TENSION 1

MEMBERS

Reference: Engr. I.R Bonzon

 2

ANALYSIS OF
TENSION
MEMBERS
Tension Members
• structuralmemberssubjectedtoaxialtensileforce;

3
Tension Members
• structuralmemberssubjectedtoaxialtensileforce;
 trussmembers

4
Tension Members
• structuralmemberssubjectedtoaxialtensileforce
 trussmembers
 cablesinsuspensionbridges

5
Tension Members
• structuralmemberssubjectedtoaxialtensileforce

 trussmembers
 cablesinsuspensionbridges
 bracingforbuildings

6
Tensile Stress

T
ft = – stress capacity
A

Pt = F tA – tensile capacity 7
 NSCP 2001 - 504.2 TENSILE STRENGTH

ALLOWABLE STRESS
a. On the gross section
Ft = 0.60 Fy
b. On the effective net area
Ft = 0.50 Fu
c. For pin-connected members
Ft = 0.45 Fy
 NSCP 2015 - 504.2 TENSILE STRENGTH
The design tensile strength, ΦtPN, and the allowable tensile strength, Pn/Ωt,of tension
members shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of tensile
yielding in the gross section and tensile rupture in the net section.
9
a. For tensile yielding in the gross section
Pn = Fy Ag
Φt =0.90 (LRFD) Ωt =1.67 (ASD)

b. For tensile rupture in the net section

Pn = Fu Ae
Φt =0.75 (LRFD) Ωt =2.00 (ASD)
Where
Ae = effective net area, in.2 (mm2)
Ag = gross area of member, in.2 (mm2)
Fy = specified minimum yield stress, ksi (MPa)
Fu = specified minimum tensile stress, ksi (MPa)
Gross Area
• gross area of a member at any point shall be determined by summing
products of thickness and gross width of each element as measured
normaltoaxisofmember
At = Σwiti

• for angles, the gross width shall be the sum of widths of the legs less
thickness
A = a+b–t

10
Net Area

• presence of a hole obviously increases unit stress in a tension member even if hole is occupied by a
rivetorabolt
dh = dn +2.0mm

• incaseofachainof holesextendingacrossapartinanydiagonalorzigzagline, net widthofpartshall

be obtained by deducting from gross width sum of diameters of all holes inthe chain and adding, for
eachgagespace,thequantity;
s2
c =
4g
Where
g = transversecenter-to-centerspacing(gage) betweenfastenergage lines, in. (mm)
s = longitudinalcenter-to-centerspacing(pitch) of anytwo consecutiveholes, in. (mm) 11
12
Net Area
• for angles, gage for bolts in opposite adjacent legs shall be sum of gages
frombackofanglesless thickness;

• critical net area of part is obtained from that chain which gives the least
13
netwidth;
Effective Net Area
• when a member other than a flat plate or bar is loaded in axial tension
until failure, its actual tensile failure stress will probably be less than the
tensilestrengthofsteel

 reasonisconcentrationofstress,calledshearlag

 shear lag describes behavior at an end connection of a tension

member where some but not all of cross-sectional elements are
connected

 flow of tensile stress between the full member cross-section and the
connectedcross-sectionisnot100%effective

14
Effective Net Area
• when load is transmitted directly to each of the cross-sectional elements
byconnectors,effectivenetareacanbecomputedby;

Ae = An

• when load is transmitted by bolts or rivets through some but not all of
thecross-sectionalelementsofmembers,effectivenetareashallbe;

Ae = UAn

15
Effective Net Area
• when load istransmittedby welds through some but not all of the cross-
sectionalelementsofmembers,effectivenetareashallbe;

Ae = UAg

• effective net area shall be taken as actual net area, except that, for
purpose of design calculations, it shall not be taken as greater than 85%
ofgross area

Ae = An ≤ 0.85Ag

16
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NSCP 2001 504.3.1 Shear Lag Factors for Connections to Tension Members
Typical Values of U
Situation U
for W, M, and S-shapes with flange width not less than
two-thirdsofthedepthandstructuralteescutfromthese
shapes, provided the connection is to the flanges and has 0.90
no fewer than 3 fasteners per line in the direction of
stress
for W, M, and S-shapes not meeting the conditions above,
structural tees cut from these shapes and all other
shapes, including built-up shapes, provided the 0.85
connection has not less than 3 fasteners per line in the
directionofstress
18
all members whose connections have only 2 fasteners
0.75
perlineinthedirectionofstress
19
Gross Area

20
Effective Net Area

21
Example 1:
A 130 mm x 12 mm plate is used for tension member. It is connected to a
gusset plate with 4-16 mm diameter bolt as shown. Assume Ae = An. Fy = 248
MPa and Fu = 345 MPa. Using NSCP 2015 provisions,
a) Determine the gross area.
Solution:
b) Determine the net area.
𝐴g=130(12)
𝑨g=𝟏,𝟓𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎2

Bolt diameter = 16 mm
Nominal hole dimension = 18 mm

Note: dh=dn+2 mm

An=[130−2(18+2)](12)
𝐀n=𝟏,𝟎𝟖𝟎 𝐦𝐦2=Ae
22

0.85Ag=0.85(130)(12)=1,326 mm2 Ae<0.85Ag ; ∴Ok

Example 2:
Compute the critical net area of the riveted connection shown if the thickness of the
plate is 12 mm. Diameter of rivets = 20 mm.
Solution:
Nominal hole diameter for 20 mm rivets = 22 mm (Refer to Table
510.3.3)
dh= dn + 2 mm = 22 + 2
dh= 24 mm

Considering route ABCD: (2 holes only)

(50)2
Net width = 300−2(24)+
(4)(175)
Net width = 255.5714 mm

Considering route ABECD: (3 holes)

(75)2 (25)2
Net width = 300−3(24)+ +
(4)(100) (4)(75)
Net width = 244.1458 mm

Use smaller net width, 𝑤𝑛 = 244.1458 mm

Net area, 𝐴𝑛=𝑤𝑛𝑡 23

An=244.1458 (12)
𝐀𝐧=𝟐,𝟗𝟐𝟗.𝟕𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝟐 <0.85𝐴𝑔=0.85(300)(12)=3,060 mm2
Example 3:
A single angle tension member 150 mm x 100 mm x 20 mm has two gage lines in its
long leg and one in the short leg for 16–mm bolts. If the area of the angular section
is 4480 mm2, compute the design net area.

Solution: 𝐴𝑛=𝐴𝑔−Σ𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Bolt diameter = 16 mm Path 1-6-5:
Nominal dimension of hole = 18 mm An = 4480 – 20(20) = 4080 mm2
dh = 18 + 2 = 20 mm
g = 50 + 50 – 20 = 80 mm Path 1-2-4-5:
An = 4480 – 20(20)(2) = 3680 mm2

Path 1-2-6-4-5:
(50)2 (50)2
An = 4480 – 20(20)(3) + 20 + (20)= 3686.25 mm2 24
(4)(80) (4)(50)

Use Critical An = 3680 mm2

Example 4:
A 130 mm x 12 mm plate is used for tension member. It is connected to a gusset plate with 4-16 mm diameter bolt as shown.
Assume Ae = An. Fy = 248 MPa and Fu = 345 MPa. Using NSCP 2015 provisions,

a. Determine the design strength based on LRFD.

b. Determine the allowable strength based on ASD.

From Example 1,
𝐴𝑔=1,560 𝑚𝑚2
An=1,080 mm2 = Ae
LRFD (on gross area): Choose lowest.

Based on gross area (yielding): ∅tPn= (0.90) 386.88 LRFD

𝑷𝒏=𝑭𝒚𝑨𝒈 ∅𝐭𝐏𝐧=𝟑𝟒𝟖.𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐍 ∅𝐭𝐏𝐧=𝟐𝟕𝟗.𝟒𝟓 𝐤𝐍 (design strength)
Pn=248 (1560) ASD (on gross area): ASD

𝐏𝐧= 𝟑𝟖𝟔.𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐍 (on gross area) Pn/Ωt=386.88/1.67 𝐏𝐧/𝛀𝐭=𝟏𝟖𝟔.𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐍 (allowable

strength)
𝐏𝐧/𝛀𝐭=𝟐𝟑𝟏.𝟔𝟔 𝐤𝐍

Based on net area (rupture):

LRFD (on net area):
𝑷𝒏=𝑭𝒖𝑨𝒆
∅tPn=(0.75)372.60
Pn= 345 (1,080) ∅𝐭𝐏𝐧=𝟐𝟕𝟗.𝟒𝟓 𝐤𝐍 (design strength)
𝑷𝒏= 𝟑𝟕𝟐.𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐍 (on net area) ASD (on net area):
25
Pn/Ωt=372.60/2.00

