All Lectures

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Reinforced concrete structures (1)
Flexure in Beams
Dr/ Wael Kassem

Associate professor of Structural Engineering- College of Engineering 1
1
Agenda
4.1 Introduction
4.2 RC beam behavior
4.3 Compressive stress block
4.4 Failure Types and strain limits
4.5 Design of singly reinforced sections
2
4.1 Introduction
3
4
Failure Category
Ductile failure (desirable) Brittle failure (undesirable)
 small amount of steel / gradual  large amount of steel /sudden
 steel yields  Concrete crushing
 concrete crushes  without steel yielding

 large deflections  relatively small deflections and
cracks
 lots of cracks
5
• Constant concrete compressive stress – 85% of ultimate stress

• Rectangular stress block extends 𝛽𝛽1 times c; a= 𝛽𝛽1 c
• 𝛽𝛽1 depends on concrete strength
6
7
8
9
4.4 Failure Types
- Based on percentage of steel used:
1. Compression-controlled section:
 relatively large amount of steel
 Concrete may fail before the yield of steel
 The strain in the steel is equal to or less than 0.002.
10
4.4 Failure Types
2. Balanced section:
 Steel may reach its yield strength at the

same time as
 concrete reaches its ultimate strength
11
4.4 Failure Types
3. Tension-controlled section:
 relatively small amount of steel

 Steel may reach its yield strength before the
concrete reaches its maximum strength
 failure is due to the yielding of steel reaching
a high strain equal to or greater than 0.005.
12
4.5 Strain Limits
- Compression-controlled section
- Tension-controlled section
- Balanced section
Section condition Concrete strain Steel strain (fy=420 Mpa)
Compression controlled 0.003 𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 < 0.002
Tension controlled 0.003 𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0.005
Transition region 0.003 0.002 < 𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 < 0.005
Balanced strain 0.003 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠 = 0.002
13
Strength Reduction factor
14
Balanced , maximum and minimum steel percentage
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
Percentage of reinforcement = 𝜌𝜌 = (%)
𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑
Section condition 𝜌𝜌
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
0.25
Minimum Reinforcement ratio, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = max
𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1.4
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
Balanced Reinforcement ratio,
𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏 = 1.59𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
0.271 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ≤ 28𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Maximum Reinforcement ratio, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
0.391 𝛽𝛽1 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ > 28𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
15
4.7 Practical considerations in the design of beams
 Concrete Protection for Reinforcement
 adequate concrete protection against fire and corrosion
𝑑𝑑 = ℎ − 60 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 one-layer
𝑑𝑑 = ℎ − 85 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 two-layers
16
 Selection of Bars
mix bar sizes to meet steel area requirements more closely
bars should be of comparable diameter
limit diameter of bars in a single layer to two bar sizes (22-18 mm)
symmetrically about the vertical centerline
17
 Bar Spacing
18
4.7 Minimum depth
 meet the serviceability limit state

 provide sufficient stiffness to avoid excessive deflections caused by
loads
19
4.6 Analysis & Design of singly reinforced sections
Analysis of Design of singly

singly reinforced reinforced
sections sections
20
21
22
Exercises
Check the design adequacy of the section shown in Figure to resist a factored moment
Mu = 40 kN.m, using 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 28 MPa and fy= 420 Mpa.
23
Example
𝜋𝜋 × 162 603.2
𝐴𝐴bar = = 201.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 3 × 201.1 = 603.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝜌𝜌 = = 6.93 × 10−3 = 0.693%
4 200 × 435
From Table 1: @ 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ =28MPa; 𝛽𝛽1 = 0.85; 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =1.81%; 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =0.33%
𝜌𝜌 < 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚  ok ; 𝜌𝜌 > 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖  ok

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 603.2 ∗ 420 𝑎𝑎 53.22
𝑎𝑎 = = = 53.22 mm ; 𝑐𝑐 = = = 62.62 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑏 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 200 𝛽𝛽1 0.85
0.003(𝑑𝑑−𝑐𝑐) 0.003(435−62.62)
Check steel strains: 𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 = 𝑐𝑐
=
62.62
= 0.018 > 0.005 −→ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑎𝑎
𝜙𝜙𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 − = 0.9 ∗ 603.2 ∗ 420 ∗ 435 − 0.5 ∗ 53.22 = 93.12 ∗ 106 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 93.12 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
2
𝜙𝜙𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 > 40 kN − m → safe
24
Example
Check the adequacy of the beam show according to SBC 304 and determine
the maximum factored load 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 that can be supported by this beam. In your
checking and computation assume that 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 25 𝑀𝑀𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑀𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 and that
beam self-weight can be neglected.
25
Example
𝜋𝜋 × 202 942
𝐴𝐴bar = = 314 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 3 × 314 = 942 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝜌𝜌 = = 5.71 × 10−3 = 0.571%
4 300 × 550
From Table 1: @ 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ =25MPa; 𝛽𝛽1 = 0.85; 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =1.61%; 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =0.33%
𝜌𝜌 < 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚  ok ; 𝜌𝜌 > 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖  ok

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 942 ∗ 420 𝑎𝑎 62.1
𝑎𝑎 = = 62.1 mm ; 𝑐𝑐 = = = 73.01 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑏 0.85 ∗ 25 ∗ 300 𝛽𝛽1 0.85
0.003(𝑑𝑑−𝑐𝑐) 0.003(550−73.01)
Check steel strains: 𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 = 𝑐𝑐
=
73.01
= 0.019 > 0.005 −→ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑎𝑎
𝜙𝜙𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 − = 0.9 ∗ 942 ∗ 420 ∗ 550 − 0.5 ∗ 62.1 = 185.14 ∗ 106 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 185.14 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 4𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 4∗185.14

𝜙𝜙𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = → 𝑃𝑃 = = = 123.43 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
4 𝐿𝐿 6
26
Exercises
A beam with a 6 m simple span has cross-

sectional dimensions b = 300 mm, h =
500 mm. Design the beam using rebars of
22 mm diameter and placed on a single
layer. Material strengths are 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 30 MPa
and fy= 420 MPa. Assume a weight of 24
kN/m3 for reinforced concrete.
27
Example
Own Weight =γ bh =24 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 0.5 =36 kN / m d =h − 60 =500 − 60 =440 mm
D.L = 36 + 9 = 45 kN / m
Wu = 45 * 1.4 = 63 kN / m Pu = 1.6 ∗ 47 = 75.2 kN
wu l 2 Pul 63 * 62 75.2 * 6
Mu = + = + = 396.3 kN − m
8 4 8 4
Mu 396.3 * 106
Rn
= = = 7.58 MPa
φbd 2
0.9 * 300 * 440 2
from tabl
= e 1 : m 20.59;
= ρmax 1.55=%; ρmin 0.33 =%; Ru ,max 4.92 %;
R > Ru ,max the beam dimensions are too small
Mu 396.3 * 106
take d 0.54
= 0.54 = 620.6 mm
b 300
take h = 700 mm;d = 700 − 60 = 640 mm
28
Example
Mu 396.3 * 106
Rn
= = = 7.58 MPa
φbd 2
0.9 * 300 * 440 2
from table
= 1 : m 20.59;
= ρmax 1.55=%; ρmin 0.33
= %; Ru ,max 4.92 %;
R > Ru ,max the beam dimensions are too small
Mu 396.3 * 106
take d 0.54
= = 0.54 = 620.6 mm
b 300
take h = 700 mm;d = 700 − 60 = 640 mm
29
Take-home Exam
Design a beam with a 𝐿𝐿 = 6.5 𝑚𝑚 simple span has cross-sectional dimensions b = 250 mm.
It carries a uniform service live load of 36 kN/m in addition to its own weight. Material
strengths are 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 28 MPa and fy= 420 MPa. Assume a weight of 24 kN/m3 for reinforced
concrete. Use bars with 18 mm diameter.
30
Take-home Exam
Design a 4.5 m span cantilever beam with a rectangular section. The beam carries a
dead load, including its own weight, of 20 kN/m and a live load of 12 kN/m . Using
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 28 MPa and fy= 420 Mpa.
31
32
‫ﺷﻜﺮا ﻟﻜﻢ‬
Design of T- and L-Beams
Dr/ Wael Kassem

1
Agenda
▪T-Beams,
▪Analysis of T beams,
▪Design of T beams,
▪Design of L-shaped beams
2
Introduction
3
Introduction
4
T-Beams
▪ Floor systems with slabs and beams are placed in monolithic pour.
▪ Slab acts as a top flange to the beam; T-beams, and Inverted L(Spandrel)
Beams.
5
Effective Flange Width (T-beam)
6
Effective Flange Width (L-beam)
7
Example
▪ Calculate the effective flange

width for Beam 1 and Beam 2 in
the shown figure
8
Solution
▪ Beam 1 (T-Beam) 𝐿𝐿 = 5400 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 = 200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 140 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,
∁ − ∁ = 2100 − 100 + (2100 − 100) = 4000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐿 5400
= = 1350𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
4 4
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 + 16 ∗ 140 = 200 + 16 ∗ 140 = 2440 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 + 0.5 ∁ − ∁ = 200 + 2000 + 2000 = 4200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
▪ Beam 2 (L-Beam)
𝐿𝐿 5400
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 + = 200 + = 650𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
12 12
𝐿𝐿 = 5400 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 = 200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 140 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 + 6 ∗ 140 = 200 + 6 ∗ 140 = 1040 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∁ − ∁ = 2100 − 100 = 2000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 + 0.5 ∁ − ∁ = 200 + 2000 = 2200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

9
Strength Design of T-Beams
▪Neutral axis may or may not fall in the flange
▪If the neutral axis falls in the flange, the design procedure for bending is
identical to that for rectangular beams.
10
Strength Design of T-Beams
▪If the neutral axis does not fall in the flange, the compression area does not
consist of a single rectangle, and the rectangular beam design procedure does
not apply
11
Exercise #1
Compute the area of steel reinforcement for the interior beam on axis B-B
shown below. 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐` = 21 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 720 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚
12
Exercise #1
Solution:
From the Geometry of T-section:
bw 300= mm, d =600 - 60 540= mm, t 100 mm
 L 6000
 b≤ = = 1500mm
 4 4
b=least of  b ≤ bw +16t=300 + 16 * 100 =
1900mm
b ≤ Center to Center spacing between adjacent beams=1300 mm


13
Exercise #1
Solution:
assume:
= ; C ft 0.85φ=
a t= f 'cbt 0.85 * 0.9 * 21 * 1300 * 100 = 2.09 * 106 N
t 100
M u= φC (d − = ) 0.9 * 2.09 * 10 6
* (540 − )=* 10 −6
921 kN − m
, ft ft
2 2
M
= u
720 kN − m < M u ,ft ⇒ ⇒
The section will be designed as rectangular section with b = 1300 mm.
14
Exercise #1
Solution:
Mu 720 * 106
Rn = = 2.11MPa
φbd 2
0.9 * 1300(540) 2
m 23.53;
= ρmax 1.35% = ; ρmin 0.33%
= ; β 0.85
  2mR    
1 1  2 * 23.53 * 2.11 
ρ= 1− 1− n
 = 1 − 1 −   = 0.0054= 0.54%
m  f   23.53   420  
  y   
ρmax  ρ  ρmin ⇒ ⇒ safe
b d 0.0054 * 1300 * 540 = 3790.8 mm 2 ⇒ take 10 Φ 22 mm
As ρ=
=
15
Exercise #1
Check steel strain
Asfy
a=
0.85
Mu 720 * 106
Rn = = 2.11MPa
φbd 2
0.9 * 1300(540) 2
m 23.53;
= ρmax 1.35% = ; ρmin 0.33%
= ; β 0.85
  2mR    
1  1  2 * 23.53 * 2.11 
ρ 1− 1− n
= 1 − 1 −  =
  0.0054
= 0.54%
m  f   23.53   420  
  y    
b d 0.0054 * 1300 * =
As ρ=
= 540 3790.8 mm 2 ⇒ take 10 Φ 22 mm
16
Exercise #1
Solution:
Check steel strain:
π
( )
2
As −used 10
= * * 22 3801.33 mm 2
4
As fy 3801.33 * 420
a = = 68.8 mm
0.85 fc b 0.85 * 21 * 1300
'
a 68.8
c =
= = 80.94 mm
β 0.85
0.003(d − c ) 0.003(540 − 80.94)
εt = = 0.017 ≥ 0.005
c 80.94
Tension steel has yielded.
17
Exercise #2
Compute the area of steel reinforcement for the interior beam on axis B-B
shown below. 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐` = 21 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 930 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚
18
Exercise #1
Solution:
assume:
= ; C ft 0.85φ=
a t= f 'cbt 0.85 * 0.9 * 21 * 1300 *=
100 2.09 * 106 N
t 100
M u= φC (d − = ) 0.9 * 2.09 * 10 6
* (540 − ) * 10 −6
= 921 kN − m
, ft ft
2 2
M u = 930 kN − m > M u ,ft ⇒ ⇒
The section will be designed as T-section.
19
Exercise #1
Solution:
C f 0.85 fc′t b −=
= (
bw )
0.85 * 21 * 100 * (1300 − =
300) 1.785 * 106 N
C f 1.785 * 106
A= = = 4250 mm 2
sf
fy 420
t 100
M uf= φC f (d − = ) 0.9 * 1.785 * 10 * (540 −
6
) * 10 −6 =787.2 kN − m
2 2
M uw (web) = M u − M uf 930 − 782.2 = 142.82 kN − m
=
M uw (web) 142.82 * 106
Rnw = = = 1.814 MPa
φbwd 2
0.9 * 300 * (540)2
20
Exercise #1
Solution:
m 23.53;
= ρmax 1.35%
= ; ρmin 0.33%
= ; β 0.85
 
