Structural Design II

(Steel/Timber) lab

Prepared by:
Cedrick L. Angeles
rivited and bolted connection
Problem 1
As shown in Fig. P-598, two C380 × 60 channels are riveted
together by pairs of 19-mm rivets spaced 200 mm apart along the
length of the beam. What maximum vertical shear V can be
applied to the section without exceeding the stresses given in
Illustrative Problem 591?

Bolted Back-to-back Channels

From Illustrative Problem 591
τ = 100 MPa shear stress
σb = 220 MPa bearing stress for single shear rivet
σb = 280 MPa bearing stress for double shear rivet

598-properties-of-channel-section.jpgBy transfer formula for

moment of inertia
I=I¯+Ad2
INA=2[(3.84×106)+7570(19.72)]
INA=13555682.6 mm4
Rivet capacity in shear (single shear)
Rs=2(Asτ)=2[14π(192)(100)]
Rs=18050π N=56.705 kN
Rivet capacity in bearing (use σb = 220 MPa)
Rb=2(Abσb)=2[19(13.2)(220)]
Rb=110352 N=110.352 kN

Use R = 56.705 kN for safe value of R

From strength of rivets

R=VQNAIs
56.705=V[7570(19.7)]13555682.6(200)
answer V=25.77 kN
Problem 2
A beam is formed by bolting together two W200 × 100 sections as
shown in Fig. P-599. It is used to support a uniformly distributed
load of 30 kN/m (including the weight of the beam) on a simply
supported span of 10 m. Compute the maximum flexural stress
and the pitch between bolts that have a shearing strength of 30 kN.

Properties of W200 × 100

A = 12 700 mm2
tf = 23.7 mm
d = 229 mm
Ixx = 113 × 106 mm4
Maximum moment
Mmax=woL28=30(102)8
Mmax=375 kN⋅m
Maximum shear
Vmax=woL2=30(10)2
Vmax=150 kN

By transfer formula for moment of inertia

INA=2[(113×106)+(12700)(229/2)2]
INA=559000350 mm4
Maximum flexural stress
(fb)max=McI=375(10002)(229)559000350
answer (fb)max=153.62 MPa
Bolt pitch
s=RIVQNA
s=(30×2)(559000350)150[12700(229/2)]
answer s=153.77 mm
Problem 3
A plate and angle girder similar to that shown in Fig. 5-32 is
fabricated by riveting the short legs of four 125 × 75 × 13 mm
angles to a web plate 1000 mm by 10 mm to form a section 1020
mm deep. Cover plates, each 300 mm × 10 mm, are then riveted
to the flange angles making the overall height 1040 mm. The
moment of inertia of the entire section about the NA is I = 4770 ×
106 mm4. Using the allowable stresses specified in Illustrative
Problem 591, determine the rivet pitch for 22-mm rivets,
attaching the angles to the web plate at a section where V = 450
kN.
From Illustrative Problem 591

τ = 100 MPa shear stress

σb = 220 MPa bearing stress for single shear rivet
σb = 280 MPa bearing stress for double shear rivet
Rivet capacity in terms of shear (double shear)
Rs=2(Asτ)=2[14π(222)(100)]
Rs=24200π N =24.2π kN =76.03 kN

Rivet capacity in terms of bearing (use σb = 280 MPa)

Rb=Abσb=[22(10)](280)
Rb=61600 N =61.6 kN
Use R = 61.6 kN for safe value of R
Moment of area
QA=2(2430)(491.1)+300(10)(515)
QA=3,931,746 mm3
Spacing of rivets
s=RIVQA
s=61.6(4770×106)450(3,931,746)
answer s=166 mm
Problem 4
Three planks 4 in by 6 in., arranged as shown in Fig. P-596 and
secured by bolts spaced 1 ft apart, are used to support a
concentrated load P at the center of a simply supported span 12 ft
long. If P causes a maximum flexural stress of 1200 psi,
determine the bolt diameters, assuming that the shear between
the planks is transmitted by friction only. The bolts are tightened
to a tension of 20 ksi and the coefficient of friction between the
planks is 0.40.
Mmax=14PL=14P(12)=3P lb⋅ft
Vmax=12P
I=112(6)(123)=864 in4
From allowable flexural stress
fb=McI
1200=(3P×12)(6)864
P=4800 lb
Strength of bolt
R=VQ1st plankIs
R=12(4800)[4(6)(4)]864(12)
R=3200 lb

Normal force
R=μN
3200=0.40N
N=8000 lb

From tensile stress of bolt:

σ=ForceArea
20000=800014πd2
answer d=0.7136 in
Problem 5
A concentrated load P is carried at midspan of a simply supported
12-ft span. The beam is made of 2-in. by 6-in. pieces screwed
together, as shown in Fig. P-595. If the maximum flexural stress
developed is 1400 psi, find the maximum shearing stress and the
pitch of the screws if each screw can resist 200 lb.

