LECTURE

 NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   1  

 
Problem
A high concentrated solution having a volume of 100 liters is mixed by 75% alcohol,
and 25% gasoline. It was found out that a 50-50% mixture is also appropriate in the
solution. How much gasoline should be added to the high concentrated solution in
order to have a 50-50% mixture?
SOLUTION:
25% 100% 50%
100 + x = x + 100
0.25(100) + 1(x) = 0.50(x + 100)
25 + x = 0.5x + 50
0.5x = 25
x = 50

Problem
Given a triangle ABC with sides AB = 25 cm, BC = 32 cm, and AC = 47 cm. Find the
distance of the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors to side BC.
SOLUTION:
Note: The point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of any triangle is the center of the
circumscribing circle (circumcenter), and its distance from any vertex is the radius of the
circumscribing circle.

A T = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) B

(a + b + c) 16
s=
2 25 R
(25 + 32 + 47)
s= = 52 x 16
2
A T = (52)(52 - 25)(52 - 32)(52 - 47) A 47 C

A T = 374.7 circumcenter

abc 25(32)(47)
R= = = 25.09 cm
4A T 4(374.7)
x = R 2 - 162 = 19.32 cm

LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   2  
 
Problem
A road is tangent to a circular lake. Along the road and 12 miles from the point of tangency,
another road opens towards the lake. From the intersection of the two roads to the periphery
of the lake, the length of the new road is 11 miles. If the new road will be prolonged across
the lake, find the length of the bridge to be constructed.
SOLUTION: B
ΔABCO is similar to ΔCAO
x
⎡ opposite of ß ⎤ x + 11 12
⎢ ⎥ =
⎣ opposite of α ⎦ 12 11 A
11
144
x= - 11
11 C 12
O
x = 2.091 mi

Or, using the relationship :

(OA)(OB) = (OC)2
11(11 + x) = 12 2
144
x= - 11
11
x = 2.091 mi
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   3  
 
Problem
The capacities of two hemispherical tanks are in the ratio of 64:125. If 4.8 kg of
paint is required to paint the outer surface of the smaller tank, then how many kg of
paint will be needed to paint the outer surface of the larger tank?
SOLUTION:
V1 64
=
V2 125
4π r 3 S1 = 4π r1 2
V1 = 3 1
4π r 3
S2 = 4π r2 2
V2 = 3
3
2
S2 = 4π ( 45 r ) 1
64 r1 S1 x
= =
125 r23 S2 4.8
4 r1 4π r1 2 ( 16
25
) x
= =
5 r2 4π r1 2 4.8
5r x=
4.8(25)
= 7.5 kg
r2 = 1 16
4

Problem
A hole 100 mm in diameter is to be punched out from a right circular cone having a diameter
of 160 mm. Height of cone is 240 mm. Determine the length of the hole punched out.
SOLUTION:
80 80
50 80 50 50
=
x 240
x = 150 h

h = 240 - 150
h = 90 mm 240

x
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   4  
 
Problem
A right circular cone is divided into 3 portions A, B, and C by planes parallel to the base. The
height of each portion is h, and the base radius of the cone A is “r” units. Cone A is the
vertex of the big cone. Determine the ratio of the volume of A to that of B.

SOLUTION:
h 2h
=
r r1 h
2r = r1 A

h 3h
=
r r2 r r
3r = r2 h
B
π r2 h
Vol. A =
3
π r12 (2h) π r 2 h r1 r1
Vol. B = - h
3 3 C
π(2r)2 (2h) π(r 2 )h
Vol. B = -
3 3
7π r 2 h
Vol. B =
3 r2 r2
VA π r2 h
1
= 3 2 = or Ratio is 1: 7
VB 7π 3r h 7

LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   5  
 
Problem
The height of the cone is h. It contains water to a depth of 2/3 h. What is the ratio of the
volume of water to that of the cone?

