Design of compression members

Introduction

• Columns are vertical members used to carry axial

compression load and due to their slenderness nature, they
are prone to buckling
• The behaviour of column will depend on its slenderness as:
High Medium
slenderness slenderness
Sensitive
Prone to
to effects
of

Buckling Imperfection
• Stocky Columns are not affected by buckling and the strength
is related to the material yield stress fy

Nmax=Npl = Aefffy
Stocky Slender
Intermediate
column columns
columns
Sensitive
Depend to
on effects
of
Depends on
both
Material Euler stress,
strength,fy σcr
• Common type of member

Figure 1 : Typical column cross-sections

• Typical section choices for a range of applications:
1. Light trusses and bracing
• Angles (including compound angles back to back)
2. Larger trusses
• Circular hollow section, rectangular hollow section, compound
sections and universal columns
3. Frames
• Universal Column (UC) fabricated sections e.g. reinforced UCs
4. Bridges
• Box columns
5. Power stations
• Stiffened box column
 Design of members in:
Compression
1. Design of axially loaded
column
i)Cross-section compression
resistance (Nc,Rd) – Cl. 6.2.4
2. Design of members in bending
and axial compression
- satisfy the equation in Clause
6.3.3 (4)
- simple construction (refer to
page 37-ch. 4 in modul)
Buckling
i)Buckling resistance (Nb,Rd) –
Cl.6.3.1
1. Flexural buckling mode
(Clause 6.3.1.3) – for hot-
rolled & welded
2. Torsional buckling mode
(Clause 6.3.1.4) – limited to
cold-formed
3. Flexural-torsional buckling
mode (Clause 6.3.1.4)
Compression:
• Nc,Rd – the sole check for members with low slenderness ( ≤ 0.2)
• For all other cases, check Nc,Rd and Nb,Rd

Buckling:
• Flexural buckling mode – governs majority cases
• Torsional buckling (pure twisting) – only occurs in centrally
loaded struts points symmetric. E.g. cruciform section
• Torsional – flexural buckling – occurs for centrally loaded struts
with cross section where the centroid and shear center do not
coincide. E.g. channel section
Cruciform section
 Cross sectional resistance

• Cross section resistance in compression is covered in Clause 6.2.4 in EN

1993-1-1.
• Only be applied as the sole check to members of low slenderness ( ≤ 0.2)
• For all other cases, check also need to be made for member buckling as
defined in Clause 6.3 (EC3).
• The design compression force is donated by design normal force NEd .
• the design resistance of a cross section under uniform compression Nc,Rd is
determined in similar manner to BS 5950:Part 1.
• The EC3 design expression for cross-section resistance under uniform
compression
Af y
N c , Rd  For Class 1,2 and 3 cross-sections
M0
Aeff f y For Class 4 cross-sections
N c , Rd 
M0
 Example 4.1

Question
A 254 x 254 x 73 UC is to be used as a short
(  ≤ 0.2) compression member. Calculate
the resistance of the cross-section in
compression, assuming grade S355 steel.
Answer

1. Section properties ( P363)

h = 254.1 mm
b = 254.6 mm
tw = 8.6 mm
tt = 14.2 mm
r = 12.7 mm
A = 9310 mm2
Yield strength, fy = 355 N/mm2 (Table 3.1 of EC3)
2. Cross-section classification (Clause 5.5.2)

  235 / f y  235 / 355  0.81

Outstand flanges (Table 5.2, Sheet 2)
c  (b  t w  2r ) / 2  110.3mm
c / t f  110.3 / 14.2  7.77
Limit for class 2 flange = 10ε = 8.14
8.14>7.77 flanges are class 2