For concentrated load P at midspan of a simply supported beam of

span L = 12 ft.
Vmax=12P
Mmax=14PL=14P(12)=3P

From the cross section shown:

I=8(83)12−4(43)12=320 in4
QNA=4(2)(2)+6(2)(3)+2(2)(1)=56 in3
From bending stress
fb=McI
1400=3P(12)(4)320
P=3111.11 lb
Maximum shear stress
fv=VQNAIb=12(3111.11)(56)320(4)
answer fv=68.06 psi
Spacing (or pitch) of screws, s
From Strength of Screws
s=RIVQscrews
For Horizontal Bolts
Qh=4(2)(3)=24 in.3

answer sh=2(200)(320)(3111.11/2)(24)=3.42 in.

For Vertical Bolts
Qv=8(2)(3)=48 in.3

asnwer sv=2(200)(320)(3111.11/2)(48)=1.734 in.

Problem 1
A 5 x ½ bar of A572 Gr. 50 steel is used as a tension member. It
is connected to a
gusset plate with six 7/8 in. diameter bolts as shown in below.
Assume that the effective net area
Ae equals the actual net area An and compute the tensile design
strength of the member.
Solution

Gross section area = Ag = 5 x ½ = 2.5 in2

Net section area (An)
Bolt diameter = db = 7/8 in.
Nominal hole diameter = dh = 7/8 + 1/16 in. = 15/16 in.
Hole diameter for calculating net area = 15/16 + 1/16 in. = 1 in.
Net section area = An = (5 – 2 x (1)) x ½ = 1.5 in2
Gross yielding design strength = φt Pn = φt Fy Ag
Gross yielding design strength = 0.9 x 50 ksi x 2.5 in2
= 112.5 kips
Fracture design strength = φt Pn = φt Fu Ae
Assume Ae = An (only for this problem)
Fracture design strength = 0.75 x 65 ksi x 1.5 in2
= 73.125 kips
Design strength of the member in tension = smaller of 73.125
kips and 112.5 kips
Therefore, design strength = 73.125 kips (net section fracture
controls).
Problem 2
A single angle tension member, L 4 x 4 x 3/8 in. made from A36
steel is connected to a gusset plate with 5/8 in. diameter bolts, as
shown in Figure below. The service loads are 35 kips dead load
and 15 kips live load. Determine the adequacy of this member
using AISC specification. Assume that the effective net area is
85% of the computed net area. (Calculating the effective net area
will be taught in the next section).
Gross area of angle = Ag = 2.86 in2
Net section area = An
Bolt diameter = 5/8 in.
Nominal hole diameter = 5/8 + 1/16 = 11/16 in.
Hole diameter for calculating net area = 11/16 + 1/16 = 3/4 in.
Ag – (3/4) x 3/8 = 2.86 – 3/4 x 3/8 = 2.579 in2
Ae = 0.85 x 2.579 in2
= 2.192 in2
φt Ag Fy = 0.9 x 2.86 in2
x 36 ksi = 92.664 kips
φt Ae Fu = 0.75 x 2.192 in2
x 58 ksi = 95.352 kips
Design strength = 92.664 kips
1.4 x (PD) = 1.4 (35) = 49 kips
1.2 (PD) + 1.6 (PL) = 66 kips

φt Pn (92.664 kips) > Pu (66 kips)

Problem 3
Determine the effective net area and the corresponding design
strength for the single angle tension member of Example 2 The
tension member is an L 4 x 4 x 3/8 in. made
from A36 steel. It is connected to a gusset plate with 5/8 in.
diameter bolts. The spacing between the bolts is 3 in. center-to-
center.
Gross area of angle = Ag = 2.86 in2
Net section area = An
Bolt diameter = 5/8 in.
Hole diameter for calculating net area = 11/16 + 1/16 = 3/4 in.
Net section area = Ag – (3/4) x 3/8 = 2.86 – 3/4 x 3/8 = 2.579
in2
- x = 1.13 in.
Ae = 0.8116 x 2.579 in2 = 2.093 in2
φt Ag Fy = 0.9 x 2.86 in2 x 36 ksi = 92.664 kips
φt Ae Fu = 0.75 x 2.093 in2 x 58 ksi = 91.045 kips
Design strength = 91.045 kips (net section fracture governs)
Problem 4
Determine the design strength of an ASTM A992 W8 x 24 with
four lines if ¾ in.
diameter bolts in standard holes, two per flange, as shown in the
Figure below.
Assume the holes are located at the member end and the
connection length is 9.0 in. Also
calculate at what length this tension member would cease to
satisfy the slenderness limitation in
LRFD specification B7
For ASTM A992 material: Fy = 50 ksi; and Fu = 65 ksi
• For the W8 x 24 section:
- Ag = 7.08 in2 d = 7.93 in.
- tw = 0.285 in. bf = 6.5 in.
- tf = 0.4 in. ry = 1.61 in.
φt Pn = φt Ag Fy = 0.90 x 7.08 in2 x 50 ksi = 319 kips
φt Pn = φt Ae Fu = 0.75 x Ae x 65 ksi
Ae = U An - for bolted connection
An = Ag – (no. of holes) x (diameter of hole) x (thickness of
flange)
An = 7.08 – 4 x (diameter of bolt + 1/8 in.) x 0.4 in.
An = 5.68 in2
Problem 5
Consider the welded single angle L 6x 6 x ½ tension member
made from A36 steel
shown below. Calculate the tension design strength.
welded connection
Problem 1
Design of lap splice using plug weld. Design the lap splice to
develop the full strength of the connection shown in figure 15-7.
Use A-36 steel.

As shown in the figure, the metals are subjected to forces T

going opposite directions. Thedimensions of the plates are
given with the width to be 250 mm, and thickness 12mm.
thenominal tensile strength of the weld is also given that is E-70
which means 70ksi. To start, thevalue of T must be
determined. This is calculated with the formula T =φ Ag
Fy. Fy is thespecified minimum yield stress of the A-36 steel
that is 248 and Ag is the gross area of thesection.
T =0 . 9FyAg=0 . 9(248) (12×250)×10−3=669 . 6 kNTo
compute for the required A,
the computed T shall be used with the formulaReq'd
A=T0 . 75(0 .6 )Ft. Ftis 7 times 70 minus 7, that gives 483. Then
finally the requireddiameter can be solved using the computed
values.
Req'd A=T0. 75(0 . 6) Ft=669 .6×1030 .75 (0. 6 )(483)=3079. 4

mm2Req'd
diameter=√4π(3079 . 4)=62. 62 say 75 mm answer.
Problem 2
Design of lap splice using fillet weld. Design the lap splice to
develop the full strength of the connection shown in figure 15-8
using A-36 steel.

250 mm, and thickness 12mm. The nominal tensile strength of

the weld is also given that is E-60which means 60ksi. To start,
the value of T must be determined. This is calculated with
theformula T =φ Ag Fy. Fy is the specified minimum yield stress
of the A-36 steel that is 248 andAg is the gross area of the
section.
To compute for the required A, the computed T shall
be used with the formulaReq'd A=T0 . 75(0 .6 )Ft. Ftis 7
times 60 minus 6, that gives 414. Then finally the requiredleg
size can be solved using the computed values. 0.7071a means
sin45(a)

T =669 .6 kNReq'd A=T(0 .75 )(0 .6 )Ft=669. 6×1030.

3(414)=3594 . 2 mm2A=teL×2=0 .7071a(250) (2)=3594 .2

Req'd a=10. 166 mm say 11 mmReferring to NSCP Table

510.2.4min a = 5 mmmax a = 12-2 = 10 mm Answer
Problem 3
Design of welds on two sides of an angle. Design the welds on
two sides of an angle to develop the full strength of the
connection shown in figure 15-9 using A-36 steel.

the angle is subjected to force T. The dimensions of the angle are

givenL 100 x 100 x 6. The nominal tensile strength of the weld is
also given that is E-70 which means70ksi. Ideally, the value
of Lt must be determined. This is calculated with the
formulaT =φ Ag Fy. Fy is the specified minimum yield stress of
the A-36 steel that is 248 and Ag is thegross area of the section
from steel handbook A-1
1. Design with welds on two sides only.T =0 . 9FyAg=0 . 9(248)
(1179)×10−3=263 .15 kN263 .15×103=(0 . 75)(0 . 6)(483) (0 .
7071×6)LTLT=285 . 37 mm

To compute for L2 and L1, the computed Lt shall be

used with the formulax=L2×100LT. x is given in the figure
to be 26.45. Then finally the required lengths can besolved using
the computed values

x=26 . 45=L2×100LTL2=75. 48 mm say 75 mmL1=LT−L2=209.

9 mm say 210 mm answer
Problem 4
Design of welds on three sides of an angle. Design the welds on
two sides of an angle to develop the full strength of the
connection shown in figure 15-10 using A-36 steel

the angle is subjected to force T. The dimensions of theangle are

given L 100 x 100 x 6. The nominal tensile strength of the weld
is also given that is E-70 which means 70ksi. Ideally, the value
of Lt must be determined. This is calculated with thecomputed T
in the preceding problem which is 263.15kN. L3 is the length of
the angle legmultiplied by 4/6.

Max a = 6mm-2mm = 4mmT = 263.15 kNLT = 263.15 x

103N803.52LT = 327.50 mmL3 = 100 x 46
To compute for L2 and L1, the computed Lt shall be
used with the formula¿L2X 100LT+(100 x46)(5). x is
given in the figure to be 26.45. Then finally the
requiredlengths can be solved using the computed values

L2 =327.5 x 26.45−(100 X46)X 5100 L2 = 83.29 x 64 = 124.94

say 130mmL1 = 327.50- 83.29- (100 x 46)L1 = 177.54 say
200mm
Problem 5
Determine the design strength of the tension member and
connection system
shown below. The tension member is a 4 in. x 3/8 in. thick
rectangular bar. It is welded to a 1/2
in. thick gusset plate using E70XX electrode. Consider the
yielding and fracture of the tension
member. Consider the shear strength of the weld metal and the
surrounding base metal.

tmin = 3/8 in. (member)

tmax = 0.5 in. (gusset)
Therefore, amin = 3/16 in. - AISC Table J2.4
amax = 3/8 - 1/16 = 5/16 in. - AISC J2.2b
Fillet weld size = a = 1/4 in.
Lw-min = 1.0 in. (4 x a) - OK.
- Lw-min for each length of the weld = 4.0 in. (transverse
distance between welds, see J2.2b)
- Given length = 5.0 in., which is > Lmin. Therefore, OK!

Length/weld size = 5/0.25 = 20 - Therefore, maximum effective

length J2.2 b satisfied.

End returns at the edge corner size - minimum = 2 a = 0.5 in

Design of steel beam
Problem 1
Determine the elastic section modulus, S, plastic section
modulus, Z, yield moment, My, and the plastic moment Mp, of
the cross-section shown below.
What is the design moment for the beam cross-section. Assume
50 ksi steel.

Ag = 12 x 0.75 + (16 - 0.75 - 1.0) x 0.5 + 15 x 1.0 = 31.125 in2

Af1 = 12 x 0.75 = 9 in2
Af2 = 15 x 1.0 = 15.0 in2
Aw = 0.5 x (16 - 0.75 - 1.0) = 7.125 in2
distance of elastic centroid from bottom = y
6.619 in. 31.125
9 (16 0.75/ 2) 7.125 8.125 15 0.5
y=×−+×+×=
Ix = 12×0.753
/12 + 9.0×9.0062 + 0.5×14.253
/12 + 7.125×1.5062 + 15.0×13
/12 +
15×6.1192
= 1430 in4
Sx = Ix / (16-6.619) = 152.43 in3
My-x = Fy Sx = 7621.8 kip-in. = 635.15 kip-ft.
distance of plastic centroid from bottom = y p
15.0x1.0+0.5x(yp-1.00=31.125/2=15.5625
yp=2.125in
y1=centroid of top half-area about plastic centroid
=0.5625x0.5625+15.0x1.625/15.5625=1.5866in.
Zx = A/2 x (y1 + y2) = 15.5625 x (10.5746 + 1.5866) = 189.26
in3
Mp-x = Zx Fy = 189.26 x 50 = 9462.93 kip-in. = 788.58 kip-ft.

Design strength according to AISC Spec. F1.1= φbMp= 0.9 x

788.58 = 709.72 kip-ft.
• Check = Mp ≤ 1.5 My
Therefore, 788.58 kip-ft. < 1.5 x 635.15 = 949.725 kip-ft. - OK!
Problem 2
Design a simply supported beam subjected to uniformly
distributed dead load of 450 lbs/ft. and a uniformly distributed
live load of 550 lbs/ft. The dead load does not include the self-
weight of the beam.
I. Calculate the factored design loads (without self-weight).
wU = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 1.42 kips / ft.
MU = wu L2
/ 8 = 1.42 x 302
/ 8 = 159.75 kip-ft.
wsw = 26 lbs/ft
Therefore, wD = 476 lbs/ft = 0.476 lbs/ft.
wu = 1.2 x 0.476 + 1.6 x 0.55 = 1.4512 kips/ft.
Therefore, Mu = 1.4512 x 302
/ 8 = 163.26 kip-ft. < φbMp of W16 x 26.
V. Check deflection at service loads.
w = 0.45 + 0.026 + 0.55 kips/ft. = 1.026 kips/ft.
∆ = 5 w L4
/ (384 E Ix) = 5 x (1.026/12) x (30 x 12)4
/ (384 x 29000 x 301)
∆ = 2.142 in. > L/360 - for plastered floor construction
Redesign with service-load deflection as design criteria
L /360 = 1.0 in. > 5 w L4
/(384 E Ix)
Therefore, Ix > 644.8 in4
W21 x 44 with Ix = 843 in4
and φbMp = 358 kip-ft. (50 ksi steel).
Deflection at service load = ∆ = 0.765 in. < L/360
Problem 3
Design the beam shown below. The unfactored dead and live
loads are shown in
the Figure.
I. Calculate the factored design loads (without self-weight).
wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 1.2 x 0.67 + 1.6 x 0.75 = 2.004 kips / ft.
Pu = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL = 1.2 x 0 + 1.6 x 10 = 16.0 kips
Mu = wU L2 / 8 + PU L / 4 = 225.45 + 120 = 345.45 kip-ft.
Add self-weight of designed section and check design
wD = 0.67 + 0.044 = 0.714 kips/ft
wu = 1.2 x 0.714 + 1.6 x 0.75 = 2.0568 kips/ft.
Therefore, Mu = 2.0568 x 302/ 8 + 120 = 351.39 kip-ft. < φbMp
of W21 x 44.
− Distributed load = w = 0.714 + 0.75 = 1.464 kips/ft.
− Concentrated load = P = D + L = 0 + 10 kips = 10 kips
Deflection due to uniform distributed load = ∆d = 5 w L4
/ (384 EI)
Deflection due to concentrated load = ∆c = P L3
/ (48 EI)
Therefore, service-load deflection = ∆ = ∆d + ∆c
∆ = 5 x 1.464 x 3604
/ (384 x 29000 x 12 x 843) + 10 x 3603
/ (48 x 29000 x 843)
∆ = 1.0914 + 0.3976 = 1.49 in.

