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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Situation 1: Refer to the Fig. SAM 18. 029 and FIGURE RC-4. Beam DEF is supported by spandrel
beams at the exterior edges and by a column at E. The torsional resistance of beams ADG and CFI are
not sufficient to restrain beam DEF at D and at F.
Given: For all beams, b x h = 300 mm x 450 mm
For all columns, section = 400 mm x 400 mm
L1 = 8 m L2 = 7 m S = 2.5m
Dead Load, wu = 6.0 kPa (all weights included), Live Load, wu = 4.6 kPa
1. Which of the following gives the critical negative moment (kN-m) for beam DEF?
a. 68.9 c. 60.2 b. 42.4 d. 38.8
2. Which of the following gives the critical positive moment (Kn-m) for beam DEF?
a. 44.3 c. 49.3 b. 38.8 d. 56.4
3. Determine the critical shear force (KN) for the beam DEF.
a. 43.6 c. 40.5 b. 46.6 d. 48.8
ACI MOMENT COEFFICIENT
METHOD
POSITIVE MOMENT:
End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained …………… ………….wuln2/11
Discontinuous end integral with support………….. wuln2/14
Interior spans …………………………………………………… wuln2/16
NEGATIVE MOMENT
At exterior face of first interior support
Two spans………………………………………………………….. wuln2/9
More than two spans………………………………………… wuln2/10
at other faces of interior supports…………….………. wuln2/11
at face of all supports for slabs with spans not exceeding 3 meters, and beams where ratio of sum of column stiffness to beam
stiffness exceed eight at each end of the span……………………………………................. wnln2/12
at interior face of exterior support for members built integrally with supports:
where support is a spandrel beam………. Wuln2/24
where support is a column………………..…. wuln2/16
SHEAR
at face of first interior support ………………………….. 1.15 wuln/2
at face of all other supports…………………………………………wuln/2
1. Total uniformly distributed load, (however, if we use this, none of the choices will be the
answer)
By troubleshooting the problem, we found out that the units are kN/m instead of kPa. Thus,
Note: Clear span for negative moment is the average of adjacent spans:
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Situation 2: A 450 mm x 450 mm x 18 m long precast concrete pile is to be lifted from the casting
bed.
4. The pile is lifted horizontally at two points. At what equal distance (m) from the ends should be
held so that the resulting bending stress is the least possible?
a. 2.25 c. 3.73
b. 2.57 d. 3.10
5. at what equal distance (m) from the ends should the pile be lifted horizontally ac that the
resulting shear stress is smallest.
a. 4.5 c. 2.1
b. 26 d. 3.0
6. The pile is lifted horizontally at 1.8 m from each end. Find the maximum moment due to its
weight. unit weight of concrete is 24 KN/m 3.
a. 196.8 c. 126.0
b. 118.1 d. 175.0
Solution:
4. x = 0.207L = 3.726 m
5. x = 0.25L = 4.50 m
Where: Cm
Pi EI
2
ns 1.00
1
Pu Pc
u
2
kL
0.75Pc
1. Determine the shear force at the roof level, if the natural vibration of
the building T = 0.6 s
2. If T = 0.90 s, determine the lateral force at the roof level.
3. After analysis, the shear force at each level are as follows:
Roof level = 180 kN, 2nd Level = 156 kN, 1st Level = 114 kN
How much is the overturning moment at the base?
Tributary Area – the area assumed to load a given member
Influence Area – In contrast to the tributary approach, the influence area recognizes that the total load
experienced by a structural member maybe influenced by loads applied outside the tributary area of the
member.
NSCP 205.6 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction
The influence area is four times the tributary area for a column.
Two time the tributary area for a beam, equal to the panel area for a two-way slab.
Reduction of Floor Live Loads
NSCP 205.6 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction
The unit live load may be reduced in accordance with the equation shown on any member, including flat
slabs, having an influence area of 40 or more.
Note: The reduced live load shall not be less than 50% of the unit live load for members receiving load
from one level only, nor less that 40 percent of the unit live load for other members.
The continuous floor beam ABCD is shown in the figure. It has a 100 mm
slab thickness and the beams b x h is 300 mm x 500 mm. Column section is
0.30 m x 0.3 m.
Live load = 3.6 KPa L = 8 m S = 2.8 m
Super imposed Dead load = 2.6 KPa
Concrete weights = 24 KN/
Use live load reduction as specified by the code. No live load reduction is
required for slabs.
Compute the positive moment for beam EF using reduced live loads.
Compute the negative moment at the face of support E using reduced live loads.
Compute the negative moment at F using reduced live loads.
Nov. 2018 CE BOARD. Situation 5: A three story building has interior columns spaced 8
m apart in two perpendicular directions.
Given design loads:
Roof DL = 5.0 kPa
Floor DL (Typical each floor) = 7.0 kPa
Roof LL = 0
3rd floor LL = 2.4 kPa
4th floor LL = 6.0 kPa
In accordance with NSCP provisions, reduced design floor live load, L = Lo (0.25 + 4.57/
)
Where:
Lo = Unreduced live load
Ai = Influence arear = 4 x tributary area for a column based on the tributary area for a
column based on the tributary area of interior column,
13. What is the total axial load (KN) of a column at the second floor
level due to service LL?
a. 82.3 c. 164.5
b. 76.8 d. 153.6
14. What is the total axial load (KN) on a column at the ground floor level due
to service LL?
a. 268.8 c. 288.3
b. 537.6 d. 466.3
15. What is the total dead load (KN) on a column at the ground floor level?
a. 1864 c. 932
b. 1682 d. 1216
Situation 9: The unsupported heights of a spiral column bent in single curvature of 600
mm and braced against sideway is 2.8 m. it has a diameter of 600 m. column ends are
pinned.