Web internal compression part (Table 5.2,Sheet 1)

c  h  2t f  2r  200.3mm
c / t w  200.3 / 8.6  23.29
 Limit for Class 1 web = 33ε = 26.85
26.85 > 23.29 web is Class 1
Overall cross-section classification is therefore Class 2.
3. Cross-section compression resistance (Clause 6.2.4).
Af y
N c , Rd  for Class 1,2 or 3 cross-sections
M0
EC3 recommend  M 0  1.0
9310  355
N c , Rd   3305kN
1.0
 Buckling resistance members
• A column is said to buckle when it bends about an axis (major or minor)
• Elastic compression member

- Figure above shows a perfectly straight ember of a linear elastic material

(see page 4-Chapter 4 in modul)
• The load Ncr at which a straight compression member buckles laterally can
be determined by finding a deflected position which is one of equilibrium.
This position is given by

v   sin x / L
• In which  is the undeterminated magnitude of the central deflection, and
that the elastic buckling load is

N cr   2 EI / L2

• The elastic buckling load Ncr and the elastic buckling stress

 cr  N cr / A
• Also can be expressed in terms of the geometrical slenderness ratio L/i by
 2 EA
N c r   cr A 
L / i 2
• The buckling load varies inversely as the square of the slenderness ratio L/i
as shown in Figure below, in which the dimensionless buckling load Ncr/Ny
is plotted against the generalized slenderness ratio

Ny fy L fy
  
Nc r  cr i  2E

In which N y  Af y
• If the material ceases to be linear elastic at the yield stress fy, then the
above analysis is only valid for   ( N y / Ncr )  ( f y /  cr )  1
• This limit is equivalent to a slenderness ratio L/i of approximately 85 for a
material with a yield stress fy of 275 N/mm2
 Inelastic compression members
Inelastic compression members
• the buckling of an elastic member of non-linear material, such as that
whose stress-strain relationship is shown in below can be analysed by a
simple modification of the linear elastic treatment
• Thus the flexural rigidity is reduced from EI to EtI,, therefore
 2 Et A
N c r ,t 
L / i 2
 Design members in compression

• Eurocode 3 (EC3) approach to determining the buckling resistance of

compression member is based on same principles as that of BS 5950.
• Buckling resistance of members is covers in Clause 6.3(EC3)
• Guidance is provided for :
– Uniform members in compression (Clause 6.3.1) - column
– Uniform members in bending (Clause 6.3.2) - beam
– Uniform members subjected to a combination of bending and axial
compression (Clause 6.3.3) – beam-column joint
• No design expression for non-uniform member for calculating buckling
resistance. However, noted that second-order analysis using the
imperfections according to Clause 5.3.4 maybe used
 Design of Axially Loaded Column

• Design compression force is denoted by NEd (design normal force) and

must be shown to be less than or equal to the design buckling resistance
of the compression member, Nb,Rd ( axial buckling resistance)
N Ed
N Ed  N b, Rd or  1.0
N b, Rd
• Compression members with class 4 cross sections follows the provision of
Clause 6.3.1 and the design buckling resistance should be taken as
Af y
N b , Rd  For Class 1,2 and 3 cross-sections
 M1
Aeff f y For (symmetric) Class 4 cross-sections
N b , Rd 
 M1
Where χ is the reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode
• The buckling curve defined by EN1993-1-1 are equivalent to those set out
in BS5950:Part 1 (Table 24-with exception of buckling curve a0)
• The basic formulations for the buckling curves are as given as below:
1
 2
But χ ≤ 1.0
   2

• Where
2
  0.5[1   (  0.2)   ]

• α is a constant ( imperfection factor) which shifts the resistance curve

•  is non dimensional slenderness
• In EC3 (Clause 6.3.1), member slenderness or non-dimensional
slenderness is defined as:

Af y For class 1, 2 and 3 cross section

N cr

Aeff f y
 For symmetric class 4 cross section
N cr
• Ncr is the elastic critical buckling force for the relevant buckling mode
based on gross properties of the cross section
 2 EI
N cr  2
Lcr

• The buckling mode that governs design will be that with the lowest
critical buckling force Ncr.
• EN1993-1-1 defines five buckling curves, labelled ao,a,b,c and d as shown
in Figure 2 (Figure 6.4 of EC3)

Figure 2 : EN 1993-1-1 Buckling Curves

• The shapes of these buckling curves are altered through the imperfection
factor α and the five values of imperfection for each of these curve are
given in Table 1 (Table 6.1 of EC3)

Table 1 : Imperfection factors for buckling curves

Buckling Curve a0 a b c d

Imperfection factor α 0.13 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76

• To choose as to which buckling curve (imperfection factor) to adopt is

dependent upon the geometry and material properties of the cross
section an upon the axis buckling as shown in Table 2 (Table 6.2 of EC3).
• For compression members of stocky proportion  ≤2.0 or
NEd/Ncr ≤0.04, buckling effect may be ignored.
Selection of Buckling curve for a cross-section (Extract from Table 6.1 of EC3)
• EC3 provides guidance for
– Flexural buckling mode(Clause 6.3.1.3)
• Standard hot-rolled and welded structural cross-section and it is
predominant buckling mode and hence governs design in vast
majority cases.
– Torsional buckling mode(Clause 6.3.1.4)
• Generally limited to cold-formed members
– Flexural-torsional buckling mode(Clause 6.3.1.4)
 Flexural buckling (Clause 6.3.1.3)

• Calculation of the non-dimensional slenderness for flexural buckling is

given by
Af y Lcr 1 For class 1, 2 and 3 cross section
 
N cr i 1

Aeff f y L Aeff / A For class 4 cross section

  cr
N cr i 1
• Where
Lcr is the buckling length of the compression member and is equivalent to
the effective length LE in BS 5950
i is the radius of gyration about the relevant axis, determined using the
gross properties of cross section (rx,ry in BS 5950)

E 235
1    93.9 and  ( f y in N / mm2 )
fy fy
Table 2: Nominal buckling lengths Lcr for compression members (Table 24 BS 5950)
End Restraint ( in the plane under consideration) Buckling length, Lcr
Effectively held in Effectively retrained in direction at both 0.7L
position at both ends ends
Partially retrained in direction at both 0.85L
ends
Restrained in direction at one end 0.85L
Not restrained in direction at either end 1.0L

One end Other end Buckling length, Lcr

Effectively held Not held in Effectively retrained in 0.7L
in position at position direction
and restrained Partially retrained in direction 0.85L
in direction
Not restrained in direction 1.0L
Figure 3 : Nominal buckling lengths Lcr for compression members
 Torsional and flexural torsional buckling
(Clause 6.3.1.4)

• To check possibility that the torsional or torsional flexural buckling

resistance of a member maybe less than the flexural buckling resistance.
• Torsional buckling is pure twisting of a cross section and only occurs in
centrally loaded struts which are point symmetric and have low torsional
stiffness
• Torsional – flexural buckling is a more general response that occurs for
centrally loaded struts with cross-sections that are singly symmetric and
where the centroid and the shear center do not coincide
– E.g a channel section
• Whatever the mode of buckling of a member, the generic buckling curve
formulation and the method for determining member resistance are
common.
• Calculation of the non-dimensional slenderness  T for torsional and
torsional flexural buckling resistance are:
Table 3: Buckling curve selection table (Table 6.3 of EN1993-1-3)
 Af y For class 1, 2 and 3 cross section
T 
N cr
Aeff f y
T  For class 4 cross section
N cr

• Where
Ncr=Ncr,TF but Ncr ≤ Ncr,T
Ncr,TF is the elastic critical torsional-flexural buckling force
Ncr,T is the elastic critical torsional buckling force

• The elastic critical buckling forces for torsional and torsional-flexural

buckling for cross-sections that are symmetrical about(y-y) axis (i.e. where
z=0) are given by
 1   2
EI W 
N cr ,T  2  GIt  2

 (Eq. 6.33a of EC3-1-3)
i0  lT 
where
i02=iy2+iz2+y02+z02
G is the shear modulus
It is the torsional constant of the gross-section
Iw is the warping constant if the gross-section
iy is the radius of gyration of the gross-section about y-y axis
iz is the radius of gyration of the gross-section about x-x axis
lT is the buckling length of the member for torsional buckling
y0 is the distance from the shear centre to the centroid of the gross
cross section along the y axis
z0 is the distance form the shear centre to the centroid of the gross
cross section along z axis
   N cr ,T 
2 2 
N cr , y  N cr ,T   N 
N cr ,TF   1   1    4 y0  cr ,T  (Eq. 6.35 of EC3-1-3)
2  N cr , y  N  i  N
 cr , y   0  cr , y 
 
where
2
 y0 
  1   
 i0 
Ncr,y is the critical force for flexural buckling about the y-y axis
• Guidance is provided in EN 1993-1-3 on buckling lengths for components
with different degrees of torsional and warping restraint
• It is stated that for practical connections at each end lT/LT ( the effective
buckling length divided by the system length) should be taken as
1.0 for connections that provide partial restraint against torsion and
warping (Figure 4a)
0.7 for connections that provide significant restraint against torsion and
warping (Figure 4b)
Figure 4 : a) Partial b) significant torsional and warping restraint from
practical connections (Figure 6.13 of EN 1993-1-3)
For torsional and torsional-flexural buckling, calculate these equation:

 2 EI
N cr  2
Lcr

1   2
EI W 
N cr ,T  2  GIt  2


(Eq 6.33a of EC3-1-3)
i0  lT 
  N cr ,T 
2 2 
N cr , y  N cr ,T  y0  N cr ,T  (Eq. 6.35 of
N cr ,TF   1  1    4 
i  N 
2  N cr , y  N  
EC3-1-3)
 cr , y   0  cr , y
 
 Design of members in bending and axial
compression (Clause 6.3.3)

• Theoretically, all structural members be regarded as beam-columns, since

the commons classifications of tension members, compression members
and beams are merely limiting examples of beam-columns
• Members which subjected to combined bending and axial compression
should satisfy (Clause 6.3.3 EC3-1-1):
– For Class 1, 2 , 3 cross section

N Ed M y , Ed M z,E d
 k yy  k yz 1
 y N Rk /  M 1  LT M y , Rk /  M 1 M z , Rk /  M 1
N Ed M y , Ed M z,E d
 k zy  k zz 1
 z N Rk /  M 1  LT M y , Rk /  M 1 M z , Rk /  M 1
 – For Class 4 cross section:

N Ed M y , Ed  M y , Ed M z , E d  M z , E d
 k yy  k yz 1
 y N Rk /  M 1  LT M y , Rk /  M 1 M z , Rk /  M 1
N Ed M y , Ed  M y , Ed M z , E d  M z , Ed
 k zy  k zz 1
 z N Rk /  M 1  LT M y , Rk /  M 1 M z , Rk /  M 1
Where:
NEd, My,Ed and Mz,Ed are design values of the compression force and the
maximum moments about the y-y and z-z axis along
the member, respectively
My,Ed, Mz,Ed are the moments due to the shift of the centroidal
axis according to clause 6.2.9.3 and Table 4.5
χy and χz are the reduction factors due to flexural buckling
χLT is the reduction factors due to lateral torsional
buckling
kyy,kyz,kzy,kzz are the interaction factors (Annex A and Annex B of
EC3-1-1
Table 4.5 :values for NRk=fyAi, Mi,Rk=fyWi and Mi,Ed (Extract form Table 6.7 of EN1993-1-1)

Class 1 2 3 4
Ai A A A Aeff
Wy W pl,y W pl,y W pl,y W eff,y
Wz W pl,z W pl,z W pl,z W eff,z
My,Ed 0 0 0 eN,y NEd
Mz,Ed 0 0 0 eN,z NEd
 Buckling Resistance check summary

• Determine the axial load NED

• Choose a section and determine the class
• Calculate the effective length Lcr
• Calculate Ncr using the effective length Lcr and E and I which are section
properties
• Calculate 
• Determine α by first determining the required buckling curve from Table
6.1 (EC3)
• Calculate Ф by substituting in the values of α and 
• Calculate χ by substituting in the values of Ф and 
• Determine the design buckling resistance of the member
 Example 4.2: Compression members (Rolled
Universal Column design)
• Problem:
• Check the ability of a 203 x 203 x 52 UC in grade S275 steel to
withstand a design axial compressive load of 1150kN over an
unsupported height of 3.6m assuming that both ends of the
member are pinned. Design to BS EN 1993-1-1. The problem
is as shown in sketch below:
Partial factors:
 M 0  1.0;  M 1  1.0 UK NA to EC3

Geometric properties: P363 (Steel

A =66.3 cm2=6630mm2 building design:
i= 5.18cm = 51.8mm Design data)
tf = 12.5mm
cf/tf = 7.04
cw/tw = 20.4

Material properties;

Yield strength fy = 275N/mm2 since tf ≤16mm EN 10025-2 (

Table 3.1 EC3)
Check cross section classification under pure compression:
Need only check that section is not class 4 (slender)

For outstand flange cf/tf ε ε ≤ 14 Table 5.2 EC3

For web cw/tw ε ≤ 42

235 235
   0.92
fy 275

Actual cf/tf ε ε = 7.04/0.92 = 7.62; within limit

For web cw/tw ε = 20.4/0.92 = 20.2; within limit

 Section is not class 4

Cross- section compression resistance:

Af y 6630  275
N c , Rd   103  1823kN  1150kN  N Ed ok Clause 6.2.4
M0 1.0
Member buckling resistance :
Take effective length Lcr = 1.0L = 1.0 X 3600 = 3600 mm
On the assumption that minor axis flexural buckling will govern, use Table 6.2
buckling curve ‘c’
E 210000
1     86.8 Clause 6.3.1.3
fy 275

Lcr 1 Lcr / i 3600 / 51.8

z   
i 1 1 86.8
  0.5[1   ( z  0.2)   z ]  0.5[1  0.49(0.80  0.2)  0.802  0.97
2
Clause 6.3.1.2
1 1
z    0.66  1.0
   2 2
0.97  0.97  0.80
2 2

 z Af y 0.66  6630  275

N b, Rd   103  1207kN  1150kN  N Ed ok Clause 6.3.1.1
 M1 1.0

Use 203 x 203 x 52 UC in grade S275 steel

 Member resistance under combined bi-axial
bending and axial compression
Example 4.3
An H section member of length 4.2m is to be designed as a ground floor
column in a multi-storey building. The frame is moment resisting in-plane
and pinned out-of-plane, with diagonal bracing provided in both directions.
The column is subjected to major axis bending due to horizontal forces and
minor axis bending due to eccentric loading from the floor beams. From the
structural analysis, the design action effects of Figure 1 arise in the column.
Assess the suitability of a hot-rolled 305 x 305 x 240 H section in grade S275
steel for this application.

*For this example, the interaction factors kij (for member checks under
combined bending and axial compression) will be determined using
alternative method 2 (Annex B)
 My,Ed = 420kNm Mz,Ed = 110kNm

NEd = 3440kN My,Ed = -420kNm Mz,Ed = 0

 Solution:
1)Cross section classification
Cross-section resistance: Cl. 6.2
2)Compression resistance - Cl. 6.2.4 (Nc,Rd > NEd)
3)Bending moment resistance - Cl 6.2.5 (Mc,Rd @ Mpl,Rd > MEd)
4)Shear resistance- Cl 6.2.6 (Vpl,Rd > VEd) + check shear buckling
5)Combined bending, shear & axial force – Cl. 6.2.10
Buckling resistance: Cl. 6.3
6)Buckling resistance in compression – Cl. 6.3.1
7)Buckling resistance in bending – Cl. 6.3.2
8)Buckling resistance in combined bending and axial
compression – Cl.6.3.3
Example 4.4 : Pinned column with intermediate
lateral restraints

• A 254 x 254 x 89 UC in grade S 275 steel is to be used as a 12.0m column

with pin ends and intermediate lateral braces provided restraint against
minor axis buckling at third points along the column length. Check the
adequacy of the column, according to BS EN 1993-1-1, to carry a design
axial compressive load of 1250kN.
Partial factors:
 M 0  1.0;  M 1  1.0 UK NA to EC3

Geometric properties: P363 (Steel

A = 113 cm2=11300mm2 building design:
iy= 11.2cm = 112mm Design data)
iz= 6.55 cm = 165.5mm
tf = 17.3mm
cf/tf = 6.38
cw/tw = 19.4

Material properties;
EN 10025-2
Yield strength fy = 265N/mm2 since 16 > tf ≥ 40mm ( Table 3.1 EC3)
Check cross section classification under pure compression:
Need only check that section is not class 4 (slender)

For outstand flange cf/tf ε ε ≤ 14 Table 5.2 EC3

For web cw/tw ε ≤ 42

235 235
   0.94
fy 265

Actual cf/tf ε ε = 7.04/0.94 = 6.77; within limit

For web cw/tw ε = 20.4/0.94 = 20.7; within limit

 Section is not class 4

Cross- section compression resistance:

Af y 11300  265
N c , Rd   103  2995kN  1250kN  N Ed ok Clause 6.2.4
M0 1.0
Member buckling resistance :

effective length
Lcr,y = 1.0L = 1.0 X 12000 = 12000mm for buckling about the y-y axis
Lcr,z= 1.0L = 1.0 X 4000 = 4000mm for buckling about z-z axis.

Non-Dimension slendernesses:
E 210000
1     88.4 Clause 6.3.1.3
fy 265
 L /i 12000 / 112
 y  y  cr , y y   1.21
1 1 88.4
z Lcr , z / iz 4000 / 65.5
z     0.69
1 1 88.4
Buckling curves;
Table 6.2
For major axis buckling, use buckling curve ‘b’
For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve ‘c’
Buckling reduction χ ;

2
 y  0.5[1   ( y  0.2)   y ]  0.5[1  0.34(1.21  0.2)  1.212  1.40
Clause 6.3.1.2

1 1
y    0.47  1.0
   2 2
y
1.40  1.40  1.21
2 2

2
 z  0.5[1   ( z  0.2)   z ]  0.5[1  0.49(0.69  0.2)  0.692  0.86
1 1
z    0.73  1.0
   2 2
z
0.86  0.86  0.69
2 2

 y Af y 0.47 11300  265

N b, y , Rd   103  1422kN  1250kN  N Ed ok Clause 6.3.1.1
 M1 1.0

 z Af y 0.73 11300  265

N b, z , Rd   103  2189kN  1250kN  N Ed ok
 M1 1.0

Use 254 x 254 x 89 UC in grade S275 steel

 Simple design construction

Example 4.5

Consider a 203 x 203 x 52 UC grade S275 column in simple design

that subjected to the ultimate loads from beams A and B shown in
Fig 1. Assume the column is 7m long and is effectively held in
position at both ends but only restrained in direction at the
bottom.
 Example 4.6: Member resistance in compression
( checking flexural, torsional and torsional-flexural
buckling)
• Calculate the member resistance for a 100 x 50 x 3 plain channel section
column subjected to compression. The column length is 1.5 m, with
pinned end conditions, so the effective length is assumed to equal to the
system length. The steel has a yield strength fy of 280N/mm2 a Young
modulus of 210 000N/mm2 and a shear modulus of 81 000N/mm2. No
allowance will be made for coatings in this example. Section is Class 4.

A = 5.55 cm2 iy = 3.92 cm IT = 0.1621 cm4

Aeff = 5.49 cm2 iz = 1.57 cm IW = 210 cm6
Iy = 85.41 cm4 Wel,y = 17.09 cm3 y0 = 3.01 cm
Iz = 13.76 cm4 Wel,y = 3.83 cm3
Calculate critical buckling load

Flexural buckling-major (y-y) axis :

 2 EI y  2  210 000  85.41104
N cr , y  2
  787 103 N  787kN
Lcr 15002

Flexural buckling-minor (z-z) axis :

 2 EI z  2  210 000 13.76 104
N cr , z  2
 2
 127 103 N  127kN
Lcr 1500
Torsional buckling:
1   2
EI W 
N cr ,T   GIt 
i0   Clause 6.2.3
2 2
lT 
of EC3-1-3
i0  i y  iz  y0  z0  39.2 2  15.7 2  30.12  0  2689mm2
2 2 2 2 2

1   2  210 000  210 106 

 N cr ,T   81 000  0.1621 10 
4

2689 2  1500 2 
 121 103 N  121kN
Torsional-flexural buckling:

  N cr ,T 
2 
N cr , y  N cr ,T  N 
N cr ,TF   1   1    4 y0  cr ,T 
Clause 6.2.3
2  N cr , y  N  i N
 cr , y   0  cr , y  of EC3-1-3
 
2
 30.1 
  1    0.66
 51.9 
  121103 
2 
787 103  121103  30.1  12110
2

3
N cr ,TF  1  1    4
3   
20.66  787 103  787  10   51.9  787 10
3 
 
 114 103 N  114kN

Torsional-flexural buckling is critical ( with Ncr = 114kN)

Non dimension slendeness (for torsional-flexural buckling
mode)
Clause 6.3.1.2
Aeff f y 549  280
    1.16
N cr 114 10 3

Selection of buckling curve and imperfection factor α Table6.3 of EC3-1-3

For cold formed plain channel section, use buckling curve c
For buckling curve c, α = 0.49 Table 6.1 of EC3-1-1
2
 y  0.5[1   ( y  0.2)   y ]  0.5[1  0.49  (1.16  0.2)  1.162  1.41 Clause 6.3.1.2
1 1
   0.45  1.0
   2 2
y
1.41  1.412  1.16 2

Aeff f y 0.45  549  280

N b, Rd   103  69.2 103 N  69.2kN Clause 6.3.1.2
 M1 1.0
The member resistance of the 100 x 50 x 3 plain channel
(govern by torsional-flexural buckling ) is 69.2 kN
 Conclusion
For the case where you have NEd and MEd
-before you start make sure you know the NEd and MEd
1)Cross section classification
Cross-section resistance: Cl. 6.2
2)Compression resistance - Cl. 6.2.4 (Nc,Rd > NEd)
3)Bending moment resistance - Cl 6.2.5 (Mc,Rd @ Mpl,Rd > MEd)
4)Shear resistance- Cl 6.2.6 (Vpl,Rd > VEd) + check shear buckling
5)Combined bending, shear & axial force – Cl. 6.2.10
Buckling resistance: Cl. 6.3
6)Buckling resistance in compression – Cl. 6.3.1
7)Buckling resistance in bending – Cl. 6.3.2
8)Buckling resistance in combined bending and axial compression –
Cl.6.3.3 or simple design construction method
For the case where you have only NEd
-before you start make sure you know the NEd
1)Cross section classification
Cross-section resistance: Cl. 6.2
2)Compression resistance - Cl. 6.2.4 (Nc,Rd > NEd)
3) Not needed
4) Not needed
5)Not needed
Buckling resistance: Cl. 6.3
6)Buckling resistance in compression – Cl. 6.3.1
7) Not needed
8) Not needed