Assuming unplastered floor construction, ∆max = L/240 =

360/240 = 1.5 in.
Therefore, ∆ < ∆max -
Problem 4
Design the beam shown below. The unfactored uniformly
distributed live load is equal to 3
kips/ft. There is no dead load. Lateral support is provided at the
end reactions.
.Calculate the factored loads assuming a reasonable self-weight.
Assume self-weight = wsw = 100 lbs/ft.
Dead load = wD = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1 kips/ft.
Live load = wL = 3.0 kips/ft.
Ultimate load = wu = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL = 4.92 kips/ft.
Factored ultimate moment = Mu = wu L2
/8 = 354.24 kip-ft.
Mu/Cb = 354.24/1.14 = 310.74 kip-ft.

- Select W16 x 67 (50 ksi steel) with φbMn =357 kip-ft. for Lb =
24 ft. and Cb =1.0
- For the case with Cb = 1.14,
φbMn = 1.14 x 357 = 406.7 kip-ft., which must be ≤ φbMp =
491 kip-ft.
Check for local buckling.
λ = bf / 2tf = 7.7; Corresponding λp = 0.38 (E/Fy)0.5 = 9.192
Therefore, λ < λp - compact flange
λ = h/tw = 34.4; Corresponding λp = 3.76 (E/Fy)
0.5 = 90.5
Therefore, λ < λp - compact web
Compact section. - OK!
Problem 5
Design the beam shown below. The concentrated live loads
acting on the beam are shown in the
Figure. The beam is laterally supported at the load and reaction
points.
 Assume a self-weight and determine the factored design loads
Let, wsw = 100 lbs/ft. = 0.1 kips/ft.
PL = 30 kips
Pu = 1.6 PL = 48 kips
wu = 1.2 x wsw = 0.12 kips/ft.
The reactions and bending moment diagram for the beam are
shown below.
Determine Lb, Cb, Mu, and Mu/Cb for all spans.
 Design the beam and check all laterally unsupported spans
Assume that span BC is the controlling span because it has the
largest Mu/Cb although the
corresponding Lb is the smallest.
From the AISC-LRFD manual select W21 x 68 made from 50 ksi
steel (page _____)
Check the selected section for spans AB, BC, and CD
Thus, for span AB, φbMn = 600 kip-ft. > Mu - OK!
for span BC, φbMn = 572.0 kip-ft. > Mu -OK!
For span CD, φbMn = 600 kip-ft. > Mu -OK!
Check for local buckling
λ = bf / 2tf = 6.0; Corresponding λp = 0.38 (E/Fy)0.5 = 9.192
Therefore, λ < λp - compact flange
λ = h/tw = 43.6; Corresponding λp = 3.76 (E/Fy)
0.5 = 90.55
Therefore, λ < λp - compact web
Compact section. - OK!
design of steel columns
Determine the buckling strength of a W 12 x 50 column. Its
length is 20 ft. For
major axis buckling, it is pinned at both ends. For minor
buckling, is it pinned at one end and
fixed at the other end.
 According to Table C-C2.1 of the AISC Manual (see page 16.1 -
189):
- For pin-pin end conditions about the minor axis
Ky = 1.0 (theoretical value); and Ky = 1.0 (recommended design
value)
- For pin-fix end conditions about the major axis
Kx = 0.7 (theoretical value); and Kx = 0.8 (recommended design
value)
Problem 2
Calculate the design strength of W14 x 74 with length of 20 ft.
and pinned ends.
A36 steel is used.
I. Calculate the effective length and slenderness ratio for the
problem
Kx = Ky = 1.0
Lx = Ly = 240 in
Major axis slenderness ratio = KxLx/rx = 240/6.04 = 39.735
Minor axis slenderness ratio = KyLy/ry = 240/2.48 = 96.77
Problem 3
Determine the local buckling slenderness limits and evaluate the
W14 x 74 section used in Example 3.2. Does local buckling limit
the column strength?
Problem 4
Determine the design strength of an ASTM A992 W14 x 132
that is part of a
braced frame. Assume that the physical length L = 30 ft., the
ends are pinned and the column is
braced at the ends only for the X-X axis and braced at the ends
and mid-height for the Y-Y axis.
• Step II. Determine the governing slenderness ratio
 Problem 5
A compression member is subjected to service loads of 165 kips
dead load and
535 kips of live load. The member is 26 ft. long and pinned at
each end. Use A992 (50 ksi) steel
and select a W shape
Calculate the factored design load Pu
•Pu = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL = 1.2 x 165 + 1.6 x 535 = 1054 kips
Select a W shape from the AISC manual Tables
For KyLy = 26 ft. and required strength = 1054 kips
- Select W14 x 145 from page 4-22. It has φcPn = 1160 kips
Select W12 x 170 from page 4-24. It has φcPn = 1070 kips
- No no W10 will work. See Page 4-26
- W14 x 145 is the lightest.
base plate
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
brackets
Problem 1
web crippling
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
design of timber beam
Problem 1
A laminated beam is composed of five planks, each 6 in. by 2 in.,
glued together to form a section 6 in. wide by 10 in. high. The
allowable shear stress in the glue is 90 psi, the allowable shear
stress in the wood is 120 psi, and the allowable flexural stress in
the wood is 1200 psi. Determine the maximum uniformly
distributed load that can be carried by the beam on a 6-ft simple
span.