SOLUTION:
V1
V1 (h / 3)3 h/3
=
V h3 h V2
V
V1 = 2/3h water
27
V2 = V - V1
V
V2 = V -
27
26V
V2 =
27
V2 26
=
V 38
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   6  
 
Problem
The lateral area of a regular pyramid with a square base is 1500 cm2 and altitude of
20 cm. Compute the side of the square base.
SOLUTION:
Lateral area of pyramid :
A
x(S)
1500 = (4)
2
750
S= (slant height)
x
Considering ABC :
()
2
(20)2 + x = (S)2 h=20
2
2 2 S
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 750 ⎞
400 + ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
4(750)2
2 x /2
1600 + x = B
x2 C
x /2
x4 + 1600x2 – 2250000 = 0 x /2
Let y = x2
y2 + 1600y – 2250000 = 0
y = 900
x2 = 900
x = 30
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   7  
 
Problem
Find the value of θ if coversed sin θ = 0.256855.
SOLUTION:
Coversed sin θ = 1 – sin θ
0.256855 = 1 – sin θ
θ = 48˚

Problem
If the angle from the line 2x + 5y – 17 = 0 to the line 3x – By – 8 = 0 is 45˚, determine the
value of B.
SOLUTION:
2
Line 1: 2x + 5y - 17 = 0; Slope, m1 = -
5
3
Line 2: 3x - By - 8 = 0; Slope, m2 =
B

Angle between Line 1 and Line 2 :
m2 - m1
tan θ =
1 + m1m2
3
B - (- 25 )
tan 45˚ = =1
1 + (- 25 )( B3 )
3 2 6
+ =1-
B 5 5B
21 3
=
5B 5
B =7
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   8  
 
Problem
The coordinate axes are asymptotes of the equilateral hyperbola whose vertex in
the first quadrant is 3 2 units from the origin. What is the equation of the
hyperbola?
SOLUTION: y
a 2 = 2 xy
a=3 2

(3 2 )
2
= 2 xy
a x
9(2) = 2 xy a
a
xy = 9 a

Problem
A car weighing 800 kg runs at 60 kph around an unbanked circular curve with a radius of 100
m. What force of friction on the tires should be there be to prevent the car from sliding?
w
SOLUTION:
60(1000)
V= centrifugal
3.6 force

V = 16.667 m/s
wV 2
F= (centrifugal force) F
gr
800(16.667)2 car
F=
100
F wV2/gr
F = 2222 N
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   9  
 
Problem
A ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 3 m/sec, from the window of a tall
building. The ball strikes the sidewalk at the ground level 4 seconds later. Find the height of
the window above the ground level.
SOLUTION: B

Shortcut solution :
1 h
y = Vo t - gt 2
2
1 A
y = 3(4) - (9.81)(4)2 H
2
y = - 66.48 m.
y
Neg. means below the point of released.

Problem
An aircraft begins its take-off run with an acceleration of 4 m/s, which then decreases
uniformly to zero in 15 seconds, at which time the craft becomes airborne. What is the take-
off run in meters?
SOLUTION: a = 4 m/s
Velocity = area of acceleration diag. acceleration diag.
4(15)
V= = 30 m/s
2 0
Distance or take - off run : t = 15 m/s

S = area of velocity diag.

V = 30 m/s
30(15)(2)
S= = 300 m
3 velocity
diag.

t = 15 m/s
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   10  
 
Problem
A 50 kg nail box rest on the top of the smooth ramp whose length is 3 m. and
whose height is 0.80 m. How long will it take for the box to slide to the bottom of the
ram when released?
SOLUTION: 50 kg
Sin θ = 0.80
3 t
W Sin θ = ma
W ( 0.80
3 ) = W a
9.81 0.8m
3m

a = 2.616 m/s 2
S = V1t + 21 at 2
W
3=0+ 1 (2.616)t 2
2
t = 1.514 sec. ma

Problem
Roger McArthur purchases a building lot for $40,000 cash and plans to sell it after 5 years. If
he wants an 18% before tax rate of return, after taking the 6% annual inflation rate into
account, what must be his selling price?

Solution:
i' = i + f + if
i = 0.18 + 0.06 + 0.18(0.06)
i = 0.2508 F
F = P(1 + i)n
F = 40,000(1 + 0.2508)5 P=40,000
F = $122,461
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   11  
 
Problem
An electric replacement pump is being considered for purchase. It is capable of providing
200 hp. The pertinent data are as follows:
Cost = P3200
Maintenance Cost per year = P50
Electric efficiency = 0.85
Life expectancy = 14 years
The pump is used for 400 hours per year and the cost of electricity is P0.04 per kilowatt-hour
(1 horsepower = 0.746 KW). Assuming the pump will have no salvage value, what will be the
monthly cost?
Solution:
400(0.04)(200)(0.746)
Annual cost = + 50
0.85
Annual cost = P2858.47

2858.47
Monthly cost = =P238.20
12

Problem
A new bridge connecting Dumaguete and Santander with a 100-year life is expected to have
an initial cost of $20 M. This bridge must be resurfaced every five years at a cost of $1 M.
The annual inspection and operating costs are estimated to be $50,000. Determine the
present-worth cost of the bridge using the capitalized equivalent approach (that is the life of
the bridge as infinite), if the interest rate is 10% per year, compounded annually.

Solution:
Rebuilt Cost O.C.
Present worth (capitalized equivalent approach) = FC + +
(1 + i)n - 1 i
1,000,000 50,000
Present worth = 20,000,000 + +
(1.10)5 - 1 0.10
Present worth = 20,000,000 + 1,637,974.81 + 500,000
Present worth = $22,137,974.81
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   12  
 
Problem
The new model of the lathe machine (200LX) cost P200,000 to buy and P30,000 per year to
operate will save labor expenses of P65,000 per year for 8 years. The machine will be
purchased if its salvage value at the end of 8 years is sufficiently large to make the
investment economically attractive. If the interest rate of 10% is used, compute the minimum
salvage value. S.V.
Solution:
A = 65,000 - 30,000 A A A A A A A A

A = 35,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A ⎡⎣(1 + i)n - 1⎤⎦ S.V.
P= +
(1 + i)n i (1 + i)n
P=200,000
35,000 ⎡⎣(1.10) - 1⎤⎦
8
S.V.
200,000 = +
(1.10)8 (0.10) (1.10)8
S.V.
13,277.58 =
(1.10)8
S.V. = P28,462
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   13  
 
Problem
The maintenance of Isuzu diesel engine is expected to be $155 at the end of the first year
and it is expected to increase $35 each year for the following years. What sum of money
should be set aside now to pay the maintenance for the eight-year period? Assume MARR to
be 6%.
Present worth factor (P/A, 6%, 8) = 6.2098
Sinking fund factor (A/F, 6%, 8) = 0.1010
Compound amount factor (F/A, 6%, 8) = 9.897
Uniform gradient series factor (P/G, 6%, 8) = 19.845
Solution:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P1 ⎡⎣(1 + i) - 1⎤⎦
n

=
A (1 + i)n i A A A A A A A A=155

P1 P1
= 6.2098 (present worth factor)
A 1875
P1 = 155(6.2098)
G=35
P1 = $962.50 35

P (1 + i)n - 1 n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
= 2 - 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
G i (1 + i)n i(1 + i)n
P2
P2
= 19.845 (uniform gradient series factor)
G
P2 = 35(19.845)

P2 = $694.58

P = P1 + P2

P = 962.50 + 694.58

P = $1,657
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   14  
 
Problem
Find the smallest value of the kinetic friction that will keep this system from accelerating.
Solution:
T = 2940 Sin 30˚
2940 = 2940 Sin30˚ + µ (2940) Cos 80˚ 300 kg

µ = 0.578

300 kg 30˚

2940
T 30˚

F
300(9.8)=2940

N 30˚

Problem
A stone is thrown horizontally from a cliff 20m. above the ground. The stone has an initial
velocity of 12 m/s. Find the total time that the stone is in the air? How far from the base of the
cliff will the stone hits the ground?
V1=0
Solution:
1 V=12 m/s
y = V1 t - g t 2
2
1
- 30 = 0 - (9.8)t 2
2 30 m
t = 2.47 sec. Ground
x=vt
x
x = 12(2.47) = 29.64 m.
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   15  
 
Problem
A ball is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 10 m/s from the edge of a cliff, 80 m. high.
Determine the total distance did it travel until strikes the ground and its velocity when it hits
the ground.
Solution:
y = V1t -
1 2
gt V2
2
1 V1=10 h
− 80 = 10 t - (9.8) t 2
2
2
4.9 t - 10t - 80 = 0
t 2 - 2.04 t - 16.32 = 0
t = 5.31 sec
V22 = V12 - 2 g h 80 m
2
0 = (10) - 2(9.8)h
h = 5.10

Total distance = 5.10 + 5.10 + 80 = 90.2 m. V3

V3 = V1 - g t
V3 = 10 - 9.8(5.31) = - 42.04 m / s

Problem
Two vectors have values of V1 = 6 km and V2 = 8 km. Find the maximum magnitudes of their
vector sum?
Solution:
V = V1 + V2
V = 6 + 8 = 14 km
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   16  
 
Problem
A denominator of a fration is 1 more than the numerator. If both the numerator and the
denominator are decreased by 3, the resulting fraction is equivalent to 4/5. Find the fraction.
Solution:
x
= fraction
x +1
x -3 4
=
x +1-3 5
5x - 15 = 4x - 8
x=7
7 7
Fraction = =
7 +1 8

Problem
An F – 100 plane and a Toyota truck leave the same town at sunrise and head for a town
450 miles. The speed of the plane is 3 times the speed of the truck and the plane arrives 6
hours ahead of the truck. Find the speed of the truck.
Solution:
450 450
= +6
x 3x
450(3) = 450 + 6(3x)
x = 50 mph

Problem
The diameter of the moon is 3480 km. Hwo many times larger is the surface area of the
earth (radius = 6380 km)
Solution:
2
4π Ro 2 ⎛ 6380 ⎞
= = 13.4
4π Rm2 ⎜⎝ 1740 ⎟⎠
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   17  
 
Problem
Determine the percent uncertainty in the area of a square that is 6.08 ±0.01 m. on a side.
Solution:
A1 = 6.08(6.08) = 37 m2
Min. length = 6.08 - 0.01 = 6.07
Min. area = 6.07(6.07) = 36.9m2
Max. length = 6.08 + 0.01 = 6.09
Max. area = 6.09(6.09) = 37.1 m2
Max. area is greater than the area by = 37.1 - 37 = 0.10 m2
Min. area is less than the area by = 37 - 36.9 = 0.10
Area = 37 ± 0.10 m2
0.10
Percent uncertainty = (100) = 0.27%
37

Problem
Mr. Smith is planning his retirement. He has decided that the needs to wthdraw $12000 per
year from his bank account to supplement his other income from Social security and a
private pension plan. How much money should he plan to have in the bank at the start of his
retirement, if the bank pays 10% per year, compounded annually and if he wants money to
last for a 12 year retirement period?
Solution:
( )
A ⎡ 1 + i) - 1⎤
n

⎢ ⎥⎦
P= ⎣
( )
n
1+i i

( )
⎡ 1.10 -1 ⎤
12

P = 12000 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1.10) (0.10) ⎥
12

⎣ ⎦
P = 81,764
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   18  
 
Problem
A machine costs $40000 to purchase and $10,000 per year to operate. The machine has no
salvage value and a 10 year life. If i = 10% per year, compounded annually, what is the
equivalent uniform annual cost of the machine?
Solution:

EUAC = (FC)i +
(
FC - SV i )
+ o.c.
( )
n
1+i - 1

EUAC = 40000(0.10) +
( 40000 - 0) + 10,000
(1.10) - 1
10

EUAC = $16,510

Problem
If a polynomial is divided by x – 5, the quotient is 2x2 + 5x – 6 and the remainder is 3. Find
the original polynomial.
Solution:
P 3
= 2x 2 + 5x - 6 +
x -5 x -5
P (2x 2 + 5x - 6)(x - 5) + 3
=
x -5 x -5
P = (2x 2 + 5x - 6)(x - 5) + 3
P = 2x 3 + 5x 2 - 6x - 10x 2 - 25x + 30 + 3
P = 2x 3 - 5x 2 - 31x + 33
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   19  
 
Problem
Keith Robinson is a chemistry teacher who needs 1 liter of a solution of 5% hydrocloric acid
(HCl) to carry out an experiment. If he only has a stock solution of 99% hydrochloric acid,
how much water (0% acid) and how much stock solution (99%) of HCL must he mix to get 1
liter of 5% solution? Round answers to the nearest hundredth of a liter.
Solution:
Let x = 99% HCL
y = 0%

x + y = 1 liter
0.99x + 0(y) = 0.05(1)
x = 0.05 liter of 99% HCL
y = 0.95 liter of water

Problem
Given:
FC = P600,00
SV = P60,000
Life = 5 years
Compute the depreciation on the 3rd year using Modified Accelerated Cost
Recovery System Method.
SOLUTION:
1 ⎡2 ⎤
1st yr. dep. = ⎢ (600,000 - 0) ⎥ = P120,000
2 ⎣5 ⎦
2
2nd yr. dep. = (600,000 - 120,000) = P192,000
5
2
3rd yr. dep. = (600,000 - 120,000 - 192,000)
5
3rd yr. dep. = P115,200
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   20  
 
Problem
A machine costs P100,000 with a salvage value of P20,000 at the end of its life of 8
years. Which of the following gives the depreciation at the 6th year using Sinking
Fund Method if money is worth 6% annually?
SOLUTION:
(FC - SV)i
Annual dep. =
(1 + i)n - 1
(100,000 - 20,000)(0.06)
Annaul dep. =
(1.06)8 - 1
Annaul dep. = P8082.88
Dep. at the 6th year = P8082.88

Problem
The ground makes a uniform slope of 5.2% from STA 8 + 890 to Station B. At STA 8
+ 890, the center height of the roadway is 4.13 m fill. At the other station, the center
height is 7.57 m cut. If the finish road has a uniform grade of – 2.6%, what is the
stationing of B?
SOLUTION: 5.2%
0.052L = 7.57 + (4.13 – 0.026L) 2.6%
7.57
0.078L = 7.57 + 4.13 0.026L
0.052L
4.13
L = 150
Sta. of B = 8 + 890 + 150 = 9 + 040 A B 4.13-0.026L
8 + 890 L
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   21  
 
Problem
A particular station has the following earthwork cross-section.
9.0 4.5 4.5 x
+2.0
y +4.0 +2.0 +1.0
If the width of the road base is 9 m. and the side slopes are 1V:1.5H,
the quantity of x is equal to: C
Solution: L

a 1.5 Slope 1:1.5

= 4.0
1.0 1.0 y
2.0
1.5 1.0
a = 1.5
4.5 4.5 4.5 a
x
x = 4.5 + a

x=6
y 1.0
=
4.5 1.5
y=3

Problem
Due to maladjustment, a transit with the telescope in normal position
is deflected 15” to the left of its correct position or not perpendicular to
the horizontal axis. Determine the error in the measured horizontal
angle if the vertical angle of the first point is 46˚ and that of the second
point is 74˚.
Solution:
Error in horizontal angle with line of sight not perpendicular to the horizontal axis.
E = e(Sec θ2 – Sec θ1)
E = 15”(Sec 74˚ - Sec 46˚)
E = 32.82”
LECTURE  NOTES  IN  MATHEMATICS   22  
 
Problem
The cross-sectional area of station 2 + 210 is 40 m2 in fill and at
station 2 + 810 is 60 m2 in cut. The free haul distance is 100 m. The
balancing point is at station 2 + 510. The ground surface is sloping
upward from station 2 + 210 to station 2 + 510 and also uniformly
upward from station 2 + 510 to station 2 + 810. Determine the
stationing (along fill) of the limits of free haul.

Solution:
Vol. of cut = Vol. of fill
FHD=100
b(100 - x) a(x) 60
=
2 2 b
By ratio and proportion : 2+210 x 100-x
a 2+510 2+810
a 40
= 40
x 300
2
a= x
15 300 300
b 60
=
100 - x 300
1
b = (100 - x)
5
(100 - x)(100 - x) 2 ⎛ x⎞
= x ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
5(2) 15
x2 1
= (100 - x)2
15 10
2x
= 100 - x
3
0.8165x = 100 - x
x = 55.05
Stationing of limits of free haul along the fill
= (2 + 510) – 55.05
= 2 + 454.95