Based on gross area, Pn=386.88 kN 𝐏𝐧/𝛀𝐭=𝟏𝟖𝟔.𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐍 (allowable

strength)
Based on net area, Pn=372.60 kN
Example 5:
Given the following data of the slip-critical tension connection shown with 22-mm diameter bolts in
standard holes with threads excluded from shear planes. Considering the plates only, compute the design
tensile strength (LRFD) and the allowable tensile strength (ASD) using NSCP 2015. (Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400
MPa)
Solution: Based on net area (rupture):
Based on gross area 𝑷𝒏=𝑭𝒖𝑨𝒆
Bolt diameter = 22 mm
(yielding):
Nominal hole dimension = 24
𝑷𝒏=𝑭𝒚𝑨𝒈 mm
Side Plate (350 mm x 12 Note: dh=dn+2 mm
mm): Side Plate (350 mm x 12 mm):
Ag = 350(12) = 4200 mm2 An=[350−3(24+2)](12)=3,264
mm2 = Ae 0.85Ag= 0.85(350)(12)
Pn
=248(4200) = 3,570 mm2
2
Ae<0.85Ag ; ∴Ok
Pn=2083.2 kN Pn
2
= 400(3,264)
Pn= 2,611.2 kN
Middle Plate (350 mm x 22
mm):
Middle Plate (350 mm x 22 mm):
Ag= 350(22)=7700 mm2 An=[350−3(24+2)](22)=5,984
Pn= 248(7700) =1,909.6 kN mm2 = Ae
Use the lower value. 0.85Ag=0.85(350)(22)=6,545 mm2
Therefore, Ae<0.85Ag ; ∴Ok
26
Pn=400(5,984)
Pn=1,909.6 kN (based on Pn=2,393.6 kN
gross area, middle plate
governs)
Use the lower value. Therefore, Pn=2,393.6 kN (based on net
area, middle plate governs)

Based on gross area, Pn=1,909.6 kN

Based on net area, Pn=2,393.6 kN

LRFD (on gross area): ∅tPn=(0.90)1,909.6

∅𝐭𝐏𝐧=𝟏,𝟕𝟏𝟖.𝟔𝟒 𝐤𝐍 (design strength)
ASD (on gross area):
Pn/Ωt=1,909.6/1.67
𝐏𝐧/𝛀𝐭=𝟏,𝟏𝟒𝟑.𝟒𝟕 𝐤𝐍 (allowable strength)

LRFD (on net area):

∅tPn=(0.75)2,393.6
∅𝐭𝐏𝐧=𝟏,𝟕𝟗𝟓.𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐍
ASD (on net area):
Pn/Ωt=2,393.6/2.00
𝐏𝐧/𝛀𝐭=𝟏,𝟏𝟗𝟔.𝟖𝟎 𝐤𝐍

LRFD
∅𝐭𝐏𝐧=𝟏,𝟕𝟏𝟖.𝟔𝟒 𝐤𝐍 (design strength)
ASD
𝐏𝐧/𝛀𝐭=𝟏,𝟏𝟒𝟑.𝟒𝟕 𝐤𝐍 (allowable strength) 27
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Example 6:
Determine the LRFD design tensile strength and the ASD allowable tensile strength for an A36 (Fy = 248 MPa and Fu = 400
MPa) L 150 x 150 x 10 that is connected at its ends with one line of four 22-mm diameter bolts in standard holes 75 mm on
center in one leg of the angle.
Properties of L 150 x 150 x 10:
Ag=2,927.47 mm2
x =40.34 mm
Based on gross section yielding,
Solution:
Based on gross area (yielding): Pn=726.01 kN
Based tensile rupture strength,
𝑷𝒏=𝑭𝒚𝑨𝒈 Pn=875.68 kN
Pn=(248)(2,927.47)
𝐏𝐧=𝟕𝟐𝟔.𝟎𝟏 𝐤𝐍 (𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠)
LRFD (on gross section yielding):
Based on net area (rupture): ∅tPn=(0.90)726.01
Bolt diameter = 22 mm
Nominal hole dimension = 24 mm ∅𝐭𝐏𝐧=𝟔𝟓𝟑.𝟒𝟏 𝐤𝐍
Note: dh=dn+2 mm
An=2,927.47 mm2−(24+2)(10)=2,667.47 mm2 ASD (on gross section yielding):
𝑥̅ Pn/Ωt=726.01/1.67
From Table 504.3.1 (Case 2), 𝑈=1− 𝐏𝐧/𝛀𝐭=𝟒𝟑𝟒.𝟕𝟒 𝐤𝐍
𝐿
̅ = 40.34 mm
L = 3(75 mm) = 225 mm