Maximum moment for simple beam

Mmax=18woL2
Mmax=18wo(62)
Mmax=4.5wo lb⋅ft
Maximum shear for simple beam
Vmax=12woL
Vmax=12wo(6)
Vmax=3wo lb

For bending stress of wood

fb=6Mbd2
1200=6(4.5wo)(12)6(103)
wo=22222.22 lb/ft

For shear stress of wood

(fv)wood=3V2bd
120=3(3wo)2(6)(10)
wo=1600 lb/ft
For shear stress in the glued joint
(fv)glue=VQIb

Where:
Q=6(4)(2.5)=60 in3
I=bd312=6(103)12=500 in4
b=6 in

Thus,
90=3wo(60)500(6)
wo=1250 lb/ft

Use wo = 1250 lb/ft for safe value of uniformly distributed load.

Problem 2
Timbers 8 inches wide by 12 inches deep and 15 feet long,
supported at top and bottom, back up a dam restraining water 9
feet deep. Water weighs 62.5 lb/ft3. (a) Compute the center-line
spacing of the timbers to cause fb = 1000 psi. (b) Will this
spacing be safe if the maximum fb, (fb)max = 1600 psi, and the
water reaches its maximum depth of 15 ft?

wo=62.5(9s)=562.5slb/ft
Fw=12wo(9)
Fw=12(562.5s)(9)
Fw=2531.25slb
ΣMR1=0
15R2=12Fw
15R2=12(2531.25s)
R2=2025s
ΣMR2=0
15R1=3Fw
15R1=3(2531.25s)
R1=506.25s
Location of Maximum Moment
yx=562.5s9
y=62.5s
506.25s−12xy=0
506.25s−12x(62.5sx)=0
x2=16.2
x=4.02ft
Maximum Moment
M=(506.25s)(6)+23(x)(506.25s)
M=3037.5s+337.5(4.02s)
M=4394.25s
Required Spacing
(fb)max=McI
100=4394.25s(12)(12/2)8(123)12
s=3.64ft answer

Part (b)
wo=62.5(15)(3.64)=3412.5lb/ft
Fw=12wo(15)
Fw=12(3412.5)(15)
Fw=25593.75lb
ΣMR1=0
15R2=10Fw
15R_2 = 10(25\,593.75)

R2=17062.5lb
ΣMR2=0
15R1=5Fw
15R1=5(25593.75)
R1=8531.25lb

Location of Maximum Moment (Shear = 0)

yx=3412.515
y=227.5x

8531.25−12xy=0
8531.25−12x(227.5x)=0
x2=75
x=8.66ft
Maximum Moment
M=23x(8531.25)
M=23(8.66)(8531.25)
M=49255.19lb⋅ft

Actual Stress
fb=McI
fb=(49255.19)(12)(12/2)8(123)12
fb=3078.36psi>1600psi
Problem 3
Timbers 12 inches by 12 inches, spaced 3 feet apart on centers,
are driven into the ground and act as cantilever beams to back-up
the sheet piling of a coffer dam. What is the maximum safe
height of water behind the dam if water weighs = 62.5 lb/ft3 and
( fb )max = 1200 psi?

wo=62.5hlb/ft2
F=12woh(3)=32(62.5h)h
F=93.75h2lb
M=(13h)F=13h(93.75h2)
M=31.25h3lb⋅ft
(fb)max=McI
1200=31.25h3(12)(12/2)12(123)12
h=9.73ft answer
Problem 4
In Prob.3 if the load on the overhang is 600 lb/ft and the
overhang is x ft long, find the maximum values of P and x that
can be used simultaneously.

ΣMR2=0
12R1+600x(x/2)=6P
R1=0.5P−25x2

12R2=6P+600x(12+12x)
R2=0.5P+600x+25x2
(fb)max=McI
Refer to Solution 3 for values of c and I.

