HKUST Spring 2022 Chapter 02 – Lecture 08

Reinforced Concrete Design

[CIVL 3320]

Dr. Elias DIMITRAKOPOULOS

Associate Professor

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)

• RC beams connected monolithically

to slabs behave as flanged-sections
inside the spans (positive bending)

2
 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)
B-B
flange A-A cracks
• location of neutral axis
in T-beams

cracks • at the supports (negative

web or stem
bending moments) they
deflected beam still behave as rectangular
sections with the width of
the web

tension
compression zone
reinforcement
section A-A section A-A
rectangular section B-B T-shaped
compression zone negative moment compression zone

3
 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)

stress blocks of T-beams

(a) actual stress block

(b) equivalent stress block →

constant stress along 𝑏𝑜 gives the same
force as the actual stress distribution

𝑏𝑜

4
 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)

𝑏
effective width

• the T-beam and L-beam are

examples of flanged beams

𝑏 • in practice the flange is often the floor slab →

the question arises of

what width 𝑏 of the slab is to be taken as
the effective width

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 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)

T-section code recommendations:

the effective width 𝑏 should be taken as
slab
• T-beam →
beam stress and 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏 + 0.2𝑙𝑧 ; actual flange width
forces
• L-beam →
column 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏 + 0.1𝑙𝑧 ; actual flange width

• 𝑙𝑧 = the distance between points

of zero moment along the beam span
𝑙𝑧 𝑙𝑧 𝑙𝑧 𝑙𝑧
• it may be determined from the bending
moment diagram or taken as
0.7 x (the effective span)
for a continuous beam

6
 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)

definitions of effective span and effective length

1. effective span of a simply supported beam
may be taken as the smaller of the distance
between centres of supports
or
the clear distance between supports plus
effective depth

2. effective span of a continuous beam is

the distance between centres of supports

3. effective length of a cantilever is its length to the

face of the support plus half its effective depth
or
the length to the centre of the support where
it forms the end of a continuous beam

7
 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections) poll 𝑠 𝑣𝑠

𝑏 0.
section with the depth of stress block
𝑠 2
neutral 𝑠 = 0. lying within the flange (𝑠 ≤ )
axis

• the beam section can be considered

as an equivalent rectangular section
of the flange width 𝑏
𝑏

• this is because the section below

the NA is in tension and is, therefore,
equivalent rectangular section considered to be cracked and inactive
0.
𝑏
𝑠 2
neutral 𝑠 = 0.
• NA = neutral axis
axis

8
 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)
𝑏 0.
section with the depth of stress block
𝑠 2
neutral 𝑠 = 0. lying within the flange (𝑠 ≤ )
axis
• the beam section can be considered as
an equivalent rectangular section of
the flange width 𝑏

design
• the same procedure as that
𝑀 𝐾 𝑀
of a singly-reinforced section: 𝐾 = 2, = 0. + 0.2 − → =
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 0.9 0.87 𝑦 𝑧

checking: assume tension steel

has yielded at failure → = 0.87 𝑦

• from force equilibrium 0. 𝑏𝑠 = 0.87 𝑦 → 𝑠 (then x)→ = −𝑠 2

• the moment of resistance 𝑀𝑅 = = 0. 𝑏𝑠

is then calculated by 𝑀𝑅 = = 0.87 𝑦
9
 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)

example:
analysis of a flanged section with 𝑠 ≤
𝑁 𝑁
• = 30 ; = 00
𝑚𝑚2 𝑦 𝑚𝑚2
• determine the ultimate moment
of resistance of the T-beam section

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 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)

example:
analysis of a flanged section with 𝑠 ≤
𝑁 𝑁
• = 30 ; = 00
𝑚𝑚2 𝑦 𝑚𝑚2
• determine the ultimate moment
of resistance of the T-beam section
design
• assume initially that the stress block depth lies within 𝑠≤
the flange and the reinforcement is strained to the yield: = 0.87 𝑦
• force equilibrium = → 0. 𝑏𝑠 = 0.87 𝑦 → 𝑠 = 0.87 𝑦 0. 𝑏

• solving for the depth of stress block 0.87 × 00 × 1 70

𝑠= = 𝑚𝑚 < = 1 0 𝑚𝑚
0. × 30 × 800
• hence the stress block does lie within the flange 𝑠
= − = 20 − = 3 1 𝑚𝑚
2 2
• with this depth of NA, the steel reinforcement
will have yielded as assumed the lever arm
𝑀𝑅 = = 0. 𝑏𝑠
• taking moments about the centroid = 0. × 30 × 800 × × 3 1 × 10−6
of the moment of resistance is = 2 .1 𝑘𝑁𝑚 11
 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)
𝑏
section with the depth of stress block
extending to the web 𝑠 >
actual section
design moment = 𝑀 • the moment of resistance of the flange concrete is
𝑀 = 0. 𝑏 − Τ2
𝑏 • when the design ultimate moment
𝑀>𝑀
• the stress block must extend below the flange, i.e
wing section
moment of
𝑠>
resistance = 𝑚1 • we will calculate the total moment of resistance as
a sum of the moment of resistance of the wing
sections 𝑚1 and the moment of resistance of the
web section 𝑚2
neutral
axis 𝑀 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

