 𝑨𝒔 .
 If 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑡 → ∅ = 0.9 →determine h & d.
 If 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑡 , we increase 𝐴𝑠 then calculate 𝑀𝑢 . The new 𝑀𝑢 should be ≥
𝑀𝑢𝑒𝑥𝑡 .
 IF THE DIMENSION ARE UNKNOWN AND THE As IS KNOWN
1. Assume that ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗
2. Assume that d=2.5b
3. From 𝑴𝒖 , determine both b & d.
4. Determine 𝜌 then compare it to 𝜌𝑡
 If 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑡 → ∅ = 0.9
 If 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑡 , then the dimension are increased then 𝑴𝒖 is determined again
and it should be greater than 𝑀𝑢𝑒𝑥𝑡 .
CHECK THE EXAMPLES ON PAGE 8
 THANK YOU

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