For moment at R2:

1200=(300x2)(6)(12)864
x2=48
x=6.93 ft answer

For moment under P:

1200=(3P−150x2)(6)(12)864
14400=3P−150x2
14400=3P−150(48)
P=7200 lb answer
Problem 5
A wood beam 6 in wide by 12 in deep is loaded as shown in Fig.
P-526. If the maximum flexural stress is 1200 psi, find the
maximum values of wo and P which can be applied
simultaneously?

ΣMR2=0
12R1+3(6wo)=6P
R1=0.5P−1.5wo

ΣMR1=0
12R2=6P+15(6wo)
R2=0.5P+7.5wo
(fb)max=McI
Where:
fb=1200psi
c=12h=12(12)=6in
I=bh312=6(123)12=864in4

For moment at R2:

1200=18wo(6)(12)864
wo=800lb/ft answer

For moment under P:

1200=(3P−9wo)(6)(12)864
14400=3P−9wo
14400=3P−9(800)
P=7200 lb answer
design of timber columns
Problem 1
A timber column, 8 in. × 8 in. in cross section, is reinforced on
each side by a steel plate 8 in. wide and t in. thick. Determine the
thickness t so that the column will support an axial load of 300
kips without exceeding a maximum timber stress of 1200 psi or a
maximum steel stress of 20 ksi. The moduli of elasticity are 1.5 ×
106 psi for timber, and 29 × 106 psi for steel.

δsteel=δtimber
(σLE)steel=(σLE)timber
σsteelL29×106=σbronzeL1.5×106
1.5σsteel=29σtimber
When σtimber = 1200 psi
1.5σsteel=29(1200)
σsteel=23200 psi =23.2 ksi >20 ksi (not ok!)

When σsteel = 20 ksi

1.5(20×1000)=29σtimber
σtimber=1034.48 psi<1200 psi (ok!)
Use σsteel = 20 ksi and σtimber = 1.03 ksi

ΣFV=0
Fsteel+Ftimber=300
(σA)steel+(σA)timber=300
20[4(8t)]+1.03(82)=300
t=0.365 in answer
Problem 2
A rigid block of mass M is supported by three symmetrically
spaced rods as shown in Fig. P-236. Each copper rod has an area
of 900 mm2; E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress is 70 MPa.
The steel rod has an area of 1200 mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the
allowable stress is 140 MPa. Determine the largest mass M
which can be supported.

δco=δst
(σLE)co=(σLE)st
σco(160)120000=σst(240)200000
10σco=9σst
When σst = 140 MPa
σco=910(140)
σco=126 MPa >70 MPa (not okay!)
When σco = 70 MPa
σst=109(70)
σst=77.78 MPa <140 MPa (okay!)

Use σco = 70 MPa and σst = 77.78 MPa.

ΣFV=0
2Pco+Pst=W
2(σcoAco)+σstAst=Mg
2[70(900)]+77.78(1200)=M(9.81)
M=22358.4 kg answer
Problem 3
In Problem 2, how should the lengths of the two identical copper
rods be changed so that each material will be stressed to its
allowable limit?

Use σco = 70 MPa and σst = 140 MPa

δco=δst
(σLE)co=(σLE)st
70Lco120000=140(240)200000
Lco=288 mm answer
Problem 4
The lower ends of the three bars in Fig. P-238 are at the same
level before the uniform rigid block weighing 40 kips is attached.
Each steel bar has a length of 3 ft, and area of 1.0 in.2, and E =
29 × 106 psi. For the bronze bar, the area is 1.5 in.2 and E = 12 ×
106 psi. Determine (a) the length of the bronze bar so that the
load on each steel bar is twice the load on the bronze bar, and (b)
the length of the bronze that will make the steel stress twice the
bronze stress.
(a) Condition: Pst = 2Pbr
ΣFV=0
2Pst+Pbr=40
2(2Pbr)+Pbr=40
Pbr=8kips
Pst=2(8)=16kips

δbr=δst
(PLAE)br=(PLAE)st
8000Lbr1.5(12×106)=16000(3×121.0(29×106)
Lbr=44.69in
Lbr=3.72ft answer
(b) Condition: σst = 2σbr
ΣFV=0
2Pst+Pbr=40
2(σstAst)+σbrAbr=40
2[(2σbr)Ast]+σbrAbr=40
4σbr(1.0)+σbr(1.5)=40
σbr=7.27ksi
σst=2(7.27)=14.54ksi

δbr=δst
(σLE)br=(σLE)st
7.27(1000)Lbr12×106=14.54(1000)(3×12)29×106
Lbr=29.79in
Lbr=2.48ft answer
Problem 5
The rigid platform in Fig. P-239 has negligible mass and rests on
two steel bars, each 250.00 mm long. The center bar is aluminum
and 249.90 mm long. Compute the stress in the aluminum bar
after the center load P = 400 kN has been applied. For each steel
bar, the area is 1200 mm2 and E = 200 GPa. For the aluminum
bar, the area is 2400 mm2 and E = 70 GPa.
δst=δal+0.10
(σLE)st=(σLE)al+0.10
σst(250)200000=σal(249.90)70000+0.10
0.00125σst=0.00357σal+0.10
σst=2.856σal+80

ΣFV=0
2Pst+Pal=400000
2σstAst+σalAal=400000
2(2.856σal+80)1200+σal(2400)=400000
9254.4σal+192000=400000
σal=22.48 MPa answer
design of joist
Problem 1

Design data:
Length of floor joist: L = 16 ft
Spacing of floor joist: s = 16 in.
Top of joist supported by plywood sheathing.
Design load:
Floor live load: WL = 40 psf
Floor dead load: WD = 10 psf
 W = [WD + WSD+ WL]*s = 77.3 lb/f
M = W*L2/8 = 2475 lb-ft
Nominal dimension, B = 2 in, D = 10 in
Actual dimension, b = 1.5 in, d = 9.25 in
Section modulus: S = 21.39 in3, Modulus of inertia, I = 98.93
in4.
Bending stress: fb =M/S = 1388 psi
Try Southern pine No. 2, Fb = 1500 psi
Load duration factor for dead load: CD = 0.9
Load duration factors for live load: CD = 1.0(Use 1 per NDS
2001)
The depth to width ratio based on nominal dimension, D/B = 5
Since compressive edge is fully supported by plywood floor, CL
=1
Repetition factor for joist: Cr = 1.15
Wet service factor: CM = 1
Temperature factor: Ct = 1
Other factors not applicable
Allowable stress, F’b = Fb*CD* CL* Cr* CM* Ct = 1725 psi
O.K.
Check deflection:
Elastic modulus: E = 1600000 psi*CM* Ct = 1600000 psi
Deflection: D = 5*W*L4/(384*E*I) = 0.75 in < L/240 O.K.
Check shear stress
Maximum shear force. V = W*L/2 = 640 lb
Shear stress, fv = V/bd = 46 psi
Conservatively assume shear stress factor, CH = 1

Allowable shear stress, Fv = 90 psi * CD* CM* Ct *CH = 90 psi

O.K.
Problem 2

Design data:

Length of floor joist: L = 16 ft

Spacing of floor joist: s = 16 in.

Top of joist supported by plywood sheathing.

Design load:
Floor live load: WL = 40 psf
Floor dead load: WD = 10 psf
Superimposed dead load including mechanical and electric load,
WSD = 8 psf
Timber: Southern pine, moisture less than 19%, used in normal
room temperature.
W = [WD + WSD+ WL]*s = 77.3 lb/f
Design moment: M = W*L2/8 = 2475 lb-ft
B = 2 in, D = 12 in
b = 1.5 in, d = 11.25 in
S = 31.64 in3, Modulus of inertia, I = 178 in4.
fb =M/S = 938.5 psi
Try Douglas Fir-Larch No. 1, Fb = 1000 psi
Maximum spacing = 8 ft, CL = 1
Repetition factor for joist: Cr = 1.15
Wet service factor: CM = 1
Temperature factor: Ct = 1
From NDS Table, size factor, CF = 1
Load duration factor for dead load: CD = 0.9
Load duration factors for live load: CD = 1.0
Allowable stress, F’b = Fb* CD*CL* Cr* CM* Ct*CF = 1150
psi O.K.
Elastic modulus: E = 1700000 psi*CM* Ct = 1700000 psi
Deflection: D = 5*W*L4/(384*E*I) = 0.38 in < L/240
O.K.
V = W*L/2 = 640 lb fv = V/bd = 38 psi CH = 1
Allowable shear stress, Fv = 95 psi * CD*CM* Ct *CH = 95 psi
O.K.
Problem 3
A timber joist 15 cm by 7.5 cm has reinforcing steel flange plates
1.25 cm thick. The composite beam is 3 m long, simply-
supported at each end, and carries a uniformly distributed lateral
load of 10 kN. Estimate the maximum bending stresses in the
steel and timber, and the intensity of shearing force transmitted
between the steel plates and the timber. Take Es/Et = 20.
Problem 4
A beam is formed by connecting two timber joists each 100
mm×400 mm with a steel plate 12 mm×300 mm placed
symmetrically between them (Fig. 12.3). If the beam is subjected
to a bending moment of 50 kNm, determine the maximum
stresses in the steel and in the timber. The ratio of Young’s
modulus for steel to that of timber is 12 : 1.
Problem 5
A timber joist 100 mm×200 mm is reinforced on its top and
bottom surfaces by steel plates 15 mm thick×100 mm wide. The
composite beam is simply supported over a span of 4 m and
carries a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m. Determine the
maximum direct stress in the timber and in the steel and also the
shear force per unit length transmitted by the timber/steel
connection. Take Es/Et = 15.

The second moments of area of the timber and steel about a

horizontal axis through the centroid of the beam are
THANK YOU!