CIV 3263 DESIGN OF STEEL

AND TIMBER
STRUCTURES
LECTURES 6&7
 CHAPTER 3:
DESIGN OF TENSION AND
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
 LECTURE 6:
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
 CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF TENSION MEMBERS
• NET SECTIONAL AREA: PLATES
• NET EFFECTIVE AREA FOR ANGLES AND TEES IN
TENSION
• PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
• DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL TENSION
• DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL TENSION
AND BENDING
• TENSION SPLICES AND LUG ANGLES
 INTRODUCTION
• A tension member is the one which is intended to
resist axial tension. Tension members are also called
ties or hangers. For the tension members, the
disposition of material in a tie has no effect on its
structural efficiency so that compact sections such as
rods may be used without reduction in allowable
stress. For tensile force to be axial, it is necessary that
the load is applied through the centroid of the section
of the member.
• The axial tensile force applied to the member has a
tendency to straighten the member, which in turn
reduces the initial eccentricity. Therefore, small
unknown eccentricities are usually neglected in the
design.
 TYPES OF TENSION MEMBERS
Tensions members can be divided into four groups:
• (1) Wires and cables: wires used as structural tension
members are usually cold-drawn from hot-rolled rods.
Wire size is often specified by the gauge number rather
than the diameter. Wires ropes or cables are used for
hoists, derricks, rigging slings, guy wires, hangers for
the suspension bridges etc.
• (2) Rods and bars: Members carrying tensile force of
small magnitude may be made from hot-rolled square
or round rods, or of flat bars. Round bars are threaded
at the ends and are used with nuts. Because of
slenderness of these members, their compressive
strength is negligible. The inadequate stiffness
resulting in noticeable sag under their own weight,
especially during erection.
 TYPES OF TENSION MEMBERS (built)
• (3) Single structural shapes and plates: These are
angle sections, tee-sections and channel sections.
• (4) Built-up Section: Such sections are required to
take heavy tensile load and consist of two or
more plates or shoes. The built-up section is
made to provide:
1. Greater area which can not be provided by a
single rolled shape,
2. Greater rigidity, by way of greater moment
of inertia, or
3. Suitable dimension to facilitate proper
connection
 4mmx7x19 galvanized wire rope

Wire rope is several strands of metal wire twisted into a helix forming a composite
"rope", in a pattern known as "laid rope". Larger diameter wire rope consists of
multiple strands of such laid rope in a pattern known as "cable laid".
In stricter senses the term "wire rope" refers to diameter larger than 3/8 inch
(9.52 mm), with smaller gauges designated cable or cords. [1]Initially wrought iron wires
were used, but today steel is the main material used for wire ropes.
 Lifting devices
WIRE ROPE HOIST Lifting Slings & Rigging Slings
Two guy derricks at a granite
quarry
EXAMPLE OF BARS
 THREE TYPES OF SECTIONS (Single
sections)

SQUARE AND CIRCULAR RODS SINGLE STRUCTURAL SHAPES FOR

AND BARS
TENSION MEMBER
TYPES OF SECTIONS (Built up
sections)

BUILT UP STEEL SECTIONS

 NET SECTIONAL AREA: PLATES
• When a tension member is spliced or joined to
a gusset plate or any other member, by rivets
or pins or bolts, its gross-sectional area is
reduced by the holes of these fasteners.
Hence a tension member is designed for its
net sectional area at the joint.
• There are two types of connector
arrangement:
(a) Chain riveting in plate section
(b) Zig zag or staggered riveting
 (a) Chain riveting in plate section

Net area = Gross area – Area due to rivet /bolt

holes
Anet  b.t  n(d .t ) = Ag – Aholes

Anet  t b  nd 
m
Aholes   d i t  max
i 1
(b) Zig zag or staggered riveting
2 •sp = longitudinal stagger spacing
s t
Aa   •sg = gauge line spacing
p