Given: Axial Loads at service condition
P dl = 3000 KN LL = 1800 KN Eq = 420 KN
Strength reduction factor for spiral columns in compression 0.75
U = 1.2 D + 1.0 L + 1.4 E
25. Which of the following gives the slenderness ratio of the column?
a. 4.7 c. 18.7 b. 9.3 d. 15.6
26. How many 32 mm bars are needed to provide a steel ratio of 2.5 percent?
a. 12 c. 18 b. 15 d. 9
27. Calculate the number of 25 mm diameter bars required for the ultimate axial load.
a. 7 c. 6 b. 8 d. 9
Situation 16: A simply supported girder spans 10 m. It carries the following service loads at
midspan:
Total Dead Load, D = 82 KN Live Load, L = 77 KN
Given:
Properties of the Girder:
Area, A = 19,226 mm2
Depth, d =540mm
Flange width, bf = 312 mm
Flange thickness, tf = 20 mm
Web thickness, tw = 12mm
Elastic section modulus, Sx = 3.72 x 10 6mm3
Plastic section modulus, Zx = 4.14 x 10 6mm3
Rt= 83 mm
Steel yield stress, Fy = 344 mm
Cb = 1.0
Factored Load, U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
46. The compression flange of the girder is supported only at midspan.
Which of the following gives the allowable flexural stress, Fb (MPa)?
a. 206 c. 227
b. 188 d. 144
2) The total cross-sectional area of rectangular hoop reinforcement shall not be less than
that given by:
5.21.4.4.2 Transverse reinforcement shall be spaced at distance not exceeding (a) one quarter of the
minimum member dimension, (b) six times the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement, and (c) as defined
by Eq 21-5
Where:
=
= total cross sectional area of transverse reinforcement (including crossties) within spacing s and
perpendicular to
= cross sectional dimension of column core measured center-center of confining reinforcement
=maximum horizontal spacing of hoops or crosstie legs on all faces of the column.
SHEAR
does not exceed 30,000 kN/m for interior exposure and 20,000 kN/m for exterior exposure. Calculated stress
in reinforcement at service load (MPa) shall be computed as the moment divided by the product of steel area
and internal moment arm. In lieu of such computations, it is permitted to take as 60 percent of specified yield
strength .
5.10.6.5 Provisions of section 5.10.6.4 are not sufficient for structures subject to very aggressive exposure or
designed to be watertight. For such structures, special investigations and precautions are required.
Where:
A = effective tension area of concrete surrounding the flexural tension reinforcement and
having the same centroid as that reinforcement, divided by the number of bars or wires, in .
When the flexural reinforcement consists of different bar or wire sizes the number of bars
or wires shall be computed as the total area of reinforcement divided by the area of the
largest bar or wire used.
= thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar or wire
located closest thereto, mm
= calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads.
STRUCTURAL
CRACK CONTROL
410.7 DISTRIBUTION OF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT IN BEAMS
AND ONE-WAY SLABS
410.7.4 The spacing s of reinforcement closest to a surface in tension shall
not exceed that given by
Thus,
FOOTINGS
Situation 7: A 1.8m square footing supports a steel column. The column is
W10x45 with bf=205mm and d=260mm. The footing has an effective depth of
320mm. The base plate is 305mm x 400mm and is made of A36 steel with
Fy=248 MPa. In analyzing the base plate and the footing, the column may be
assumed rectangular with dimensions 0.8bf x 0.95d. fy=275MPa and
f’c=21MPa.
18. Determine the ultimate wide beam shear strength of the footing in kN.
19. Determine the ultimate punching shear strength of the footing in kN.
20. Determine the required total number of 20mm diameter bars.
415.5 MOMENT IN FOOTINGS
415.5.1 External moment on any section of a footing shall be determined by
passing a vertical plane through the footing and computing the moment of the
forces acting over the entire area of footing on one side of that vertical plane.
415.5.2 Maximum factored moment for an isolated footing shall be computed as
prescribed in Section 415.4.1 at critical sections located as follows:
1. At face of column, pedestal, or wall, for footings supporting a concrete
column, pedestal, or wall;
2. Halfway between middle and edge of wall, for footings supporting a
masonry wall;
3. Halfway between face of column and edge of steel base plate, for
footings supporting a column with steel base plate.
WALL FOOTING
A 250 mm thick concrete wall is to be centrally located on a footing.
➀ How much is the required least resisting moment so that there will be
no tensile stress in the footing if the loads on the footing are as follows.
Total vertical load = 432 KN Overturning moment = 288 KN.m Footing
width = 4 m.
➁ Find the smallest footing width that will prevent uplift. Total vertical
load = 360 KN Resisting moment = 756 KN.m Overturning moment =
252 KN.m
➂ Which of the following gives the resulting maximum soil pressure in
MPa if the load on the footing are as follows. Total vertical load = 250
KN Resisting moment = 470 KN.m Overturning moment = 245 KN.m
Footing width = 3.0 m.
A 300 mm thick concrete wall is to be centrally located on a footing. The allowable soil bearing pressure is
192 kPa.
1. The footing is to be designed for a moment of 160 kN.m and a total vertical load of 320 kN. What would
be the minimum footing width to prevent uplift?
a. 3.0 b. 2.25 c. 1.9 d. 1.5
2. Given: Total vertical load, P = 540 kN, Resisting Moment =1,080 kN.m
The footing width is 4m. How much is the allowable overturning moment (kN.m) such that there will be no
tensile stress in the footing?
a. 360 b. 540 c. 720 d. 1,080
Where: