HKUST Spring 2022 Chapter 3 – Lecture 11

Reinforced Concrete Design

[CIVL 3320]

Dr. Elias DIMITRAKOPOULOS

Associate Professor

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
 outline

shear, bond and torsion

• shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement
• design example: shear links
• design example: bent-up bars

these presentation slides are largely based on:

• the lecture notes of Professor Jun Shang KUANG
• the presentation slides of Professor Andreas KAPPOS
many thanks to both!
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

design requirements
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4𝑏𝑣
1. minimum links should be provided [clause 6.1.2.5 / 9.2.2]: =
𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣
in this equation 0.4 is modified as
𝑁
0.4 × 𝑓𝑐𝑢 /40 2/3 if 40 < 𝑓𝑐𝑢 ≤ 80 𝑚𝑚2
• by equating 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 𝑏𝑣 0.4𝑏𝑣 𝑁
= = → 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 = 0.4
𝑠𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑚𝑚2
𝑁
• indicates the minimum links at least provide a design shear resistance of 0.4 𝑚𝑚2 →
𝑁
therefore, the value of 𝑣𝑟 = 0.4 𝑚𝑚2 is considered as the required minimum design
shear resistance of links

reason for proving minimum links:

• when web reinforcement is provided, it remains unstressed until diagonal cracking
occurs → if the amount of web reinforcement is too small, the sudden stress increase
may cause instant yielding of these reinforcing bars

3
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

design requirements

2. maximum shear stress [HKConcrete2013: clause 6.1.2.5]:

the design shear stress 𝑣 should always
𝑉 𝑁
𝑣= ≤ min 0.8 𝑓𝑐𝑢 , 7
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 𝑚𝑚2
• whatever shear reinforcement is provided
(an allowance for 𝛾𝑚 = 1.25 has been included)

reason for limiting maximum shear stress:

𝑁
• 7 𝑚𝑚2 is considered as the maximum design value
of the shear force that can be sustained by the member

• this upper limit prevents crashing of the concrete in the direction of the maximum
principal compressive stresses, i.e. crashing of the compression strut of the concrete

𝑉 𝑁
• if the design shear stress 𝑣 = 𝑏 > 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.8 𝑓𝑐𝑢 , 7 𝑚𝑚2 →
𝑣𝑑
dimensions of the cross-section should be increased
4
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

design requirements

3. maximum spacing of links [HKConcrete2013: clause 9.2.2]:

in the direction of span, 𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥 should not be larger than 𝑑 → take

𝑠𝑣 ≤ 0.75𝑑

reason for limiting maximum spacing of links: 𝑑

• this condition ensures that at least one stirrup
intercepts one diagonal crack 𝑑
(according to the 45° truss model)

𝑉 𝑠𝑣 𝑠𝑣

5
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

design requirements

4. form and area of shear reinforcement in beams

[HKConcrete2013: clause 6.1.2.5, Table 3.2-2]

note 1:
while minimum links
should be provided in
all beams of structural
importance, it will be
satisfactory to omit
them in members of
minor structural
importance such as
lintels or where the
maximum design
1
shear stress is < 2 𝑣𝑐

6
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

design requirements

4. form and area of shear reinforcement in beams

[HKConcrete2013: clause 6.1.2.5, Table 3.2-2] note 2:
minimum links provide a design
shear stress of 𝑣𝑟 where
𝑁 𝑁
𝑣𝑟 = 0.4 for 𝑓𝑐𝑢 ≤ 40 or
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓 2/3 𝑁
𝑣𝑟 = 0.4 𝑐𝑢 for 40 < 𝑓𝑐𝑢 ≤ 80
40 𝑚𝑚2

note 3:
see 6.1.2.5(d) for
guidance on spacing of
links and bent-up bars
7
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

enhanced shear strength

of sections close to supports
the shear causing
failure is that acting • shear failure at sections of beams without
on section X-X shear reinforcement will normally occur on
a plane inclined at an angle of about 30° to
the horizontal

• if the angle of failure plane is forced to be

inclined more steeply due to the load or
because the section where the shear is to
be checked (eg section X-X in the fig) is
close to a support→ the shear force
required to produce failure is increased →
𝑣
i.e. these sections have an enhanced
shear failure near supports shear resistance

8
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

enhanced shear strength

of sections close to supports
the shear causing
failure is that acting
• within a distance of 2𝑑 from the face of a
on section X-X
support or a concentrated load, the design
concrete shear stress may be increased from
2𝑑
𝑣𝑐 to 𝑎 𝑣𝑐 , provided that the shear stress 𝑣
𝑣
at the face of the support remains
𝑁
𝑣 < min 0.8 𝑓𝑐𝑢 , 7
𝑚𝑚2

• the enhanced shear strength may be taken

𝑣 into account in design of sections,
in particular beams with concentrated loads
near a support, or with corbels and pile capes

9
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

enhanced shear strength of

sections close to supports
• one of the possible reasons:
sections close to supports have an enhanced shear
resistance partly owing to the induced diagonal
compressive stresses in concrete from the concentrated
reaction, which helps to resist shear→ in such case, the
shear span to depth ratio is generally small

• for design, a simplified approach [Clause 6.1.2.5(i)]

is used to consider the enhanced shear strength of
sections close to supports

• take a nominal section which is

at a distance 𝑑 from the face of the support

nominal section for • the shear stress at the nominal section is used
simplified approach for design to replace the maximum shear stress
at the face of the support
10
 outline

shear, bond and torsion

• shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement
• design example: shear links
• design example: bent-up bars
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

design example:
• provide the shear reinforcement
for the beam shown

solution:
from Statics we know that
• shear force at face of support
0.3 6 0.3
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑞 × = 75.2 × − 75.2 ×
2 2 2
0.3
= 225.6 − 75.2 × = 214.3 𝑘𝑁
2

• shear force at the nominal section

(at a distance d from support face)
𝑉𝑑 = 214.3 − 75.2𝑑 =
= 214.3 − 75.2 × 0.55 = 172.9 𝑘𝑁
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 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement
design load (UDL) 𝑞 = 75.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
solution:

1. maximum shear stress:

𝑉 214.3 × 103 𝑁
𝑁 𝑣= = = 1.30
𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25
𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 300 × 550 𝑚𝑚2
𝑁
< 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min 0.8 𝑓𝑐𝑢 , 7 =
𝑚𝑚2
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
shear force diagram min 4 , 7 = 4
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2

2. design concrete shear stress 𝑣𝑐

face of support 𝑉𝑠 = 214.3 𝑘𝑁 for 2T25 (As = 982 mm2):
100𝐴𝑠 100 × 982
= = 0.59
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 300 × 550
poll: max v
from [HKConcrete2013 Table 6.3]
(Lec10 slide 19)
𝑁
𝑣𝑐 = 0.52
𝑚𝑚2
13
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

design load (UDL)𝑞 = 75.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 solution:

3. shear links (stirrups)

𝑁• shear force at the nominal section

𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25
𝑚𝑚2 (at a distance d from support face)
• 𝑉𝑑 = 172.9 𝑘𝑁
𝑑 shear force diagram 𝑑 • shear stress at the critical section
𝑉𝑑 172.9 × 103 𝑁
𝑣= = = 1.05 >
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 300 × 550 𝑚𝑚2
𝑁
nominal section 𝑉𝑑 = 172.9 𝑘𝑁 𝑣𝑐 + 𝑣𝑟 = 0.52 + 0.4 = 0.92 2 →
𝑚𝑚

poll: v>vc + vmin 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑐 + 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛

we need to provide shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑣
more than the minimum
𝑠𝑣 𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛

14
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

design load (UDL)𝑞 = 75.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 solution:

3. shear links (stirrups)

• shear stress at the critical section

𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
2525 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑓 = = 𝑣 = 1.05 > 𝑣𝑐 + 𝑣𝑟 = 0.92
𝑐𝑢 𝑚𝑚 2
𝑚𝑚2
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2
• shear reinforcement is required
suppose mild steel (R) is used
𝑑 shear force diagram 𝑑 𝑁
𝑓𝑦𝑣 = 250
𝑚𝑚2
then

nominal section 𝑉𝑑 = 172.9 𝑘𝑁 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 𝑏𝑣 1.05 − 0.52 × 300 𝑚𝑚2