4s g
•t = member plate thickness
summation over number of
staggers in the chain of holes
 GENERAL CASE OF ZIG ZAG OR
STAGGERED RIVETING
In the case of zigzag or staggered riveting, the net
cross-sectional area along the chain of rivets is
2
s t
increased by an amount equal to 4g
• Where s = staggered pitch, i.e. the distance
between any two consecutive rivets, measured
parallel to the direction of force in member,
• g = gauge distance, i.e. the distance between
the same two consecutive rivets in a chain,
measured at right angles to the direction of
force.
 NET AREA
See the section ABCDE (figure 3,4.a)
  s1 2 s 2 
2

 t b  nd     
• Steinman’s formula: Anet


 4 g1 4 g 2 
Deduction = (sum of sectional area of holes, B, C and D) -
 s12 s2 
2
 
 4g  4g 
 1 2 

In general below is the formula

 s2 
Anet  t b  nd   m 
 4g 
Where n = no. of rivets in the section
considered.
m = no. of zigzags or inclined lines.
 Thus in figure 3,4.b, we have:
For line ABCDEFG, n = 5 and m = 4
 s2 
Anet  t b  5d   4  Similarly, for line HIJKLM, n =4 and m =2
 4g 
 s2 
Anet  t b  4d   4 
 4g 

Figure 3.4 Staggered riveting

NET EFFECTIVE AREA FOR ANGLES
AND TEES IN TENSION
• General Formula:
Anet  A1  A2 k
• Anet = Net effective area
• A1= effective cross-sectional area of connected
leg (or flange of tee).
• A2 =the gross sectional area of unconnected
leg (or web of the tee).
 NET EFFECTIVE AREA FOR ANGLES
AND TEES IN TENSION (Cont..)
Different cases:
• (1)Single angle section connected by one leg
only (figure 3,5) k  3. A1
3 A1  A2

• (2)Pair of angles back-to-back (or single tee)

connected by one leg of the angle (or by the
flange of the tee) to the same side of a gusset
(figure 3,6) 5. A1
k
5 A1  A2
 NET EFFECTIVE AREA FOR ANGLES
AND TEES IN TENSION
• Single angle section • Pair of angles back-to-
connected by one leg back (or single tee)
only (figure 3,5) connected by one leg of
the angle (or by the
flange of the tee) to the
same side of a gusset
(figure 3,6)
 (3)Double angles or tees placed back to
back and connected to each side of a
gusset or to each side of part of a rolled
section ( figure 3,7)
• For such members, the areas to be taken in
computing the mean tensile stress shall be the
effective area which will be taken equal to the
gross area less the deduction of holes. This is
subject to the condition that the angles or tees
have been connected by tacking rivets along their
length, at a pitch not exceeding one metre.
Net effective area = gross area of section – area of
holes
Figure 3,7
 Net section calculation (Figure 3.7)
The following cases are to be noted:
• If the angles are not tack connected using a pitch
not exceeding 1m, each angle shall be designed
as a single angle connected through one leg in
accordance with provision under para (1).
• Where two tees are placed back to back but not
tack riveted using a pitch not exceeding 1m, each
tee shall be designed as a single Tee connected to
one side of a gusset in accordance with para (2).
 The area of the leg of an angle
• The area of the leg of an angle shall be taken
as the product of the thickness and the length
from the outer corner, minus half the
thickness; and area of the leg of a tee as the
product of the thickness and the depth minus
the thickness of the tee.
Hence for angle section shown in figure 3,8.a
areas are given below:
The area of the leg of an angle
(Figure 3.8)
 The area of the leg of an angle
 t
• Gross area of connected leg =  a  .t
 2
 t
• Gross Area of outstanding leg =  2 .tb 

   t
A   a   d .t ; and
t
A   b  .t
2
 2
1
 2 
• Similarly, for the T-section shown in figure
3,7.b
• Gross area of connected flange = [Link]
• Gross area of outstanding leg = (b-tf).tw
• A1  a  2d .t f and A2  b  t f .t w
 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
Form Thickness/diamet σat (N/mm2)
er
1. Plates, angles, Up to and 150
tees, I-sections, including 20 mm
channels and flats. 20 mm t0 40 mm 144

