CE-402: Design of Reinforced

Concrete-II

Dr.Muhammad.Yaqub
(PhD Structural Engineering, The University of Manchester,UK)

Professor
Civil Engineering Department
University of Engineering & Technology Taxila
 Direct Design Method
• Design Pb.1: Design the slab shown below (Follow
the Direct Design Method for the
• slab analysis).
• Data Given:
• A 75′ × 60′ building, divided into nine (9) panels
using beams supported at their ends on columns.
Each panel is 20′ × 25′.
• fc′ = 4 ksi fy = 60 ksi
• Height of building = 10′
• Column dimensions = 14″ × 14″
• Live load = 144 psf
 Direct Design Method

Fig.1
 Direct Design Method
• Solution: -

• Step-1:Check if the slab system satisfies all the limitations

for Direct Design Method.

• 1) There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in

each direction.

• 2) The panels must be rectangular, with the ratio of the

longer to shorter spans within a panel not greater than 2.

• 3) The successive span lengths in each direction must not

differ by more than one third of the longer span.
 Direct Design Method
• 4) Loads must be due to gravity only and the service live
load must not exceed 2 times the service dead load.

• 5) If beams are used on the column lines, the relative

stiffness of the beam in the two perpendicular directions,
given by the ratio αl2/l1, must be in between 0.2 and 5.0.

• 6) Columns may be offset a maximum of 10 percent of the

span in the direction of the offset from either axis between
centerlines of the successive columns
 Direct Design Method
• Step No 2: Sizes for beams, slab and column.
• Beams: Let assume all beam sections equal to 14″ × 20″.
• Column: Let the column dimensions = 14″ × 14″.
• Slab Thickness: To find the minimum slab thickness,
ACI equations (section
• 13.8, Nelson 13th Ed) will be used which utilizes αm
(average value of α for all beams on edges of a panel). For
this purpose, the relevant calculation is given in table 01.
• Let assume slab thickness (hf) equal to 7″. Then,
 Direct Design Method
• Effective width for beam:
We can now calculate the effective width (beff) for interior and
edge beams according to ACI R13.2.4:
¾ Effective flange projection = minimum of 4hf and hw
¾ 4hf = 4 × 7 =28″
¾ hw = h – hf = 20 – 7 =13″
¾ Therefore, effective flange projection = 13″
¾ beff = bw + 2(Effective flange projection) = 14 + 2 × 13 = 40″
¾ And, for edge beams:
¾ beff = bw + (Effective flange projection) = 14 + 13 = 27″
 Direct Design Method

Fig.2 : Interior and edge beams sections.

Direct Design Method
 Direct Design Method
• Note: -
• IIS25 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 25′ long interior
slab.
• IES25 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 25′ long exterior
slab.
• IIS20 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 20′ long interior
slab.
• IES20 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 20′ long exterior
slab. IBINT = Moment of inertia of interior beam.
• IBEXT = Moment of inertia of exterior beam.
 Direct Design Method
• α INT25 = Ratio of MOI of interior beam to MOI
of 25′ long interior slab.
• α EXT25 = Ratio of MOI of exterior beam to MOI
of 25′ long exterior slab.
• α INT20 = Ratio of MOI of interior beam to MOI
of 20′ long interior slab.
• α EXT20 = Ratio of MOI of exterior beam to
MOI of 20′ long exterior slab
 Direct Design Method

™αm = (α INT25 + 2 × α INT20+ α EXT25)/4 {for

panel A as shown in fig.}
= (2.7 + 2.2 + 2.2 + 3.9)/4 = 2.75

™ β = larger clear span / smaller clear span

= [{25 – (2 × (14/2)/12)}]/ [{20 – (2 × (14/2)/12)}] = 23.8 / 18.8 = 1.27

 Direct Design Method
• According to given conditions, Since αm >
2, following equation applies:
• h = ln {0.8+ (fy/200000)}/ (36 + 9 β) [ACI
9.5.3]
• h = (23.8 × 12) × {0.8+ (60000/200000)}/ (36
+ 9 × 1.27) = 6.63″ < 7″
• Therefore hf = 7″ is O.K. If not then revise
assumed thickness.
 Direct Design Method
• Step No 3: Load on slab.
• Service Dead Load (D.L) = γslabhf = 0.15 ×
(7/12) = 0.0875 ksf
• Service Live Load (L.L) = 144 psf or 0.144 ksf
• Factored Load (wu) = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L = 1.2 ×
0.0875 + 1.6 × 0.144 = 0.336 ksf
 Direct Design Method
• Step No 4: Analysis.
• Though four frames are required to be
analyzed for this specific slab system, only two
of the frames will be analyzed and designed
for demonstration purpose.
 Direct Design Method
¾ Analysis of E-W Interior Frame:
• Step (A): Frame Data.
• Design Span of frame (c/c) = l1 = 25′
• Design Length of frame = ln = 25 – (2 ×
14/2)/12 = 23.8′
• Width of frame = l2 = 20′
• Column strip width = (Shorter span)/ 4 = 20/4
= 5′
Direct Design Method
 Direct Design Method
• Step (B): Total static moment.
• Mo = wul2l 2/8 (for M , l is the width of frame)
• = 0.336 × 20 × 23.82/8 = 476 ft-k

• Step (C): Longitudinal distribution of Total static

moment (Mo).
Direct Design Method
Direct Design Method
Direct Design Method
Direct Design Method
Direct Design Method
Direct Design Method
 Direct Design Method

Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment (Mo)

 Direct Design Method
• Step (D): Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal
moment (L.M).
• βt calculation is as follows:
• C = ∑ [(1- (0.63X/Y)X3Y/3]
• C = {(1- (0.63 × 14/20)) x 143 × 20/3 + (1-
(0.63 × 7/13)) × 73 × 13/3}= 11210
• βt = C/ (2IIS25) = 11210/ (2 × 6860) = 0.81
Direct Design Method
 Direct Design Method
• Other terms required are:
• α INT25 =2.7
• l2/l1 = 20/25 = 0.8{l2 shall be taken as full span
length irrespective of frame location (exterior or
interior)}
• α INT25l2/l1 = 2.2
• The values of column strip and middle strip
moments obtained from lateral distribution of
longitudinal moments are given in table 03.
Direct Design Method
 Direct Design Method
• Step (E): Moment transferred to beam B1. Self
weight of beam = γbeamxbwxhw
• = 0.15 × (14/12) × (13/12) = 0.20 k/ft
• Factored load (wu) = 1.2 × 0.20 = 0.24 k/ft
• Moment due to self weight of beam B1 (M) =
wuln2/8
• = 0.24 × 23.82/8 = 17 ft-k
Direct Design Method
Direct Design Method
• Step (F): Moment transferred to columns (ACI 13.6 9).
• Exterior column (C3) moment = MDSB + LM (A)
Where,
• MDSB = moment due to self weight of beam as given in table
04. LM = Longitudinal moment as given in table 02.
• Exterior column (C3) moment = 3 + 77 = 80 ft-k
• Interior column (C4) moment =
MDSB(unbalanced)+(0.65/8){0.5wuLLl2ln2}…(B)
• = (12–12)+(0.65/8) × {0.5 × (1.6 × 0.144) × 20 × 23.82}
• = 106.3 ft-k
• Step (G): Shear in beam B1 (ACI 13.6.8).
• Tributary area (A) = 2 × (10 × 20/2) +5 × 20 =300 ft2
• wub = wuslabA/l1 + Self weight of beam
• = 0.336 × 300/ 25 + 0.24 = 4.27 k/ft
• Vext = 46.17 k
• Vcr, ext = 40.1 k
• Vint = 60.59 k
• Vcr, int = 54.52 k
• II. Analysis of E-W Exterior Frame:
• Step (A): Frame Data.
• Design Span of frame (c/c) = l1 = 25′
• Design Length of frame = ln = 25 – (2 ×
14/2)/12 = 23.8′
• Width of frame = l2 = (20/2) + 14/(2 × 12) =
10.6′
• Column strip width = (shorter span)/ 4 = 20/4
= 5′
• Step (B): Total static moment.

(for M , l is the width of frame)

• = 0.336 × 10.6 × 23.82/8 = 252 ft-k
• Step (C): Longitudinal distribution of Total
static moment (Mo).
Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment (Mo)
• Step (D): Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal
moment (L.M).
• α EXT25 = 3.9
• l2/l1 = 20/25 = 0.8 {l2 shall be taken as full
span length irrespective of frame location
(exterior or interior)}
• α EXT25l2/l1 = 3.12
• Note: ACI 13.6.5.1 states that “Beams between
supports shall be proportioned to resist 85 percent of
column strip moments if α1l2/l1 is equal to or greater
than 1.0”.
• Where, βt calculation for 10.06′ width of slab strip is
given below: C = ∑ [{1- (0.63X/Y)}X3Y/3]
• C = {(1- (0.63× 14/20)) × 143 × 20/3 + (1- (0.63 ×
7/13)) × 73 × 13/3}= 11210
• βt = C/ (2IES25) = 11210/ (2 × 3636) = 1.54
• Step (E): Moment transferred to beam.
• Self weight of beam = γbeambwhw = 0.15
× (14/12) × (13/12) = 0.20 k/ft
• Factored load (wu) = 1.2 × 0.20 = 0.24 k/ft
• Step (F): Moment transferred to columns
• Exterior column (C1) moment = MDSB + L.M (A)
• =3 + 40 = 43 ft-k
• Interior column (C2) moment

• = (12 – 12)+ (0.65/8) × {0.5 × (1.6 × 0.144)

×10.6 × 23.82}
= 56.29 ft-k
• Step (G): Shear in beam (B2).
• Tributary area (A) = 2 × (10 × 10/2) + 5 × 10
=150 ft2
• wub = wuslabA/l1 + Self weight of beam
• = 0.336 × 150/25 + 0.24 = 2.256 k/ft
• Vext = 24.24 k
• Vcr, ext = 21 k
• Vint = 32.16 k
• Vcr, int = 28.9 k
• Step No 4: Design.
• (1) Design of slab strips.
• A. E-W Interior slab strip:
• ds = hf – 1 = 7 – 1 = 6″
• dl = ds – bar dia = 6 – (4/8) = 5.5″ (for # 4 bar)
• Asmin = 0.0018bhf (for fy = 60 ksi) = 0.0018
× 12 × 7 = 0.151 in2 (ρmin = 0.0023, in terms
of actual effective depth)
• B. E-W Exterior slab strip:
• ds = hf – 1 = 7 – 1 =6″
• dl = ds – bar dia = 6 – (4/8) = 5.5″ (for # 4
bar)
• Asmin = 0.0018 × 12 × 7 = 0.151 in2
(ρmin = 0.0023, in terms of actual
effective depth)
• Step No 5: Detailing.
• All the frames may be analyzed and
designed by the same procedure as given
in steps of analysis and design. However,
the complete detail of reinforcement
placement in slab is given below.