= = = 0.731
𝑠𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.87 × 250 𝑚𝑚
• for R10 links 𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 157𝑚𝑚2 →
or, from Table of Lec10 slide 30 → provide R10 links at 200 mm
provide R10 links at 200 mm centres (R10@200)
𝐴𝑠
R10@200 → = 0.785 • spacing distance check
𝑠𝑣 𝑠𝑣 157
𝑠𝑣 = 𝐴𝑠𝑣 = = 200 𝑚𝑚 < 0.75𝑑 = 413 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.785
15
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

design load (UDL)𝑞 = 75.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

4. minimum links (stirrups)
• the minimum amount required is
𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝟎. 𝟒 𝑏𝑣 0.4 × 300
= = = 0.552
𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.87 × 250
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25
𝑐𝑢 = 25 𝑚𝑚22
𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑠
provide R10@275 = 0.571
𝑠𝑣
𝑉𝑠 = 214.3 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑑 = 172.9 𝑘𝑁 𝑑
5. shear resistance of concrete plus
𝑑 = 550 𝑚𝑚
minimum links
𝐴𝑠𝑣
shear force diagram 𝑉𝑛 = 𝑣𝑐 𝑏𝑣 𝑑 + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑑 = 154.1 𝑘𝑁 =
𝑠𝑣
links required concrete + min links = 0.52 × 300 × 550 + 0.571 × 0.87 × 250 × 550 × 10−3

envelope of the shear resistance of

concrete plus minimum links
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑛 214.3 − 154.1
𝑠= = × 1000 →
75.2 75.2
𝑠 = 801 𝑚𝑚
16
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

design load (UDL) 𝑞 = 75.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 6. links arrangement

• in design practice, the enhanced shear
strength of sections near supports may
NOT be considered
𝑁
𝑚𝑚2 •
𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25 the shear force at the centre line of
support is often taken as the design
𝑉𝑐 = 225.6 𝑘𝑁 shear force → conservative
𝑉𝑠 = 214.3 𝑘𝑁
• in this example, the design shear force
would be
6
shear force diagram 𝑉 = 75.2 × = 225.6 𝑘𝑁
2
which may be used in the succeeding
calculations instead of the shear force
at face of support: 𝑉 = 214.3 𝑘𝑁
and the shear force at the nominal
section: 𝑉𝑑 = 172.9 𝑘𝑁
17
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25
𝑚𝑚2

6000 − 2 ∙ 800 − 300

= 4100𝑚𝑚 poll: role of shear reinf
18
 outline

shear, bond and torsion

• shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement
• design example: shear links
• design example: bent-up bars
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

concrete shear resistance of bent-up bars

compression strut
• in regions of high shear stresses, the use of
links to carry the full shear force may cause
steel congestion

• in these situations, ‘bending up’ main

𝑠𝑏 = 𝑑 − 𝑑 + longitudinal reinforcement that is no longer
(a) single system required to resist bending moments in the
beam can be considered

• main reinforcing bars in beams

may be bent up near the supports

• the bent-up bars and the concrete in

𝑠𝑏 compression are considered to act as an
(b) multiple system analogous lattice girder

20
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

shear resistance of bent-up bars

• single system: one diagonal crack

single system intercepts only one bent-up bar

concrete • the spacing of the bent-up bars is

compression strut
𝑠𝑏 = 𝑑 − 𝑑 +
𝑑
where
𝑑 = angle btwn bent-up bar and axis of the beam
= angle btwn compression strut and axis of the beam

𝑠𝑏 = 𝑑 − 𝑑 + • the shear resistance of a single bent-up bar is

𝑉𝑏 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑠𝑏 sin
where
𝐴𝑠𝑏 is the cross-section area of the bent-up bar

21
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

shear resistance of bent-up bars

• multiple system:
multiple system one diagonal crack intercepts more than one
concrete compression strut bent-up bar
• the shear resistance is given by

𝑑−𝑑 +
𝑉𝑏 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑠𝑏 sin
𝑠𝑏
𝑠𝑏 • where 𝑑 − 𝑑 + /𝑠𝑏 =
the number of bent-up bars
that intercept the diagonal crack

the truss should be arranged as follows:

• both and are ≥ 45°
• spacing 𝑠𝑏 has a maximum value of 1.5𝑑

22
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

shear resistance of bent-up bars

• multiple system

multiple system the truss should be arranged as follows:

concrete compression strut • both and are ≥ 45°
• spacing 𝑠𝑏 ≤ 1.5𝑑

• with = = 45𝑜 and 𝑠𝑏 = 𝑑 − 𝑑 , 𝑉𝑏

becomes
𝑠𝑏 𝑉𝑏 = 1.23𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑠𝑏
• this arrangement is commonly referred to as a
double system, where the number of bent-up
bars crossing the diagonal crack is
HKConcrete2013: clause 9.2.2
states that at least 50% of the 𝑑−𝑑 +
necessary shear reinforcement 𝑠𝑏
should be in the form of links 𝑑−𝑑 45𝑜 + 45𝑜
= =2
𝑑−𝑑
𝑑−𝑑 ′ cot 𝛼+cot 𝛽
𝑉𝑏 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑠𝑏 sin = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑠𝑏 sin 45 ∙ 2 = 1.23𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑠𝑏
𝑠𝑏
23
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

R12 stirrups @ 100 spcg

example:
shear resistance of a beam section with
both stirrups and bent-up bars

• determine the shear resistance of the beam,

section which carries a uniformly distributed load
double system
T25 bent-up bars
2-T25: 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 982 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 491 𝑚𝑚2 each • material strengths
𝑁
𝑓𝑦𝑣 = 250 𝑛𝑑 500 𝑚𝑚2
for stirrups and bent-up bars, respectively,
𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30 2 for concrete
𝑚𝑚

24
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

R12 stirrups @ 100 spcg

solution:
100𝐴𝑠 100 × 982
• with 2T25: = = 0.43
𝑏𝑑 350 × 650
• hence the design concrete shear stress
section 𝑁
double system 𝑣𝑐 = 0.50
T25 bent-up bars 𝑚𝑚2
2-T25: 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 982 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 491 𝑚𝑚2 each
• for the links: 𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 226 = 2.26
𝑠𝑣 100

𝐴𝑠𝑣
• the shear resistance of 𝑉𝑐+𝑠 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑣𝑐 𝑏𝑣 𝑑 + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝑑 =
𝑠𝑣
the concrete 𝑉𝑐 plus
= 0.5 × 350 × 650 + 2.26 × 0.87 × 250 × 550 × 10−3 =
the stirrups 𝑉𝑠 is = 114 + 320 = 434 𝑘𝑁

• the bent-up bars are arranged as a double 𝑉𝑏 = 1.232𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑠𝑏

system →shear resistance of bent-up bars: = 1.23 × 500 × 491 × 10−3 = 302.0 𝑘𝑁
25
 shear, bond and torsion
shear strength of beams with shear reinforcement

R12 stirrups @ 100 spcg

solution:

𝐴𝑠𝑣 226 𝑚𝑚2

• stirrups: R12@100: = = 2.26 𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑣 100

section • bent-up bars: 2T25 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 491𝑚𝑚2

double system
T25 bent-up bars
2-T25: 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 982 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 491 𝑚𝑚2 each

check:
• according to the code requirement,
≥50% of the necessary shear reinforcement should be in the form of links

• hence the shear resistance of links is

320 kN > 302 kN = the shear resistance of bent-up bars

• the shear resistance of the beam

(= the total shear resistance of the concrete + stirrups + bent-up bears) is
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑐+𝑠 + 𝑉𝑏 = 434 + 302 = 736 𝑘𝑁
26
 statics background
shear force and bending moment diagram

distributed load at each position x,

dV ( x )
the slope: = −q ( x )
dx
• of the shear force diagram is dM ( x )
q(x) the value of the distributed load: = V ( x)
dx
• of the bending moment diagram is
dx the value of the shear force:
A B

q(x) between two position 1 and 2,

V the change: V2 = V1 −  q ( x ) dx
2
M + dM
N • of the shear force diagram is
1

N + dN the integral of the load intensity:

M
1 V ( x ) dx
2
V + dV • of the bending moment diagram M = M +
dx 2 1

is the area under the s.f. diagram:

• for the specific case of UDL:
𝑉2 = 𝑉1 − 𝑞 𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

27