Over 40 mm 138

2. Bars (round, Up to and 150

square, and including 20 mm
hexagonal) Over 20 mm 144
 DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO
AXIAL TENSION
• Step 1. Knowing the axial pull, P, and permissible
value of σat, calculate the net cross-sectional area
P
required. Anet 
 at
• Step 2. Try a suitable section, making an allowance
for rivet holes. The section should be so chosen that
its gross area is about 25% to 50% more than the net
area required.
• The following guide lines are useful:
– For single angle: Agross = 1.35 to 1.5 times Anet
– For double angles:
• Angles on same side of gusset plate: Agross = 1.35 Anet
• Angles on either side of gusset plate: Agross = 1.25 Anet
DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO
AXIAL TENSION (cont…)
• Step 3. Find actual Anet for the section selected
in step 2 by making deductions for rivet holes.
The number of holes to be deducted from a
tension member depends upon the type of
the section, and its end connections. However,
guidance for the deduction for rivet holes may
be taken from table 3,2.
Guidance for the deduction for rivet
holes
DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED
TO AXIAL TENSION (end)
• Step 4. If the actual Anet calculated in step 3 is
equal to or slightly more than one found in
step 1, the selected section is OK.
• Step 5. Check for slenderness ratio when the
reversal of load may occur.
• Step 6. Carryout the design of end
connections. The number of rivets is given by:
P
n
R
NEXT DESIGN PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO
AXIAL TENSION AND BENDING
• When a tension member is subjected to
tensile force P which does not pass through
the centroid of the section, bending moment
M = P.e is also induced, where e is the
eccentricity of the load with respect to the
centroid of the section. The section is thus
subjected to both direct stress as well as
bending stress. The combined stress at any
point is given by: P M xx
f   y
A I xx
 DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO
AXIAL TENSION AND BENDING (cont)
• When a member is subjected to axial tensile
load and bending, the net cross-sectional area
is given by: M y
P r2
A  Aa  Ab  
 at  bt
Where σat = permissible stress in tension = 0.6 fy
And σbt = permissible stress in bending
tension = 0.66 fy
• When a tension member is subjected to both
axial tension as well as uniaxial bending

it

should be so proportioned that 0.6 f  0.66 f  1.0
at ,cal bt ,cal

y y
 DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL
TENSION AND BENDING
• When a section is subjected to both axial
tension P and biaxial bending, the stress is
given by: P M xx M yy
f   y x
A I xx I yy

• A member subjected to both axial tension and

biaxial bending should be so proportioned
that (5): at,cal   btx,cal   bty,cal  1.0
 at  btx  bty
 at,cal  btx,cal  bty,cal
   1.0
0.6 f y 0.66 f y 0.66 f y
Design steps are presented bellow as in class notes
 DESIGN OF SECTION
• A trial section is selected corresponding to an
equivalent axial load (Pe) which is defined as
the axial tensile load that produces average
axial tensile stress in the section equivalent to
maximum combined stress at the extreme
fibre of the section.
• The equivalent axial load for uniaxial bending
is given by: P  P  M . y. A Pe  P  M .B f
e
I
• For biaxial bending: Pe  P  M xx .B fx  M yy .B fy
• Where Bf = bending factor = A
Z
 DESIGN STEPS
• Compute the net area of the section, considering
only the axial force. A 
P

net
at

• Allow for (i) reduction in area due to rivet holes and

(2) presence of B.M. Generally, 20% to 30% extra
area is provided for reduction due to rivet holes and
20% extra area is provided for bending moment
about each axis. Thus, for tensile load with uniaxial
bending, the gross area may be selected equal to 1.4
to 1.5 times the net area while for biaxial bending;
the gross area may be taken equal to 1.6 to 1.7 times
the net area. Select the section for this gross area.
• Compute net area. Calculate the actual axial
P
tensile stress from the relation:  at,cal 
Anet
 DESIGN STEPS (end)
• Compute the bending stress from the relation:
P M .y
 bt,cal  .y 
I A.r 2

• (a) For uniaxial bending, check that:

  bt,cal
  1.0
at ,cal

0.6 f y 0.66 f y

• (b) For biaxial bending, check that:

 at,cal  btx,cal  bty,cal
   1.0
0.6 f y 0.66 f y 0.66 f y

• If 5 is not satisfied, modify the section so that

step 5 is satisfied
TENSION SPLICES
 LUG ANGLES
• Lug angles are short angles used to connect the
gusset and the outstanding leg of the main member
as shown in Figure bellow . The lug angles help to
increase the efficiency of the outstanding leg of
angles or channels. They are normally provided when
the tension member carries a very large load. Higher
load results in a larger end connection which can be
reduced by providing lug angles. It is ideal to place
the lug angle at the beginning of the connection than
at any other position.
 LECTURE 7:
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
 CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• FAILURE OF SHORT AND LONG COLUMN
• PRACTICAL SECTIONS FOR COMPRESSIVE MEMBERS
• MODES OF FAILURE OF A COLUMN
• BUCKLING FAILURE: EULER’THEORY
• IDEAL END CONDITIONS AND EFFECTIVE LENGTH. PRACTICAL
END CONDITIONS AND EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTORS.
• RADIUS OF GIRATION AND SLENDERNESS RATIO
• DESIGN FORMULA: IS CODE FORMULA
• STRENGTH OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
• DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
• ENCASED COLUMNS
• COLUMNS SPLICES
 INTRODUCTION
• Any structural member loaded axially in
compression is called a column in the general
sense of the world. It is variously termed as
stanchion, post, strut, boom, etc. depending
upon its use as a particular member in a structure
(for definitions see the literature).
• A compression member is primarily designed to
carry axial compression. However, due to initial
crookedness, an axially loaded column has a
tendency to bent or buckle. This bending is
accounted for in design. However, if the bending
is significant, the structure is termed as a beam-
column, and it is designed differently.
 INTRODUCTION (end)
• Stanchions fail differently, depending on their
length and least lateral dimension; the two
parameters defining the short and long
stanchions. A short stanchion fails by crushing
of material (figure 4,1.a). Long stanchion fails
by buckling (figure 4,1.b). It was proved that
long stanchions are more practical.
• The safe axial load that a stanchion can carry
depends on (i) member dimensions, area,
shape and length, and (ii) end conditions.
 FAILURE OF SHORT AND LONG
COLUMN

Figure 4.1 (a)

Figure 4.1 (b)

PRACTICAL SECTIONS FOR
COMPRESSIVE MEMBERS
BUILT - UP SECTION
 MODES OF FAILURE OF A COLUMN
• A column, subjected to axial load, may fail under
the following modes:
(1) Crushing for short column;
(2) Buckling for long column;
(3) Mixed modes of buckling and crushing for
column of intermediate length.
For the cases of long columns, when these subjected
to axial loading, buckling occurs due to elastic
instability. Every such column has a critical load
which causes elastic instability, due to which
column suddenly fails due to excessive bending
stresses on the section.
Critical Equilibrium: Elastic Instability
• Equilibrium of an absolutely rigid body may be
stable, neutral and unstable.
• The stability of a long column is also of similar
nature. Depending on the intensity of the
applied axial force P, we have:
1. stable equilibrium
2. A neutral equilibrium
3. An unstable equilibrium
 TYPES OF STABILITY

Absolute stability of a ball in bowl

Absolute Instability. A ball on the bowl

Neutral Stability. A ball resting on the table

 BUCKLING OF COLUMN
• The curved configuration of the column,
under an axial load, is called buckled shape.
Due to this the distribution of stress over the
section will not be uniform, and the resulting
eccentricity, however slight, will cause
bending moment. This bending moment
produces bending stresses referred as
buckling stresses simply to prevent confusion
with bending stresses produced by
eccentrically applied loads.
 BUCKLING OF COLUMN (end)
• In general, the buckling tendency of a column
varies with the ratio of the length to least lateral
dimension. This ratio is known as slenderness
ratio. For tall slender columns, this ratio is large
and the failure is entirely due to buckling. When
this ratio is very small, failure occurs due
principally to yielding or crushing. Between these
extremes are the so called intermediate columns
where failure will be due to combination of
buckling and crushing.
 BUCKLING FAILURE: EULER’THEORY
• Let suppose that a very long column, in proportion to
its cross-sectional dimensions, is perfectly straight and
homogeneous in quality, and the compressive load is
perfectly axially applied. The strength to resist buckling
is greatly affected by conditions of the ends, whether
fixed or free.
• The analysis of buckling of a column is conducted using
the standard case, e.g. when the column is hinged at
both ends. At critical load, a compression member may
buckle in any direction, if its moments of inertia I is
same about the axes. If moments of inertia are
different, a column buckles either to one side or to the
other, in that plane about which I is minimum.
 EULER BUCKLING OF COLUMNS
The smallest force at which a bucked shape is possible is
called critical force, or buckling load, or crippling load or
Euler load.
EULER BUCKLING OF COLUMNS (cont)
• The buckled shape describes an elastic curve for
which mathematics gives the following equation:
d2y
EI 2  M x   P. y
dx
• The least value of P at which the column will bend
is:  2 EI
P
L2
• This critical load is called Euler’s load, PE
 2 EI
PE  (4.1)
L2

Where L = actual length of the column.

 LIMITATION OF EULER’S FORMULA
• The Euler’s theory is based on the following
assumptions.
(i) The axis of the column is perfectly straight
when unloaded
(ii) The line of thrust coincides exactly with the
unstrained axis of the strut.
(iii) The flexural rigidity EI is uniform.
(iv) The material is isotropic.
(vi) The buckling value of P = PE is assumed to
obtain for all degrees of flexure.
 LIMITATION OF EULER’S FORMULA (END)
• As it is clear from the formula (4.1), no
strength property of the material appears in
Euler’s formula, yet it determines carrying
capacity of column. The only material
property involved is the elastic modulus E,
which physically represents the stiffness
characteristic of material.
• From the critical load, the critical stress pE
which is defined as an average stress over the
cross-section is given by: p  P   EI   EA r  
E
2 2 2 2
E
E
AL AL2 AL2  r
L
2
IDEAL END CONDITIONS AND EFFECTIVE LENGTH.
PRACTICAL END CONDITIONS AND EFFECTIVE LENGTH
FACTORS.
• A column may have two types of end conditions:
(i) Position restraint (ii) Direction restraint
• An end has a position restrain when it is not free
to change its position (or is not free to translate),
but is free to rotate. Example: a hinged end, etc.
• In the direction restraint, the end of the column is
not free to change its direction. It may be free to
change its position, or it may not be free to
change its position. However, an end of a column
may have both the position restraint as well as
direction restraint.
 FOUR IDEAL CASES OF END
CONDITIONS
• Case 1. Both ends of column hinged (figure 4, 5.a): standard
case  2 EI
The Euler’s loads (critical load), PE  2 (4.2)
L
• Case 2. One end fixed and other end free (figure 4,5.b):
 EI
2
The Euler’s loads, PE  2
(4.3)
4L

• Case 3. One end fixed and other end hinged (figure 4,5.c):
The Euler’s loads, 2 2 EI (4.4)
PE 
L2
• Case 4. Both ends fixed (figure 4,5.d):
The Euler’s loads, (4.5)
4 2 EI
PE 
L2
Four ideal cases of end conditions

Figure 4.5
 General formula of Euler’s crippling load
 EI
2 C is constant which takes into account the
PE  method of fixing the ends (i.e. whether the
CL2 ends are fixed or hinged or free).
The values of coefficient C are respectively 1, 4, ¼, ½ according
to the four cases.
In the place of using the actual length L of the column, we
can use that length of column which is equivalent to that of a
pin jointed column:  2 EI  2 EI
PE  2

LE l2
Table 4.1. Equivalent length for columns with ideal end conditions
End condition Both ends One end fixed Both ends One end fixed
hinged and other free. fixed other hinged

Equivalent L 2L
L L
Length l  L C 2 2
PRATICAL END CONDITIONS AND EFFECTIVE
LENGTH FACTORS (Table 4.2)
 CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD Pcr
• The critical buckling load Pcr for columns is
theoretically given by Equation (4.7)
(4.7)

Where, I = moment of inertia about axis of

buckling
K = effective length factor based on end
boundary conditions
L = Actual Length
ℓ = (KL) = Effective Length
 RADIUS OF GIRATION AND
SLENDERNESS RATIO
• The radius of gyration of a section is given by:
I
r
A
• The values of radius of gyration are determined
about principal axes of the section.
• The slenderness ratio is obtained using the least
radius of gyration ( rmin).
• The slenderness ratio (λ) of a compression member
is defined as the ratio of its effective length to the
appropriate radius of gyration: L l
 E

r r
 MAXIMUM SLENDERNESS RATIOS
• The maximum slenderness ratio should not
exceed the values given in table 4.3.
Member Maximum
slenderness
ratio λ
1. A member carrying compressive loads resulting 180
from dead load and imposed loads.
2. A member subjected to compressive forces
resulting from wind/earthquake forces, provided
the deformation of such member does not adversely 250
affect the stress in any part of the structure.
3. A member normally acting as a tie in a roof truss
or a bracing system but subject to possible reversal
of stresses resulting from the action of wind or 350
earthquake forces
 DESIGN FORMULA: IS CODE FORMULA
• IS 800-1984 has recommended the Merchant
Rankine formula, given below:
f cc . f y
 ac 

m  f cc    f y  
1
n n n

 2E
f cc  Elastic critical stress in compression = 2
l
 = slenderness ratio m = factor of safety = 10/6
r
f cc . f y
n = a factor, assumed as 1.4  ac  0.6
 f  fy  
1

cc 
n n n

Values of ac for some of the Indian Standard structural steels are given in table
4.4.
Table 4.4
 COMMON SHAPES OF COMPRESSION
MEMBERS
• From different column formulas, it is clear that
the permissible stress in a compression
member decreases with increase in
slenderness ratio. Hence the sections must be
proportioned that it has largest possible
moment of inertia for the same cross-
sectional area. Also, the section should have
approximately the same radius of gyration
about both the principal axes.
 STRENGTH OF COMPRESSION
MEMBERS
• The strength of a compression member is the
load carrying capacity of a member at a safe
(allowable) compressive stress corresponding
to the slenderness ratio of the column.
• It depends upon several factors, most
important amongst these being radius of
gyration, effective length and area of cross-
section.
P   ac . A
 Strength of a compression member
• Step 1. For the given end conditions, compute effective length l of
the member.

• Step 2. Determine the values of radius of gyration of the member

about the principal axes and determine rmin. If it is a single rolled
steel section, these values are already available in steel tables. If it
is a built-up section, these values are determined either with the
help of Annex 1 or by actual computations.
l

rmin
• Step 3. Determine maximum slenderness ratio
• Step 4. Select σac from table 4.4 corresponding to this maximum
value of λ
• Step 5. Find gross cross-sectional area of the section, from steel
tables (Annexes 2)

• Step 6. Finally, compute the strength of the compression member,

P   ac . A
using equation (4.10)
 SOME GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
• 1. Effective length of compression members: the
effective length l shall be taken as the length from
the centre to centre of intersections with
supporting members, or the cantilevered length
in case of free standing struts.
• 2. Limits of slenderness ratio: depending upon
the type of load carried by compression member,
the maximum slenderness ratio (λ ) shall not
exceed the values given in table 4.3.
• 3. Permissible stress: Corresponding to a given
slenderness ratio, the permissible stress shall not
exceed the values given in table 4.4.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR ANGLE STRUTS
(IS: 800 - 1984)
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
• The design of compression member is
basically a trial and error procedure. For a
column of given length, end conditions and
load, the gross area of cross-section depends
upon the permissible stress σac which, in turn,
depends upon l ratio. Since the section is not
known before hand,
r the radius of gyration is
unknown, and hence ratio is also not known.
The design is therefore, done in the following
steps:
• Steps on the next slide
 Different steps for design
• Step 1. Given the actual length and the end conditions, find the effective
length l.
• Step 2. Assume suitable value of slenderness ratio of the member, as under:
• (a) For single struts: Assume λ between 120 to 150
• (b) For double angle strut: Assume λ between 100 to 120
• (c) For channel section strut: Assume λ between 80 to 100
• (d) For I-section stanchions: Assume λ between 60 to 90
• (e) For built-up sections: Assume λ between 30 to 50
(With lower value for I-sections and higher value for channel sections).
• Step 3. Select the value of σac, corresponding to the value of λ, from table 4.4
• Step 4. Compute the gross-area by the relation: P
A
 ac
• Step5. From the section tables, select a suitable section having the above
area. Find the minimum radius of gyration rmin for this section.
• Step 6. Compute . If this matches with the assumed value of λ, the design is
ok.
• Otherwise repeat steps 3 to 6.
 ENCASED COLUMNS
• In tall building, designed with skeleton as a
steel structure, the columns are encased in
concrete to provide flush surfaces from the
architectural point of view, (Figure 4,6).
• It increases the fire resistance of the column
and checks corrosion of the outer columns,
which otherwise have to be painted regularly.
Another use of this type of column is in the
basements.
CASED COLUMN
Specifications as laid by I.S: 800-1984
• The member should be a symmetrical I-section shape or channels
back-to-back with or without cover plates.
• The overall dimensions of the steel sections should not exceed
750 x 450 mm over plating where used, the larger dimension
being measured parallel to web.
• The column should be unpainted and solidly encased in ordinary
dense concrete with a 20 mm aggregate and of minimum M-15
grade.
• The minimum width of solid casing is b0+100 mm, where b0 is the
width of steel flange of the column.
• The surface and edges of steel column should have a concrete
cover of not less than 50 mm.
• The casing should be reinforced with steel wires in the form of
stirrups which should be at least 5 mm diameter, 150 mm c/c.
These stirrups are supported by 10 mm diameter bars at the four
corners.
• Steel core encased columns should be machined accurately at
splices.
 Design of composite member
• The steel column section is assumed to carry the entire load and is
designed as a simple column but is checked in a different manner.
An encased column is designed as follows:
• Assume allowable working stress in the column and compute the
cross-sectional area required for the load over it.
• A suitable section is chosen from IS. Handbook No. 1. A section
furnishing a large radius of gyration is preferred. The slenderness
ratio of the column is then worked out. It should be less than 250.
• From Table 4.4 of the text, the allowable axial stress in compression
σac is found.
• The load carrying capacity of the column is worked out and is
checked.
• The load carrying capacity of the encased column is computed and
it should not exceed two times the load permitted on an uncased
column. To compute the load carrying capacity of the encased
column the allowable compressive stress is calculated as follows:
• The radius of gyration for the encased column about YY-axis is given
by ryy = 0.2(b0+100) mm, where b0 = width of the steel flange in
mm.
 Design of a composite member (end)
• Notes: If a column is encased, the concrete is assumed to assist
in carrying the load over its rectangular cross-section. The
allowable compressive load in such a case is:
P  Asc sc  Ac c

• Where Asc = cross-sectional area of steel

• Ac = cross-sectional area of concrete,
•  sc  permissible stress in steel in compression, and
•  c  Permissible stress in concrete in compression (Table 4.6)
But this does not apply to struts of overall dimension greater than
1000 mm x 500 mm, the dimension of 1000mm being measured
parallel to the web or to the box sections.
 COLUMNS SPLICES
Splicing of a column becomes necessary where the
available length of structural steel section is less
than the required length of the column, or where
the section is to be changed, as at each floor level
in the multi-storied building. In the case of
multistoried buildings, splicing should be done a
little above the floor level (say 20 to 50 cm
above) so that erection becomes easy. The splices
should be designed to carry axial loads, horizontal
shear or moments to which the column is
subjected. Various types of riveted column splices
are shown in the below figure .
 Column splicing

Please read details in the literature !!!

END OF CHAPTER 3