40.34
𝑈=1− 225 =0.8207 LRFD (on tensile rupture):
∅tPn=(0.75)875.68
From Table 504.3.1 (Case 8), for 4 or more ∅𝐭𝐏𝐧=𝟔𝟓𝟔.𝟕𝟔 𝐤𝐍
fasteners in the direction of loading, 𝑈 = 0.80.
Use calculated 𝑈=0.82. 30
Ae=U An=0.8207(2,667.47 mm2)=2,189.19 ASD (on tensile rupture):
mm2 Pn/Ωt=875.68 /2.00
Pn=FuAe
Pn=(400)(2189.19) 𝐏𝐧/𝛀𝐭=𝟒𝟑𝟕.𝟖𝟒 𝐤𝐍
𝐏𝐧=𝟖𝟕𝟓.𝟔𝟖 𝐤𝐍 (based on tensile rupture)
31
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Block Shear

• susceptibilityofasegmentor“block”ofmaterialtearout

• similartotensileruptureinthemainpartofthemember

• combinationoftensionandshearonthefailurepath
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 NSCP 2015 – Sec. 510.4.3 (Block Shear Strength)
The available strength for the limit state of block shear rupture
along a shear failure path or path(s) and a perpendicular tension
failure path shall be taken as
𝑃𝑛=0.6𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑛𝑣+𝑈𝑏𝑠𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑛𝑡
𝑃𝑛(𝑚𝑎𝑥)=0.6𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑔𝑣+𝑈𝑏𝑠𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑛𝑡
∅𝑡=0.75 (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) Ω𝑡=2.00 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)
Where: 𝐴𝑔𝑣=gross area subject to shear, mm2 𝐴𝑛𝑡=net area subject
to tension, mm2 𝐴𝑛𝑣= net area subject to shear,mm2
Where the tension stress is uniform, 𝑈𝑏𝑠=1; where the tension stress
is nonuniform, 𝑈𝑏𝑠=0.5.

34
The tensile stress is generally considered to be uniform for angles, gusset (or connection) plates, and for coped
beams with one line of bolts. The connections of part (a) of Fig. BS-01 fall into this class.
Tensile stress in coped beams with two lines of bolts tends to be nonuniform such as illustrated in part (b) of the
figure. The stress there is nonuniform because the row of bolts nearer the end of the beam picks up the largest
proportion of the shear load.

35
Block Shear;

36
37
38
Example 7:
The A572 Grade 50 (Fy = 345 MPa, Fu = 448 MPa) tension member shown is connected with three 18-mm bolts. For the given
member, determine the following: a. LRFD design block shear rupture strength. b. ASD allowable block shear rupture strength.
Properties of L 150 x 90 x 12:
Ag = 2,751.45 mm2
x =21.16 mm
Solution:
Nominal hole dimension = 20 mm
Note: dh=dn+2 mm

(a) and (b) For Block shear strength:

𝑷𝒏=𝟎.𝟔𝑭𝒖𝑨𝒏𝒗+𝑼𝒃𝒔𝑭𝒖𝑨𝒏𝒕
Anv=[250−2.5(20+2)](12)=2,340 mm2
Ant=[62.5−0.5(20+2)](12)=618 mm2
Ubs=1.0
Pn=0.6(448)(2,340)+1.0(448)(618)
𝐏𝐧=𝟗𝟎𝟓.𝟖𝟔 𝐤𝐍
𝑷𝒏(𝒎𝒂𝒙)=𝟎.𝟔𝑭𝒚𝑨𝒈𝒗+𝑼𝒃𝒔𝑭𝒖𝑨𝒏𝒕
Agv =250(12)=3,000 mm2
Pn(max)=0.6(345)(3,000)+1.0(448)(618)
𝐏𝐧(𝐦𝐚𝐱)=𝟖𝟗𝟕.𝟖𝟔 𝐤𝐍
𝐏𝐧>𝐏𝐧(𝐦𝐚𝐱)
∴ Use 𝐏𝐧(𝐦𝐚𝐱)=𝟖𝟗𝟕.𝟖𝟔 𝐤𝐍 (for block shear rupture strength)
39
a. LRFD block shear rupture strength
∅tPn=0.75(897.86 kN)= 𝟔𝟕𝟑.𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐍
b. ASD allowable block-shear rupture strength
Pn/Ω𝑡=(897.86 kN)/2.00 = 𝟒𝟒𝟖.𝟗𝟑 𝐤𝐍
Example 8:
A W 10 x 12 A36 steel (Fy=248 MPa, Fu=400) is used as a tension member. 6-16 mm diam. bolts are used to connect the member
attached to each flange as shown. Using the NSCP 2015 provisions, determine the following:
a. Allowable strength based on yielding
b. Design strength based on rupture
c. Ultimate strength based on block shear Properties of W 10 x 12:
Ag=2,284 mm2
tf=5.33 mm
tw=4.83 mm
bf=100.58 mm
d=250.70 mm

Properties of WT 5 x 6:
y̅ =34.54 mm

Solution:
a. ASD based on yielding:
𝑃𝑛=𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑔=(248)(2,284)=566.43 kN
𝑃𝑎=𝑃𝑛Ω𝑡=566.431.67
𝑷𝒂=𝟑𝟑𝟗.𝟏𝟖 𝐤𝐍

b. LRFD based on rupture: 𝑃𝑛=𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑒

Nominal hole dimension = 18 mm
Note: dh=dn+2 mm
𝐴𝑛=2,284−4(18+2)(5.33)=1,857.6 mm2
𝑥̅
From Table 504.3.1 (Case 2), 𝑈=1− 40
𝐿
̅ = 34.54 mm
L = 2(75 mm) = 150 mm
𝑈=1−34.54150=0.7697
41
42
From Table 504.3.1 (Case 7), with flange 𝑃𝑛(𝑚𝑎𝑥)=0.6𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑔𝑣+𝑈𝑏𝑠𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑛𝑡=0.6(248)(
connected with 3 or more fasteners per line in
direction of loading, 1066)+1.0(400)(213.2)
2
𝑏𝑓≥ d 𝑈=0.90
3
𝑷𝒏(𝒎𝒂𝒙)=𝟐𝟒𝟑.𝟗𝟎 𝐤𝐍
2
𝑏𝑓< d 𝑈=0.85
2
3
2
𝑃𝑛>𝑃𝑛(𝑚𝑎𝑥)
d =3 (250.70)=167.1333 mm
Use 𝑃𝑛=𝑃𝑛(𝑚𝑎𝑥)=243.90 kN
3
100.58<167.13;
𝑈=0.85
Use the larger calculated U, 𝑈=0.85 𝑃𝑢=𝜙𝑡𝑃𝑛=0.75(243.90)

𝐴𝑒=𝑈 𝐴𝑛=0.85 (1,857.6)=1578.96 mm2 Pu=182.93 kN x (4 blocks)

𝑃𝑛=𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑒=(400)(1,578.96)=631.58 kN
𝑃𝑢=∅tPn=0.75(631.58) 𝐏𝐮=𝟕𝟑𝟏.𝟕𝟐 𝐤𝐍
𝐏𝐮=𝟒𝟕𝟑.𝟔𝟗 𝐤𝐍

c. LRFD based on block shear:

Considering only one side of a flange for
block shear and assuming that the tensile
force P is acting concentrically on the member,
we’ll use P/4.

𝑃𝑛=0.6𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑛𝑣+𝑈𝑏𝑠𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑛𝑡
𝑃𝑛(𝑚𝑎𝑥)=0.6𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑔𝑣+𝑈𝑏𝑠𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑛𝑡
𝐴𝑛𝑣=[200−2.5(18+2)](5.33)=799.5 mm2
𝐴𝑛𝑡=[50−0.5(18+2)](5.33)= 213.2 mm2
𝐴𝑔𝑣=200(5.33)=1066 mm2 43
𝑃𝑛=0.6𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑛𝑣+𝑈𝑏𝑠𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑛𝑡=0.6(400)(799.5)+1.0(40
0)(213.2)
𝑷𝒏=𝟐𝟕𝟕.𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐍