PRINCIPLES OF

REINFORCED CONCRETE

ENGR. JICA JARAVATA DE LA CRUZ

DESIGN METHODS
• Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
• Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

• Alternate Strength Design (ASD)

• Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
• Working Stress Design (WSD)
REINFORCED CONCRETE
• BEAM
• Singly-Reinforced Concrete
• Doubly-Reinforced Concrete
• T-Beams (Monolithic Beams)
• SLAB
• One-way Slab
• Two-way Slab
• COLUMNS
• Uniaxial Bending
• Bi-axial Bending
LOAD COMBINATIONS
 REINFORCED CONCRETE
The materials used are concrete and steel. The
concrete utilizes the strength in compression and steel
utilizes the strength in both tension and compression.

MATERIAL WEIGHT
Generally, concrete weighs about 2400 kg/m3 or about
24KN/m3, noting that steel is heavier than concrete,
moreover that the steel is fractional to the overall area of
the beam then it is neglected
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
b

As = area of steel reinforcement

d
h h = beam height
As b = beam width
d = effective depth
 SECTION AT POSITIVE BENDING MOMENT

SECTION AT NEGATIVE BENDING MOMENT

Types of RCB Steel Ratio: 𝜌𝜌 =
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

UNDER BALANCED OVER

REINFORCED REINFORCED
 UNDER BALANCED OVER
REINFORCED REINFORCED
BALANCED STEEL RATIO
′
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 600
𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏 = 0.85 𝛽𝛽1
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 600+𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

′
𝛽𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ≤ 28𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

0.05 ′ ′
𝛽𝛽1 = 0.85 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 − 28 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 > 28𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
7
 UNDER BALANCED OVER
REINFORCED REINFORCED

𝜌𝜌 < 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏 𝜌𝜌 = 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏 𝜌𝜌 > 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏

 SINGLY-REINFORCED
CONCRETE (SRB)
b

d
h
As

Actual Stress Transformed

Diagram Stress Diagram
Internal Moment Couple
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑 − = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑 −
2 2
𝑇𝑇 = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐
′
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑎𝑎 = ′
0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
NOMINAL MOMENT
𝑎𝑎
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑 −
2
𝑎𝑎
= 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 −
2
𝑎𝑎
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑 −
2
′ 𝑎𝑎
= 0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑 −
2
ANALYSIS OF SRB
The code NSCP to make sure that an amount of
allowance; to cover uncertainties such as bar
placement, material strength, beam size should
always be available to avert failure. It requires that
less than 100% of Mn be used to resist external
bending load. This is accomplished by using a
reduction factor, ∅ (𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝)

∅𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

= 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
REDUCTION FACTOR

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0.005 This assumes that the member

∅ = 0.9 tension controlled

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 < 0.005 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 0.004 Transition Zone
∅ = 0.483 + 83.3𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 < 0.004

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
 EXAMPLE: Determine the maximum
moment of the beam could carry
305mm
fc’=28MPa
fy=275MPa

410mm
6-25mmø
60mm
70mm
 EXAMPLE: Determine the maximum
moment of the beam could carry
305mm
fc’=21MPa
fy=345MPa
Minimum concrete cover =40mm
550mm
5-28mmø
25mm
 EXAMPLE: Determine the maximum
moment of the beam could carry
305mm
fc’=21MPa
fy=345MPa
Minimum concrete cover =40mm
550mm
6-20mmø
25mm
ASSIGNMENT: Determine the
maximum moment of the beam could
carry
315mm
fc’=28MPa
fy=275MPa
Minimum concrete cover =45mm

450mm
8-28mmø
28mm