1  2mRn  1   2 * 23.53 * 1.814  
ρw = 1− 1−  = 1 − 1 −   = 0.0046= 0.46%
m  f   23.53   420  
  y   
Asw ρ= b
w w
d 0.0046 * 30 0 * 540 = 745 .2 mm 2
As = Asf + Asw = 4250 + 745.2 = 4995.2 mm 2 ⇒ take 11 Φ 25 mm

As 745.2
ρ=
= = 0.005
bwd 300 * 540
21
Exercise #1
Solution:
Check steel strain:
As −web = 754.2 mm 2
As fy 754.2 * 420
a=
= = 59.15 mm
0.85 fc bw 0.85 * 21 * 300
'
a 59.15
c =
= = 69.6 mm
β 0.85
0.003(d − c ) 0.003(540 − 69.6)
εt = = 0.02 ≥ 0.005
c 69.6
Tension steel has yielded.
22
23
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Dr/ Wael Kassem

1
Agenda
▪Compression Steel
▪Design of Doubly Reinforced Sections
2
Introduction
3
Introduction
4
Compression Steel
 Beams of normal proportions, compression steel is not normally required for
strength.
 If the size of the beam is restricted (architectural or functional requirements),
then compression steel may be required.
 If compression steel is used, additional tensile steel must be added if flexural
strength is to be increased. Adding compression steel only has little effect on
flexural design strength.
5
Compression Steel
 Adding compression steel increases the curvature the beam can develop
before failure.
 Addition of compression steel reduces long-term deflections.
 Compression steel can be used to support stirrups.
6
Compression Steel
7
Exercise#1
For a rectangular section subjected to a factored positive moment 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 ,
determine the required tension and compression reinforcement area for
the dimensions given as follows
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐` = 28 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 780 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚
b=300 mm
h=600 mm
d’=65 mm
Use 20 mm bars
8
Exercise #1
Solution:
From Table @ f 'c = 28 MPa
ρmin = 0.33%
ρmax = 1.81%
Ru ,max = 5.74 MPa
d = 600 − 60 = 540 mm
Calculate
= M u 1 = Ru ,max bd 2 5.74
= * 300 * 5402 * 10 −6 502.14 kN .m
1.81
As 1 ρ= b d * 300 * 540 = 2932.2 mm 2
max
100
9
Exercise #1
Solution:
M=u2
M u − M=
u1
780 − 502.14 = 277.86 kN .m
277.86 * 106
As 2 M
= u2
/ φ f(
y
d −)d ′ =
0.9 * 420 * (540 − 60)
1531.42 mm 2
Total As = As 1 + As 2 = 2932.2 + 1531.42 =

4463.62 mm 2
take 15T 20 mm
10
Exercise #1
Solution:
Check if compression steel yields:
As 1 fy 2932.2 * 420
a= = = 172.48 mm
0.85 fc b 0.85 * 28 * 300
'
a 172.48
c= = = 202.92 mm
β1 0.85
f =
′ (
600 c − d ' ) = 600 ( 202.92 − 65) = 407.81 MPa
s
c 202.92
As 2 fy 1531.42 * 420
fs′ ≤ fy As =
′
= = 1577.2 mm 2
fs′ 407.81
Take 6T 20 mm
11
12
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Dr/ Wael Kassem

1
Introduction
 Forces that act perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
 Shear failure is characterized by small deflections and lack of ductility, giving little
or no warning before failure.
Flexural shear cracks oriented at angle of approximately 45 degrees to the

longitudinal beam axis
The presence of stirrups does not materially effect the onset of shear cracking
Stirrups resist shear only after cracks have occurred

2
Required Web Reinforcement
▪Required for all flexural members except:
oFootings and solid slabs
oShallow beams with ℎ not larger than 250 mm
oCertain hollow core units
•Beams built integrally with slabs and ℎ < 600 mm and ℎ > the
larger of :
o2.5 times the flange thickness
oone-half the web width
3
Stirrups
▪Diagonally inclined stirrups more efficient than vertical stirrups
▪Not practical
▪Bent-up flexural bars can be used instead
▪Stirrups crossing a crack are assumed to have yielded.
▪The purpose of stirrups is to minimize the size of diagonal
tension cracks.
4
Benefits of Stirrups
▪Contribute to member shear strength
▪Provide lateral support for longitudinal reinforcement subjected

to compression stresses
▪Act as hanger reinforcement in beams and joists
▪Contribute to member torsion strength
▪Provide confinement to the concrete in seismic zones
5
Stirrups size and shape
6
Design for Shear
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 =𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛 = 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 +𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝜙𝜙=0.75 for shear design
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 and 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 is the shear strength provided by concrete and Shear reinforcement
1 1 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐` 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = `
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 17𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 ≤ 0.3 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐` 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑
6 6 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
conservative but easy to use
Less conservative but “difficult” to use
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃+𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
Stirrups bent-up bars:

7
Shear design strategy:
1
 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 should be estimated at a distance 𝑑𝑑 from column face  𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ (𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑)
6
 Minimum stirrups diameter = 10 mm  𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 =

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢
− 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐
𝜙𝜙
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 3𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐
𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 5𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐  𝜙𝜙 = 0.75
0.5𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐
Minimum stirrups stirrups required at Closely spaced stirrups

required spacing 𝑆𝑆 required at spacing 𝑆𝑆
0.062 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑠𝑠

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 =
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑
No stirrups are 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
required Cross section is too
small (not permitted)
𝑑𝑑� 𝑑𝑑�
𝑑𝑑 2 4
𝑆𝑆 ≤ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. � 2 600 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑆 ≤ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑆 ≤ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
600 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
0.35 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 0.35 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤
1 1
𝜙𝜙 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ (𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑) 1
𝜙𝜙 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ (𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑) 𝜙𝜙 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ (𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑) 5
𝜙𝜙 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ (𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑)
12 6 2 6
8
Shear Design
Examples
9
Example #1
Determine the minimum cross section required for a rectangular beam so that no shear
reinforcement is required. Use concrete strength of 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 28 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 and the applied shear
force of 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 85 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘.
Solution
Shear strength provided by concrete is determined by the equation
1 `
1
𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = ∗ 𝜙𝜙 ∗ 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 = ∗ 0.75 ∗ 28 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 = 0.66 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑
6 6
The code requires that a minimum area of shear reinforcement is to be provided if 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 . exceeds
1
𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐
2
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ 85 ∗ 103 ≤ 0.5 ∗ 0.66 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 ≥ 252,225.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 = 300 𝑥𝑥 840 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 = 400 𝑥𝑥 630 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 = 500 𝑥𝑥 505 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
10
Example #2
A simply supported beam shown below is used to support a uniformly distributed

service dead load of 20.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚 ,not including its own weight, and a uniformly
distributed service live load of 22 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚.Design vertical stirrups for this beam
using concrete strength of 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 and the yield strength of the stirrups is
420 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀.
wu kN/m'
0.35
0.495
11
Solution
Step 1-Determine factored load 𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 0.35
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 24 ∗ 0.35 ∗ 0.56 = 4.7 kN/m
0.495
𝐷𝐷 = 4.7 + 20.4 = 25.1 kN/m

𝐿𝐿 = 22 kN/m
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 = 1.2 ∗ 25.1 + 1.6 ∗ 22 = 65.3 kN/m
Step 2-Determine shear force, 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 , at critical section (@ d from column face)
6.1
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 65.3 ∗ − 65.3 ∗ 0.495 = 166.8 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2
12 R=wu*L/2
Step 3-Determine the strength of concrete ,𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐
1 1
𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = ∗ 𝜙𝜙 ∗ 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐` 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 = ∗ 0.75 ∗ 21 350 ∗ 495 ∗ 10−3 = 99.24 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
6 6
0.5 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 49.62 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 166.8 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
3 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 297.72 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
5 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 496.20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
49.62 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 99.24 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 297.72 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 496.20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
13
Step 4- Code checks
∵ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 > 0.5𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ∴ shear reinforcement is required
∵ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 < 5𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ∴ cross − section is large enough

∵ 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉 < 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 < 3𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ∴ stirrups is required at spacing 𝑆𝑆
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 166.8 99.24

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = − = 90.1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜙𝜙 0.75 0.75
Step 5- Stirrups design

∴ Minimum stirrups diameter = 10 mm
𝜋𝜋
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = ∗ 102 ∗ 2 no of legs = 157.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆 90.1 ∗ 103 ∗ 𝑆𝑆

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = 157.1 =
14 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 420 ∗ 495 𝑆𝑆 = 362.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Solution
Step 5- Stirrups design
495� = 247.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑� 2
2 600 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∴ take S = 247.5 mm
600 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑆 ≤ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
𝑆𝑆 ≤ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. 157 ∗ 420
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 538.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

0.35 ∗ 350
0.35 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤
if we take 5φ10𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 ∴ S = 200 mm

𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝟓𝟓φ𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏/𝒎𝒎
Check minimum stirrups area:
0.062 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑠𝑠

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
0.062 21 ∗350∗200
= 47.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣−𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 >= 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (OK)
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 420
15
16
Axially loaded short columns
Dr/ Wael Kassem

1
Introduction
 Vertical compression members to support the load-carrying beams.
 Transmit loads from the upper floors to lower levels and, then to the soil
through the foundations.
 Failure of one column in a critical location can cause the progressive collapse
of the adjoining floors and the ultimate total collapse of the entire structure.
 Column failure is of major significance in terms of economic as well as

human loss.
2
Types of columns
Cross-section shape length Materials Loading column ties frame bracing
Axially
Square Short Reinforced Tied columns Braced
loaded
Eccentrically
Rectangular Long Prestressed Spiral columns Unbraced
loaded
Round Composite Biaxially loaded
L-shaped
Octagonal
Others
3
Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns
 Tied column failure = concrete crushing and shearing outward+ rebars fail by
buckling outward between ties+ sudden failure.
 Spiral column failure = undergoes a marked yielding, followed by considerable

deformation before complete failure
4
Uniaxial Loading
5
Uniaxial Loading
6
Design of short columns
 for tied columns

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 𝜙𝜙 0.8 0.85 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ (𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 −𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) + 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝜙𝜙 = 0.65
500𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. = ↠ 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
221𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ − 221𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ + 260𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
500 ∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 −221𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. =
260𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 221𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
7
 for spiral columns
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 𝜙𝜙 0.85 0.85 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ (𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 −𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) + 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝜙𝜙 = 0.75
1600𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. = ↠ 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
1020𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 867(𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔 − 1)𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
1600𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 − 867𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

8
Longitudinal reinforcement
9
Ties (stirrups)
Stirrups Tied Columns
 𝜙𝜙𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 if 𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
≤ 32 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Diameter
 𝜙𝜙𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 13 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 if 𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
> 32 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
48 𝜙𝜙𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Spacing (s) 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 16 𝜙𝜙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏 (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ)
10
Design of tied and spiral short columns
Ties arrangements
Distance between vertical bars
less than 150 mm No additional ties are required

greater than 150 mm additional ties are required
Ties should be arranged so that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar should have lateral
support provided by the comer of a tie or a cross tie
No additional ties are req.
additional ties are req.

11
Ties arrangements
12
Spirals arrangements
𝒂𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝝅𝝅𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 /𝟒𝟒
75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≥ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃ℎ (S) ≥ 25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

13
Spirals arrangements
Stirrups Spiral columns
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

4 𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐ℎ − 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠

𝑆𝑆 =
2 𝑓𝑓 ′
𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
0.45 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐ℎ −1
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐ℎ
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃ℎ (𝑠𝑠)
75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≥ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃ℎ ≥ 25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
14
Column Design
Examples
15
Example#1
500𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 500∗2600∗103
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. = = = 164.886 ∗ 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
221𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ −221𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ +260𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 221∗28−221∗0.02∗28+260∗0.02∗350
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. = 164.886 ∗ 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. = 𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎 = 164.886 ∗ 103 = 406.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
16
Example#1
500 ∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 −221𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

500 ∗ 2600 ∗ 103 − 221 ∗ 28 ∗ 160000

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. = = 3654.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
260 ∗ 350 − 221 ∗ 28
17
18
Example#1
19
Example#1
Example#2
1600𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 1600∗3536∗103
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. = = = 168.13 ∗ 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
1020𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 −867(𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔 −1)𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 1020∗0.02∗400−867∗ 0.02−1 ∗30
3 2 𝜋𝜋
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. = 168.13 ∗ 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐷𝐷 2 ; 𝐷𝐷 = 462.68 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
4
20
Example#2
1600𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 − 867𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔−𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 1600 ∗ 3536 ∗ 103 − 867 ∗ 30 ∗ 159043.13
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠−𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. = ′ = = 3981.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
1020𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 867𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 1020 ∗ 400 − 867 ∗ 30
4 𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐ℎ − 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠

𝑆𝑆 =
2 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
′ 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
0.45 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐ℎ − 1
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
21
Example#2
4 ∗ 78.54 370 − 10
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆 = 51.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
30 159043.1
0.45 370 2 −1
400 107521
take 𝑆𝑆 = 50 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
22
23
Loads on Beams
Dr/ Wael Kassem

1
Introduction
Loads from Slab 

Beams  Columns
Foundations Soil
2
Introduction
Introduction
3
Load Distribution Pattern for Slabs
4
5
6
Load on Beams
7
Load on Beams
8
Load on Beams
9
Load on Beams
10
Example
The Figure below shows a plan and a sectional elevation of a reinforced concrete
building. It is required to calculate the loads acting on the simple beam Bl. Live
Load = 2.0 kN/m2, Flooring =1.5 kN/m2 and own weight of brick wall= 4.5 kN/m2.
Assume slabs thickness = 150 mm.
11
Example
12
Example
 Loads distribution on slabs
B2
13
Example
 Loads on Beam B1:
 Beam own weight
𝑏𝑏 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ = 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ = 200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑙 7000
ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑ℎ = = = 437.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
16 16
w1
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ℎ = (600 − 700) 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚; 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ℎ = 700 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑊1 = 25 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 0.70 − 0.15 = 2.75 kN/m
 Wall Loads w2
𝑊𝑊2 = 4.5 ∗ 2.8 = 12.6 kN/m
14
Example
 Loads from slab from left
𝐷𝐷. 𝐿𝐿. = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑡𝑡 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐷𝐷. 𝐿𝐿. = 25 ∗ 0.15 + 1.5 = 5.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2
𝐿𝐿. 𝐿𝐿. = 2.0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2
15
Example
 Loads from slab from right
𝐷𝐷. 𝐿𝐿. = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑡𝑡 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐷𝐷. 𝐿𝐿. = 25 ∗ 0.15 + 1.5 = 5.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2
16
Example
 Total loads on the beam B1
 Dead Loads
2.75 kN/m 12.6 kN/m
+ + +
 Live Loads
17
Example
 Loads on Beam B2
 Beams own weight 2.75 kN/m
𝑊𝑊1 = 25 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 0.70 − 0.15 = 2.75 kN/m
 Wall Loads 12.6 kN/m
𝑊𝑊2 = 4.5 ∗ 2.8 = 12.6 kN/m
18
Example
5.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/m
 Loads on slabs 5.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/m
𝐷𝐷. 𝐿𝐿. = 25 ∗ 0.15 + 1.5 = 5.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2
19
Example
 Total loads on the beam B2
 Dead Loads
+ + +
 Live Loads
+
20
Example
 It is required to calculate the reaction from the support of B2 and use it as a concentrated load
on beam B1
21
22
Bond, Development Length and Splices
Dr/ Wael Kassem

1
Bar Cutoff / Bending
 Reinforcement is sized for
maximum moment
 At points where moment is

smaller, bars may be cut off or
bent to the opposite face
 Flexural design capacity varies

roughly with reinforcement area
2
Example
 Determine the theoretical points at each end of the beam where two bars
can be cut off and then determine where two additional bars can be cut off.
Use a concrete compressive strength of 21 MPa and a steel yield stress of
420 MPa.
3
Exercise #1
Solution:
When the beam has 4 bars (cut 2 bars):
π
( )
2
As −used = 4 * * 28 = 2463.0 mm 2
4
As fy 2463.0 * 420
a= = = 128.78 mm
0.85 fc b 0.85 * 21 * 450
'
φ M n = φ As fy (d − a / 2) = 0.9 * 2463.0 * 420 * (675 − 0.5 * 128.78) = 568.5 kN .m
4
Exercise #1
Solution:
When the beam has 2 bars (cut 4 bars):
π
( )
2
As −used = 2 * * 28 = 1231.5 mm 2
4
As fy 1231.5 * 420
a= = = 64.4 mm
0.85 fc b 0.85 * 21 * 450
'
φ M n = φ As fy (d − a / 2) = 0.9 * 1231.5 * 420 * (675 − 0.5 * 64.4) = 299.2 kN .m
5
When the beam has 4 bars
9.1 x2
568.5 = 80 x − 80
2 2
−40x 2 + 364x − 568.5 = 0
x = 2.1 m and x = 7.0 m
6
When the beam has 4 bars
9.1 x2
299.2 = 80 x − 80
2 2
−40x 2 + 364x − 299.2 = 0
x = 0.91 m and x = 8.2 m
7
Bond Stress
Design assumes perfect bond between concrete and steel.
The tendency of the steel to move independently of the concrete produce bond stress.
Bond stress varies as moment varies .
Bond stress is affected by development of tensile cracks.
At a point where a tensile cracks crosses a reinforcing bar, all the tensile force is
carried by the reinforcement.
8
Bond Stress
Reinforcement / concrete bond is due to chemical adhesion, friction and bearing of
reinforcement ribs on the concrete
Adhesion and friction are relatively small effects compared to rib bearing
Poisson ratio effect reduces adhesion and friction
9
Tension Development Length
10
Bar tension force must be transferred from the bar to the concrete through bond stress
The distance over which this transfer takes place is called development length
Development length is the minimum embedment of a bar in concrete necessary to
develop the yield stress in the bar, plus some additional distance to insure toughness
11
12
13
14
Hooks
 Hooks can be used to reduce tensile development – hooks ineffective
for compression development length
15
Compression Development Length
 Compression Development Length: Less length is required to develop a bar in
compression
16
Critical Section for Development
 Point of maximum moment
 Points where bars are cut or bent
 Bars must be extended a distance d or 12db, whichever is larger, past the theoretical cut-
off point
 Remaining bars must extend at least the development length past the cut bars, before
they themselves can be cut
17
Bar Splices in Flexural Members
 Reinforcing bars are obtained in lengths up to 12 m
 Working with shorter bars is more convenient
 Lap splices – common for 32 mm bars and smaller
 Welded and mechanical splices
 Locate away from point of maximum stress, Stagger splices
 Length of splice longer for bundled bars – same increase as development length
 Splice bars in the bundle at different locations
18
Lap Splices
 Inexpensive  Congestion
 Wire bars together  Laps for large bars are very long
 Stress transfer creates local cracks
 Bond stress and development
length are relevant to splice length
19
Welded Splices
 Expensive  Uses a metal sleeve
 May be brittle  Filled with metallic grout
 Weld must develop 125% of bar  Tend to experience initial slippage, resulting in
yield stress cracking
 Must have special inspection
20
Mechanical Splices
 Uses a metal sleeve
 Filled with metallic grout
 Tend to experience initial slippage,
resulting in cracking
21
22

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Reinforced concrete structures (1)

Dr/ Wael Kassem

 concrete crushes  without steel yielding

• Constant concrete compressive stress – 85% of ultimate stress

 relatively large amount of steel

 Concrete may fail before the yield of steel

 The strain in the steel is equal to or less than 0.002.

 Steel may reach its yield strength at the

 concrete reaches its ultimate strength

 relatively small amount of steel

Section condition Concrete strain Steel strain (fy=420 Mpa)

Compression controlled 0.003 𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 < 0.002

Tension controlled 0.003 𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0.005

Transition region 0.003 0.002 < 𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡 < 0.005

Balanced strain 0.003 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠 = 0.002

 adequate concrete protection against fire and corrosion

 meet the serviceability limit state

Analysis of Design of singly

𝜌𝜌 < 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚  ok ; 𝜌𝜌 > 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖  ok

𝜌𝜌 < 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚  ok ; 𝜌𝜌 > 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖  ok

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 4𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 4∗185.14

A beam with a 6 m simple span has cross-

Reinforced concrete structures (1)

Design of T- and L-Beams

Dr/ Wael Kassem

▪ Calculate the effective flange

𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 + 0.5 ∁ − ∁ = 200 + 2000 + 2000 = 4200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 + 0.5 ∁ − ∁ = 200 + 2000 = 2200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

As = Asf + Asw = 4250 + 745.2 = 4995.2 mm 2 ⇒ take 11 Φ 25 mm

Reinforced concrete structures (1)

Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams

Dr/ Wael Kassem

Total As = As 1 + As 2 = 2932.2 + 1531.42 =

Reinforced concrete structures (1)

Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams

Dr/ Wael Kassem

Flexural shear cracks oriented at angle of approximately 45 degrees to the

Stirrups resist shear only after cracks have occurred

▪Provide lateral support for longitudinal reinforcement subjected

▪Act as hanger reinforcement in beams and joists

▪Contribute to member torsion strength

▪Provide confinement to the concrete in seismic zones

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃+𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

Stirrups bent-up bars:

 Minimum stirrups diameter = 10 mm  𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 =

Minimum stirrups stirrups required at Closely spaced stirrups

0.062 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑠𝑠

𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 = 300 𝑥𝑥 840 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

A simply supported beam shown below is used to support a uniformly distributed

𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 24 ∗ 0.35 ∗ 0.56 = 4.7 kN/m

𝐷𝐷 = 4.7 + 20.4 = 25.1 kN/m

0.5 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 49.62 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

∵ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 > 0.5𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ∴ shear reinforcement is required

∵ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 < 5𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ∴ cross − section is large enough

∵ 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉 < 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 < 3𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ∴ stirrups is required at spacing 𝑆𝑆

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 166.8 99.24

Step 5- Stirrups design

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆 90.1 ∗ 103 ∗ 𝑆𝑆

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 538.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

if we take 5φ10𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 ∴ S = 200 mm

Check minimum stirrups area: