Structural Analysis

ASD Format
Procesos de manufactura

Facultad de Ingeniera Mecnica

Diseo I
UNIVERSIDAD SANTO TOMS
Design Formats
LRFD : Load and Resistance Factor Design

Ecuacin bsica de diseo

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Design Formats
ASD : Allowable Stress Design

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Design for strength using ASD
Design shall be performed in accordance with:

Taken from: AISC structural code 360-10

Types of Loads
Dead loads: those loads of constant magnitude that remain in
one position. They include the weight of the structure under
consideration, as well as any fixtures that are permanently
attached to it.
Live loads: those loads that can change in magnitude and
position. They include occupancy loads, warehouse materials,
construction loads, overhead service cranes, and equipment
operating loads. In general, live loads are caused by gravity.
Environmental loads: those loads caused by the environment
in which the structure is located. For buildings, the
environmental loads are caused by rain, snow, ice, wind,
temperature, and earthquakes. Strictly speaking, these are
also live loads, but they are the result of the environment in
which the structure is located.
Combining nominal loads using ASD
Basic load combination

Symbol and notation

Taken from: SEI/ASCE 7-02

Applicable ASTM Specifications for Various Structural Shapes
Applicable ASTM Specifications for Various Structural Shapes
Applicable ASTM Specifications for Various Structural Shapes
Steel Sections
Design of members for tension
Types of tension members

*the dotted lines represent the intermittent tie plates or bars used to connect the shapes
Design of members for tension

Slenderness limitations.
There is no maximum slenderness limit for
members in tension.
Note: For members designed on the basis on
tension, the slenderness ratio L/r preferably
should not exceed 300. this suggestion does not
apply to rods or hanger in tension.

Taken from: AISC structural code 360-10

Design of members for tension
Tensile Strength.
a. For tensile yielding in the gross section:

b. For tensile rupture in the net section:

Design of members for tension
Types of Areas
Design of members for tension

Effective Net Area.

Where U, the shear lag factor, is determinate as

shown in the table D3.1 (according to the code).

The gross area, Ag, and net area, An, of tension

members shall be determined in accordance
with the provisions of section B4.3
Design of members for tension
Design of members for tension
Design of members for tension
Types of Areas Bolt Holes
Design of members for tension
Types of Areas

L_ABCD = AE - #bolt(de) + #inclined(s2/4g)

A_ABCD=L_ABCD t

s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive holes, in. (mm).
g = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between fastener gage lines, in.(mm)
Design of members for tension
Example
Determine the critical net area of the 1/2-in-thick plate shown in
Fig. 3.5, using the AISC Specification (Section B4.3b).The holes
are punched for 3/4-in bolts.
Pin-connected members

Tensile Strength
a. For tensile rupture on the effective area:

b. For shear rupture on the effective area:

Pin-connected members
For tensile rupture on the effective area For shear rupture on the effective area
Tension Members

Example Problem:

Given a x 10 (thickness and width) plate that is 5 ft long and has standard
holes for at each end for attachment to other structural members. The
figure shows a face view of the plate. The service level loads that the member
will be subject to are 140 kips of dead load and 30 kips of live load.
Tension Members

Example Problem:

Given a x 10 (thickness and width) plate that is 5 ft long and has standard holes for
at each end for attachment to other structural members. The figure shows a face
view of the plate. The service level loads that the member will be subject to are 140
kips of dead load and 30 kips of live load. Prove if the plate and bolted joint can
support the tension loads proposed, according to the AISC structural code 360-10.

Solution:
The problem solution is pursued in the following steps:
1. Determine the demand of the member
2. Check size based on the slenderness limit state
3. Determine if the plate and bolted joint can support the tension loads based on:
Tensile yield limit state
Tensile rupture limit state
Block shear limit state
Bolt bearing limit state
 Tension Members
Section J4.3
Determine the demand (required strength) on the member

A firs step is to determine the load demand of the member. Pa represent the design axial tension
loads for the ASD design philosophy. These values will be used for all the limit state calculations.

The controlling ASCE 7 load case for computing Pa is ASD-LC2

= + = 140 + 30 = 170

Slenderness limit state (L/r)

The member is 5 ft long and the least value of r is computed as:

(10")(0,75)3 12
= = = 0,217
(10")(0,75")

(5)(12/)
= = 277
0,217

277 < 300 the limit state is satisfied

Tension Members
Section J4.3
Tensile yield limit state

Consider ASD requirements, we need to find Fy and Ag

= 10")(0.75" = 7.5 2

= 36

= . = 36103 7.5 2

= 270
Tension Members
Section J4.3
Tensile yield limit state

270
170 = 161,67
1,67

170
= = 1,05152
161,67
The design is not good. In this case there is not enough tensile yield capacity to support the
anticipated tensile loads using ASD format.

For ASD format, the limited stated of tensile yielding is not satisfied and another member
should be chosen to take its place. However, we can see that our selection is fairly close to
being sufficient, it is only 5% over capacity.
Tension Members
Section J4.3
Tensile Rupture Limit State =
The tensile rupture occurs at the end connection of the members.
The arrangements of the holes are mirrored on each end. Consequently we only need to
consider one end.
The fist stage of these step is to determine the effective net area An for each failure paths
identified

Tensile rupture failure paths Tensile rupture failure sections

Tension Members
Tensile Rupture Limit State =

Path 2
2 = ( + ) Section B4.3

2 = ( ( + 18 ") )
2 = 6,19 2

Path 3 Tensile rupture failure sections

3 = ( + )
2 2
3 = ( ( + 18 ") ) + 4 + 4
1 2
3 = 6, 66 2
= 7,5 2 ; = 34 ; = 34 ; = 3 ; = 3

The controlling net area is An2 as it has smaller value. This

means that, if tensile rupture were to actually occur, the path
2 is that it would take.
Tension Members
Tensile Rupture Limit State =

In this problem we have only one cross sectional element (one plate element in the cross
section) and it is attached to the bolts, so the problem falls under the requirements of
case 1 in SCM table D3.1. leading us to U = 1.0, and Fu = 58 ksi
According to SCM D3:
= = 6,19 2

= 359

359
170 = 179,5
2,0
170
= = 0,947 1,0
179,5

In this case, there is sufficient tensile rupture capacity to support the anticipated loads.
Tension Members

Block Shear Rupture Limit State

Section J4.3
Block shear rupture on failure path n 1

Shear section
=
= ( ) + 18

= 15.75 2 2 3,5 0,75" + 18 0,75"

Block shear failure paths
= 11,16 2
= tension section
= 2 (10.5 )(0.75 ) = + 18

= 1 6 1 0,75" + 18 0,75"
= 15.75 2
= 3,84 2
Calculating Rn with these values:

= 611,2 = , Take the less value

Tension Members

Block Shear Rupture Limit State

Section J4.3
Block shear rupture on failure path n 2

Shear section
=
= ( ) + 18

= 7,875 2 1 3,5 0,75" + 18 0,75"

Block shear failure paths
= 5,58 2
= tension section
= 1 (10.5 )(0.75 ) = + 18

= 1 8 1,5 0,75" + 18 0,75"

= 7,875 2
= 5,02 2
Calculating Rn with these values:

= 339,6 = , Take the less value

Tension Members
Section J4.3
Block Shear Rupture Limit State

315,6
170 = 157,8
2,0
170
= = 1,077 1,0
157,8

In this case, there is not sufficient block shear rupture capacity to support the
anticipated loads.
 Tension Members
Block Bearing Limit State Section J3.10

In this problem, we assume that deformation at the bolt holes is not a design consideration.
This lead us to using Equation J3-6b
The bearing deformation capacity is:
+ 18
= 1,5" 2
0,75" + 18 = 3,0(0,75")(0,75")(58 )
= 1,5" 2
= 97,9
= 1,0625

These lead to a tear out strength of:
= 1,5(1,0625")(0,75")(58 )
= 69,3
From these results, we can see that the tear out
capacity controls the limit state. The capacity of the
member, then, is the capacity/bolt times the number
of bolts connection (11 in this case)
= 763
Tension Members
Block Bearing Limit State Section J3.10

763 /
170 = 381
2,0
170
= = 0,466 < 1,0
381

In this case, there is sufficient bolt bearing capacity to support the anticipated loads.
 References

Norton, R.L. Machine Design: an integrated approach.

3rd ed, 2006.

Budynas and Nisbett. Shigleys Mechanical

Engineering Design. 8th ed, 2006.

Urugal, A.C. Mechanical Design. 2004.

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any questions?

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