web section
moment of
resistance = 𝑚2
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 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)
𝑏
section with the depth of stress block
extending to the web 𝑠 >
actual section divide the flange section within the depth of
design moment the stress block:
= 𝑀 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
wing section 1
𝑏 • area = b−𝑏
wing section • compression force
moment of resistance = 𝑚1 1 = 0. 𝑏−𝑏
0.
𝑏 • moment of resistance of
1
(1) (1) 𝑚1 = 0. 𝑏−𝑏 −
2
2
neutral = • corresponding moment of steel force
1
axis − 0. 𝑚1 = 0.87 𝑦 − 2 1
• the steel area corresponding to the wing
section is
𝑚1
𝑏 1 =
0.87 𝑦 − 2
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 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)
𝑏
section with the depth of stress block
extending to the web 𝑠 >
actual section divide the flange section within the depth of
design moment the stress block:
= 𝑀 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

𝑏
web section 2
web section • area =𝑏 𝑠
moment of resistance = 𝑚2 0.
• compression force
𝑠= 0. 2 = 0. 𝑏 𝑠
(2) 0. • moment of resistance of
2
neutral
=
𝑚2 = 0. 𝑏 𝑠 2
axis 2
− 0.

𝑏
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 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)
𝑏
design formulae
1. 𝑚1 : moment of resistance of the wing section
𝑚1 = 0. 𝑏−𝑏 − 2
actual section
design moment = 𝑀 the steel area corresponding to the wing section is
𝑚1
1 =
𝑏 0.87 𝑦 − 2

2 2 2. 𝑚2 : moment of resistance of the web section,

1
𝑚2 = 𝑀 − 𝑚1
− 0. wing section the steel area corresponding to the web
moment of component is 𝑚2 𝑀 − 𝑚1
resistance = 𝑚1 =
2 =
0.87 𝑦 0.87 𝑦
𝑚2 𝑀 − 𝑚1
𝐾= 2
=
𝑏 𝑏 2
0. 0.
2
neutral 𝐾
axis where = 0. + 0.2 −
= 0.9
− 0.
web section
moment of
3. total reinforcement=area1 + 2
resistance = 𝑚2
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 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)

𝑏 = 00 0.
example
100 = 𝑠
1 • = 30 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑦 = 00 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2
2
neutral
• T-beam section
=3 0

axis
design ultimate moment of 170 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑏 = 200

16
 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)

𝑏 = 00 0.
solution
100 = 𝑠 2
1
• moment of resistance of the flange concrete is
neutral
=3 0

axis

𝑀 = 0. 𝑏 − =
2

𝑏 = 200 = 0. × 30 × 00 × 100 3 0 − 100 2 × 10−6

= 162 𝑘𝑁𝑚 < 170 𝑘𝑁𝑚 the stress block
extends below the
flange→ 𝑠 >
• for the wing section,
𝑚1 = 0. 𝑏−𝑏 − Τ2 = 81 𝑘𝑁𝑚
the moment
= 0. × 30 × 00 − 200 × 100 3 0 − 0. × 100 × 10−6
of resistance is:

• hence the 𝑚1 81 × 106

1 = = = 621 𝑚𝑚2
reinforcement area is 0.87 × 00 3 0 − 0. × 100
0.87 𝑦 −
2
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 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)

𝑏 = 00 0.
solution
100 = 𝑠
1
2
neutral
• for the web section
=3 0

axis
𝑀 − 𝑚1 170 − 81 × 106
𝐾= = = 0.121 < 0.1 6 →
𝑏 2 200 × 3 02 × 30

𝑏 = 200
𝐾 = 0.121
• so the lever of is 𝑚2 2 = 0. + 0.2 − =2 𝑚𝑚 > 0.77 = 271 𝑚𝑚
0.

• hence: 𝑀 − 𝑚1 170 − 81 × 106

2 = = = 6 6 𝑚𝑚2
0.87 𝑦 0.87 × 00 × 2

• total area of tension steel is = 1 + 2 = 621 + 6 6 = 1317 𝑚𝑚2

→ provide 3T25 = 1 72 𝑚𝑚2
1 72 clause 9.9.1.1(a) for
• steel ratio 𝜌=
𝑏
=
200 × 3 0
= 2.1% < 2. %
ductility detailing
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 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)
𝑏 0.
the code method [Clause 6.1.2.4 (d)]

2
1

𝑠 = 0.
(1) (1)
(2) • is derived to design for the

=
2
neutral conservative condition of = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 →
axis 1
2 flange section with neutral axis depth
𝑁
≤ → 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒅
𝑚𝑚2
2 = − 0. 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 0. 0. = 0.77
𝑏

divide the flange section within the compression forces

the depth of the stress block developed by these areas are
wing area 1 = b − 𝑏 → 1 = 0. 𝑏−𝑏
web area 2 = 𝑏 𝑠 → 2 = 0. 𝑏 0. = 0.2 𝑏

• the maximum moment 𝑀 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 1 + 2 2 =

of resistance of the concrete is 2
= 0. 𝑏−𝑏 − + 0.1 6 𝑏
2
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 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)
𝑏 0.
the code method [Clause 6.1.2.4 (d)]

2
1

𝑠 = 0.
(1) (1)
(2) • is derived to design for the

=
2
neutral conservative condition of = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 →
axis 1
2 flange section with neutral axis depth
𝑁
≤ → 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒅
𝑚𝑚2

𝑏
• the maximum moment of resistance values of the factor 𝛽 (𝐾 ′ = 0.1 6)
𝑀 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽 𝑏 2 𝒃 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝒉𝒇
• in which ≤2 3 4 5 6 ∞
𝑏 𝑏 1 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
𝛽 = 0. 1− 1− + 𝐾′
𝑏 2 𝑏 2 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.08
• where 4 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.04
𝐾 ′ = 0.1 6 if ≥ 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 6 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.03
𝐾 ′ = 0.120 if < ≤ 70 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2
8 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.02
𝐾 ′ = 0.0 if 70 < ≤ 100 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2
∞ 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.07 0
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 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)
𝑏 0.
the code method [Clause 6.1.2.4 (d)]

2
1
(1)
(2)
(1) 𝑠 • when the design moment 𝑀

=
neutral
2
𝑀 ≤ 𝑀 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥
axis
2
1 compression steel is not required

• taking moment about 1

at the centroid of the flange:
𝑏
𝑠 0. −
𝑀 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1− 2 − = 0.87 𝑦 − − 0.2 𝑏
2 2 2 2

• therefore 𝑀 + 𝒌𝟏 𝑏 𝒌𝟐 −
=
0.87 𝑦 − 0.
• where 𝒌𝟏 and 𝒌𝟐 as in the Table
see Clause 6.1.2.4(d) 𝒇𝒄𝒖 ≤ 𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐
45 0.100 0.45
70 0.072 0.32
100 0.054 0.24 21
 analysis of sections of RC members
flanged section in bending (T-beam and L-beam sections)
𝑏 0.
flanged section with compression reinforcement
′
• when the design moment 𝑀 > 𝑀 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,

𝑚𝑎𝑥
(1) (1) 1
(2) 𝑠
compression steel is required

=
2
neutral
′
axis −
1
2
• the moment (𝑀 − 𝑀 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) will be resisted by
𝑀>𝑀 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 compression steel, taking moment about Fcc1
at the centroid of the flange,
𝑏
𝑀−𝑀 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.87 𝑦 ′ − ′

𝑀 − 𝑀 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀−𝛽 𝑏 2
• therefore ′= =
0.87 𝑦 − ′ 0.87 𝑦 − ′
• from the force equilibrium
condition = 1 + 2 + ↔
on the section: 0.87 = 0. 𝑏 0. + 0. 𝑏−𝑏 + 0.87 ′
𝑦 𝑦

• the tension reinforcement

0.2 𝑏 + 0. 𝑏−𝑏
is then given by = + ′
0.87 𝑦
22
 analysis of sections of RC members
singly & doubly reinforced beam in bending

summary of section design poll

• design parameter
𝑀
1. calculate 𝐾 = 2
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑
𝐾 ≤ 𝐾 ′ , design as singly reinforced section
2. check value of 𝐾 ቊ
𝐾 > 𝐾 ′ , design as doubly reinforced section

• singly reinforced section

𝐾
1. calculate = 0. + 0.2 − if > 0. d take = 0.
0.9
𝑀
2. calculate of =
0.87 𝑦 𝑧

23
 analysis of sections of RC members
singly & doubly reinforced beam in bending poll
summary of section design
• design parameter
𝑀
1. calculate 𝐾 = 2
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑
𝐾 ≤ 𝐾 ′ , design as singly reinforced section
2. check value of 𝐾 →ቊ
𝐾 > 𝐾 ′ , design as doubly reinforced section
• doubly reinforced section
𝐾
1. calculate = 0. + 0.2 −
0.9

2. calculate the depth of stress block 𝑠 = 2 − ; then =

0.9
′
𝑑′ ≤ 0.38 continue on to Stage 4
3. check if ቊ ′
> 0.38, compression steel will not have yielded; go on to Stage 5
𝑥

′
𝐾 − 𝐾′ 𝑏 2 𝐾′𝑏 2
′
4. calculate = = + (e.g. 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.77 )
0.87 𝑦 − ′ 0.87 𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑛
2 2
5. calculate ′
𝐾 − 𝐾′ 𝑏 𝐾′𝑏 ′ ′
= = +
′ − ′ 0.87 𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.87 𝑦
′
where = 𝐸 𝜀 ′ = 200,000𝜀 ′ if ′
> 0.87 𝑦 , take ′
= 0.87 𝑦

24