Direct Design Method For Two-Way Slab Analysis (PDFDrive)

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Direct Design Method

for Two-way Slab
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Analysis
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Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P U.E.T, Peshawar Direct Design Method
1. Introduction:-
The direct design method consists of a set of rules for distributing moments to slab
and beam sections in a two-way slab system.
2. Limitations on use of Direct Design method (ACI 13.6.1):-

(i) Minimum of 3 continuous spans in each direction (3 × 3 panel).
(ii) Rectangular panels with long span/short span ≤ 2.
(iii)Successive span in each direction shall not differ by more than 1/3 the longer
span.
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(iv) Columns may be offset from the basic rectangular grid of the building by up to 0.1
times the span parallel to the offset (figure 01).
.
l
0.1l
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Figure 01: Column offset at a distance of 0.1l from the basic rectangular grid.
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(v) All loads must be due to gravity only (N/A to un-braced laterally loaded frames,
mats or pre-stressed slabs).
(vi) Service (unfactored) live load ≤ 2 (service dead load).
(vii)For panels with beams between supports on all sides, relative stiffness of the
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beams in the two perpendicular directions:

α1l22
α 2l12
Shall not be less than 0.2 nor greater than 5.0.
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 1 of 58

Where α is the ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of width
of slab bounded laterally by centerlines of adjacent panels (if any) on each side of the
beam.
flexural stiffness of beam
α=
flexural stiffness of slab
4E cb I b / l 4E cb I b
α= =
4E cs I s / l 4E cs I s
E cb = Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete
E sb = Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
I b = Moment of inertia of uncracked beam
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I s = Moment of inertia of uncracked slab
The width of slab is bounded laterally by centerline of adjacent panels on each side of
the beam (figure 02).
l2 /2 l2 /2 l 2 /2
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hw < 4hf bw + 2hw < bw + 8hf
hf hf
hw hw
bw
(a) Section for I b (Edge beam) (c) Section for I b (Interior beam)
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(b) Section for Is (Edge beam) (d) Section for I s (Interior beam)
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Figure 02: Ib and Is in case of interior and exterior beams.
3. Definitions related to Direct Design Method:-

(i) Frames: Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two directions.
(ii) Panel (ACI 13.2.3): A panel is bounded by column, beam, or wall centerlines on
all sides. A panel includes all flexural elements between column centerlines.

l1 l1 l1
Exterior Frame EW1
l
ne
l
Interior Frame EW2 2
Pa
N
ln
l2
Half middle strip
r
0.25l1 or 0.25l 2 Column t e rio EW3
In me
(Whichever is less) strip Fra
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Middle
r l2
erio W4
strip
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0.25l1 or 0.25l 2 Column strip E eE
(Whichever is less) fram
(a)
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l1
N
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ln l1
Exterior Interior Interior Exterior l1

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frame frame frame frame

NS1 NS2 NS3 NS4
l2 l2 l2
(b)
Figure 03: Slab system divided into EW and NS frames.

(iii)Column Strip (ACI 13.2.1): Column strip is a design strip with a width on each
side of a column centerline equal to 0.25l2 or 0.25l1, whichever is less. Column
strip includes beams, if any.
(iv) l1: l1 is the length of span in direction that moments are being determined,
measured center-to-center of supports.
(v) l2: l2 is the length of span transverse to l1, measured center-to-center of supports.
(vi) Middle strips (ACI 13.2.2): Middle strip is a design strip bounded by two
column strips.
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4. Distribution of Moments:-
(i) Total static Moment, Mo (ACI 13.6.2): The total static moment for a span length
ln and width l2 of a given frame is given by ACI equation 13-3 as:
wu l2ln2
M0 = (ACI 13 - 3)
8
Where,
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wu = Factored load per unit area.
ln = length of clear span in direction that moments are being determined,
measured face-to-face of supports.
l2 = As defined above. However, two exceptional cases as defined by ACI
are given below:
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ACI 13.6.2.3 — where the transverse span of panels on either side of the
centerline of supports varies, l2 in Eq. (13-3) shall be taken as the average of
adjacent transverse spans.
ACI 13.6.2.4 — when the span adjacent and parallel to an edge is being
considered, the distance from edge to panel centerline shall be substituted for l2 in
xy
Eq. (13-3).
ln is defined by ACI as given below:
ACI 13.6.2.5 — clear span ln shall extend from face to face of columns, capitals,
brackets, or walls. Value of ln used in Eq. (13-3) shall not be less than 0.65l1.
Circular or regular polygon shaped supports shall be treated as square supports
with the same area.

ACI R13.6.2.5 — if a supporting member does not have a rectangular cross

section or if the sides of the rectangle are not parallel to the spans, it is to be
treated as a square support having the same area, as illustrated in Fig. R13.6.2.5.
Figure 04: Equivalent square section for supporting members, ACI fig 13.6.2.5.
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(ii) Longitudinal Distribution of Static Moment (ACI 13.6.3): For a typical interior
panel, the total static moment is divided into positive moment 0.35Mo and
negative moment of 0.65Mo.
For an exterior panel, the total static moment is dependent on the type of restraint
at the outside edge.
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ACI table 13.6.3.3 (table 13.3 Nilson 13th Ed) as shown in figure 05 of this
document can be used for longitudinal distribution. Alternatively, figure 06 of this
document can also be used.
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Figure 05: Table for longitudinal distribution of static moment in exterior

panel.

First
Exterior Interior Interior
Support Support
0.75 0.65 0.65
1 No restraint 0
0.35
0.63
0.65
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0.65 0.65 0.65
2 Full restraint
0.35 0.35
0.70 0.65 0.65
0.16
3 Slab with
beam between
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supports
0.35
0.57
0.30 0.70 0.65 0.65
4 Edge beam
only (no other
beam)
0.35
0.50
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0.70 0.65 0.65

0.26
5 No beams
0.35
0.52
Figure 06: Longitudinal moment distribution.
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Note that the longitudinal moment values mentioned are for the entire width of
the equivalent building frame i.e., the width of two half column strips and two
half-middle strips of adjacent panels.

(iii)Transverse or Lateral distribution of Longitudinal Moments:-

Tables 13.6.4.1, 13.6.4.2 and 13.6.4.4 of the ACI as given in figure 08 are used to
assign moments to column strip. The remaining moments are assigned to middle
strip in accordance with ACI 13.6.3. Beams between supports shall be
proportioned to resist 85 percent of column strip moments if α1l2/l1 {Where l2
shall be taken as full span length irrespective of frame location (exterior or
interior)} is equal to or greater than 1.0 (ACI 13.6.5.1). As an alternative the ACI
tables mentioned above for the assignment of moments to column strips, figure 09
(Graph A4, Nilson 13th Ed) can also be used.
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Moreover, figure 10 of this document illustrates the summary of lateral
distribution of moments for slab system without beams.
Transverse distribution of the longitudinal moments to middle and column strips
is a function of the ratio of length (l2/l1), α1, and βt.
Where,
βt = the ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam section to flexural stiffness
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of a width of slab equal to span length of beam, center-to-center of
supports.
If there is no edge beam, βt is taken equal to zero. If there is edge beam, βt is
calculated as follows.
Ecb C
βt =
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2Ecs Is
Where, C is the torsional constant of the edge beam. This is roughly equal to the
polar moment of inertia of edge beam and is given as:
C =∑[1–0.63{x/y}×x3y/3] = [1 – 0.63{x1/y1}×x13y1/3] + [1 – 0.63{x2/y2}×x23y2/3]
Where, “x” is the shorter side of the rectangle and “y” is the longer one.
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Slab
y2
y1 x2
x1
Beam
Figure 07: Cross-section of torsional member (edge beam) for calculation of βt.

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Figure 08: Lateral distribution.

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Figure 09: Graph A4, (Nilson 13th Ed) for transverse distribution of longitudinal
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moments.

Center line of panel
1
2 middle strip
l2 /2 l2 /2
1
A 2 column strip B C
l1/4 or l 2 /4
(whichever 1
2 column strip
is smaller)
l2 /2
l2 /2 1
2 middle strip
Center line of panel
Exterior panel
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Interior panel Interior panel
A B C
M p= 0.52Mo M p= 0.35Mo
Panel moment
M ne = 0.26Mo M ni = 0.70Mo M ni = 0.65Mo M ni = 0.65Mo

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A (+0.312Mo ) B (+0.21M o ) C
60% 60%
Column strip
(-0.26Mo ) (-0.525M o ) (-0.49M o ) (-0.49M o )

100% 75% 75% 75%
A (+0.208Mo ) B (+0.14M o ) C
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40% 40%
Middle strip
0 (-0.175M o ) (-0.16M o ) (-0.16M o )

25% 25% 25%
Figure 10: Summary of longitudinal & lateral distribution for slabs without
beams.
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5. Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way construction (ACI 9.5.3):-

The definitions of the terms are:-
h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams.
ln = length of clear span in direction that moments are being determined, measured
face-to-face of supports.
β = ratio of clear spans in long to short direction of two-way slabs.
αm = average value of α for all beams on edges of a panel.
a. For 0.2 ≤ αm ≤ 2:
 fy 
ln  0.8 + 
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200,000
h=  
36 + 5β (α m − 0.2 )
But not less than 5 in. fy in psi.
b. For αm > 2:
 fy 
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ln  0.8 + 
 200,000 
h=
36 + 9β
But not less than 3.5 in. fy in psi.
c. For αm < 0.2, use the ACI table 9.5 (c), reproduced in figure 11 of this document.
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Figure 11: Table for minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams.

Additionally, slab systems with αm < 0.2 shall also fulfill the following requirements:
• For slabs without drop panels meeting ACI 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,
hmin = 5 in
• For slabs with drop panels meeting ACI 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,
hmin = 4 in
ACI 13.3.7.1 — Drop panel shall extend in each direction from centerline of support
a distance not less than one-sixth the span length measured from center-to-center of
supports in that direction.
ACI 13.3.7.2 — Projection of drop panel below the slab shall be at least one-quarter
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the slab thickness beyond the drop.
6. Max Spacing and Min Reinforcement requirement of the ACI code:

• One way slab (ACI 7.6.5 & 7.12.2.2):
¾ Main Reinforcement = 3 hf, or 18 in whichever is less (hf = slab thickness)
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¾ Temp reinforcement = 5 hf or 18 in whichever is less.
• Two way slab (ACI 13.3.2):
¾ 2 hf in each direction.
• Min Reinforcement in all cases (ACI 7.12.2.1):
¾ 0.0018 b hf for grade 60.
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¾ 0.002 b hf for grade 40 and 50.

7. Detailing of flexural reinforcement for column supported two-way slabs:
• For protection of the steel against damage from fire or corrosion, at least 3/4 in.
concrete cover must be maintained.
• Because of the stacking that results when bars are placed in perpendicular layers,
the inner steel will have an effective depth 1 bar diameter less than the outer steel.
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• In case of two way slabs supported on sufficiently stiff beams with α l2/l1 greater
than 1.0, curvatures and moments in the short direction are greater than in the
long direction of a rectangular panel, therefore short-direction bars are normally
placed closer to the top or bottom surface of the slab, with the larger effective
depth d, and long-direction bars are placed inside these, with the smaller d.

• In the case of flat plates/slabs, it is clear that the middle-strip positive moments
(for example) are larger in the long direction than the short direction, exactly the
opposite of the situation for the slab with stiff beams. In the column strips,
positive and negative moments are larger in the long than in the short direction.
On this basis, the designer is led to place the long-direction negative and positive
bars, in both middle and column strips, closer to the top or bottom surface of the
slab, respectively, with the larger effective depth.
• If column-line beams are added and if their stiffness is progressively increased for
comparative purposes, it will be found that the short-direction slab moments
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gradually become dominant, although the long-direction beams carry larger
moments than the short-direction beams.
• The best guide in specifying steel placement order in areas where stacking occurs
is the relative magnitudes of design moments obtained from analysis for a
particular case, with maximum d provided for the bars resisting the largest
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moment. No firm rules can be given. For square slab panels, many designers
calculate the required steel area based on the average effective depth, thus
obtaining the same bar size and spacing in each direction.
• In case of DDM standard bar cut off points from figure 13 of this document are
used as recommended in ACI code, figure 13.3.8.
•
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ACI 13.3.8.5 requires that all bottom bars within the column strip in each
direction be continuous or spliced with Class A splices (1.0 ld, For development
length see ACI 12.2.3 or Nelson 13th Ed, page 172 chapter 5) or mechanical or
welded splices. At least two of the column strip bars in each direction must pass
within the column core and must be anchored at exterior supports (ACI 13.3.8.5).
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8. Reinforcement at exterior corners:

• Reinforcement should be provided at exterior corners in both the bottom and top
of the slab, for a distance in each direction from the corner equal to one-fifth the
longer span of the corner panel as shown in figure 12, below.
• The reinforcement at the top of the slab should be parallel to the diagonal from
the corner, while that at the bottom should be perpendicular to the diagonal.

• Alternatively, either layer of steel may be placed in two bands parallel to the sides
of the slab. The positive and negative reinforcement, in any case, should be of a
size and spacing equivalent to that required for the maximum positive moment in
the panel, according to ACI 13.3.6.
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Figure 12: Reinforcement at exterior corners of slab
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Figure 13: ACI fig 13.3.8.

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Design Pb.1: Design the slab shown below (Follow the Direct Design Method for the
slab analysis).
Data Given:
A 75′ × 60′ building, divided into nine (9) panels using beams supported at their ends
on columns. Each panel is 20′ × 25′.
fc′ = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
Height of building = 10′
Column dimensions = 14″ × 14″
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Live load = 144 psf
7" l1 = 25'-0" l1 = 25'-0" l1 = 25'-0"
5' Half column strip

l2 = 10'-7"
5' Half middle strip A 20'-0"
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5' Half middle strip

l2 = 20'
5' Half middle strip

20'-0"
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All beams All columns

14" x 20" 14" square 20'-0"
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Figure 14: Given slab beam system.

Solution: -
Check if the slab system satisfies all the limitations for Direct Design Method.
1) There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction.
2) The panels must be rectangular, with the ratio of the longer to shorter spans
within a panel not greater than 2.
3) The successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than one
third of the longer span.
4) Loads must be due to gravity only and the service live load must not exceed 2
times the service dead load.
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5) If beams are used on the column lines, the relative stiffness of the beam in the two
perpendicular directions, given by the ratio αl2/l1, must be in between 0.2 and 5.0.
6) Columns may be offset a maximum of 10 percent of the span in the direction of
the offset from either axis between centerlines of the successive columns.
Step No 1: Sizes for beams, slab and column.

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• Beams: Let assume all beam sections equal to 14″ × 20″.
• Column: Let the column dimensions = 14″ × 14″.
• Slab Thickness: To find the minimum slab thickness, ACI equations (section
13.8, Nelson 13th Ed) will be used which utilizes αm (average value of α for all
beams on edges of a panel). For this purpose, the relevant calculation is given
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in table 01.
Let assume slab thickness (hf) equal to 7″. Then,
• Effective width for beam: We can now calculate the effective width (beff) for
interior and edge beams according to ACI R13.2.4:
Effective flange projection = minimum of 4hf and hw
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4hf = 4 × 7 =28″
hw = h – hf = 20 – 7 =13″
Therefore, effective flange projection = 13″
beff = bw + 2(Effective flange projection) = 14 + 2 × 13 = 40″
And, for edge beams:
beff = bw + (Effective flange projection) = 14 + 13 = 27″

hw < 4hf = 13" b w+ 2h w< b w+ 8h f = 40"

hf = 7" hf = 7"
hw = 13" h w= 13"
bw = 14" bw = 14"
Figure 15: Interior and edge beams sections.
Table 01: Moment of inertia of beams, slab and corresponding values of α.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Moment of Inertia of Moment of Inertia of
α
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Slab slabs beams
Panel Panel
height
Length Width Value
(hf) Value Value
(ft) (b) (ft) Notation 4 Notation 4 Notation (in4)
(in) (in ) (in )
Col7/Col5
25 20 7 IIS25=bhf3/12 6860 α INT25 2.7

IBINT = 2bwh3/12 18667
20 25 7 IIS20=bhf3/12 8575 α INT20 2.2
IES25=bhf3/12
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25 10.6 7 3636 α EXT25 3.9
IBEXT = 1.5bwh3/12 14000
20 13.1 7 IES20=bhf3/12 4493 α EXT20 3.1
Note: -
IIS25 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 25′ long interior slab.
IES25 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 25′ long exterior slab.
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IIS20 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 20′ long interior slab.

IES20 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 20′ long exterior slab.
IBINT = Moment of inertia of interior beam.
IBEXT = Moment of inertia of exterior beam.
α INT25 = Ratio of MOI of interior beam to MOI of 25′ long interior slab.
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α EXT25 = Ratio of MOI of exterior beam to MOI of 25′ long exterior slab.
α INT20 = Ratio of MOI of interior beam to MOI of 20′ long interior slab.
α EXT20 = Ratio of MOI of exterior beam to MOI of 20′ long exterior slab
αm = (α INT25 + 2 × α INT20+ α EXT25)/4 {for panel A as shown in fig. 14}
= (2.7 + 2.2 + 2.2 + 3.9)/4 = 2.75
β = larger clear span / smaller clear span
= [{25 – (2 × (14/2)/12)}]/ [{20 – (2 × (14/2)/12)}] = 23.8 / 18.8 = 1.27

• According to given conditions, Since αm > 2, following equation applies:

h = ln {0.8+ (fy/200000)}/ (36 + 9 β) [ACI 9.5.3]
h = (23.8 × 12) × {0.8+ (60000/200000)}/ (36 + 9 × 1.27) = 6.63″ < 7″
Therefore hf = 7″ is O.K. If not then revise assumed thickness.
Step No 2: Load on slab.
Service Dead Load (D.L) = γslabhf = 0.15 × (7/12) = 0.0875 ksf
Service Live Load (L.L) = 144 psf or 0.144 ksf
Factored Load (wu) = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L = 1.2 × 0.0875 + 1.6 × 0.144 = 0.336 ksf
Step No 3: Analysis.
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Though four frames are required to be analyzed for this specific slab system, only
two of the frames will be analyzed and designed for demonstration purpose. The
details are given in appendix A.
I. Analysis of E-W Interior Frame:
Step (A): Frame Data.
•
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Design Span of frame (c/c) = l1 = 25′
• Design Length of frame = ln = 25 – (2 × 14/2)/12 = 23.8′
• Width of frame = l2 = 20′
• Column strip width = (Shorter span)/ 4 = 20/4 = 5′
Step (B): Total static moment.
Mo = wul2ln2/8 (for Mo, l2 is the width of frame)
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= 0.336 × 20 × 23.82/8 = 476 ft-k

Step (C): Longitudinal distribution of Total static moment (Mo).
Table 02: Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment.
Exterior span Interior span
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25' 25'
Static Moment Mo (ft-k) 476 476
Exterior Interior
Section Positive Negative Positive Negative
Negative Negative
Distribution Factor,
0.16 0.57 0.7 0.65 0.35 0.65
ACI 13.6.3 (D.F)
Longitudinal Moment
77 272 334 310 167 310
(L.M) = Mo x D.F

272 ft-k 272 ft-k

167 ft-k
77 ft-k
77 ft-k
310 ft-k 310ft-k

334 ft-k 334 ft-k
Figure 16: Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment (Mo)
Step (D): Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment (L.M).

βt calculation is as follows:
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C = ∑ [(1- (0.63X/Y)X3Y/3]
C = {(1- (0.63 × 14/20)) x 143 × 20/3 + (1- (0.63 × 7/13)) × 73 × 13/3}= 11210
βt = C/ (2IIS25) = 11210/ (2 × 6860) = 0.81
Minimum of hw or 4h f =13"
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20" hf =7"
14"
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C = 11210
Figure 17: βt calculation.
Other terms required are:

α INT25 =2.7
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l2/l1 = 20/25 = 0.8{l2 shall be taken as full span length irrespective of frame
location (exterior or interior)}
α INT25l2/l1 = 2.2
The values of column strip and middle strip moments obtained from lateral
distribution of longitudinal moments are given in table 03.

Table 03: Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment.

Column Strip Middle Strip
Column Strip Moment Beam Moment
Span Section Slab Moment Moments
(C.S.M) ft-k (M.D.S) ft-k
(C.S.S.M) ft-k (M.S.M) ft-k
Negative 0.81 x 310 = 252 0.85 x 252 = 214 0.15 x 252 = 38 0.19 x 310 = 58
Interior
Positive 0.81 x 167 =135 0.85 x 135 = 115 0.15 x 135 = 21 0.19 x 167 = 32
Interior
0.81 x 334 =271 0.85 x 271 = 230 0.15 x 271 = 41 0.19 x 334 = 63
negative
Exterior Positive 0.81 x 272 =220 0.85 x 220= 188 0.15 x 220 = 33 0.19 x 272 = 52
Exterior
0.93 x 77 =72 0.85 x 72 =61 0.15 x 72 = 11 0.07 x 77 = 5
negative
Note: Coefficients for lateral distribution have been taken from graph A.4 (pg 755) Nelson, using αl2/l1, βt, and l2/l1.
Step (E): Moment transferred to beam B1.

Self weight of beam = γbeambwhw
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= 0.15 × (14/12) × (13/12) = 0.20 k/ft
Factored load (wu) = 1.2 × 0.20 = 0.24 k/ft
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Moment due to self weight of beam B1 (M) = wuln2/8
= 0.24 × 23.82/8 = 17 ft-k
Table 04: Moment transferred to beam B1

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25' 25'
Static Moment M of beam (ft-k) 17 17
Exterior Interior
Negative Negative
Distribution Factor (D.F) 0.16 0.57 0.7 0.65 0.35 0.65
Moment due to self weight
3 10 12 12 6 12
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(MDSB) = M x D.F (ft-k)

Beam moment from slab (MDS)
61 188 230 214 115 214
(ft-k)
Total Moment (ft-k) 64 198 242 226 121 226

B4 B3 B3 B4
B2 B2
C1 C2 C2 C1
B1 B1
C3 C4 C4 C3
B1 B1
C3 C4 C4 C3
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C1 C2 C2 C1
B2 B2
B4 B3 B3 B4
Figure 18: Beam and Column plan.
Step (F): Moment transferred to columns (ACI 13.6 9).

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Exterior column (C3) moment = MDSB + LM…………………………..…… (A)
Where,
MDSB = moment due to self weight of beam as given in table 04.
LM = Longitudinal moment as given in table 02.
Exterior column (C3) moment = 3 + 77 = 80 ft-k
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Interior column (C4) moment = MDSB(unbalanced)+(0.65/8){0.5wuLLl2ln2}…(B)

= (12–12)+(0.65/8) × {0.5 × (1.6 × 0.144) × 20 × 23.82}
= 106.3 ft-k
Step (G): Shear in beam B1 (ACI 13.6.8).
Tributary area (A) = 2 × (10 × 20/2) +5 × 20 =300 ft2
wub = wuslabA/l1 + Self weight of beam
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= 0.336 × 300/ 25 + 0.24 = 4.27 k/ft

Vext = 46.17 k
Vcr, ext = 40.1 k
Vint = 60.59 k
Vcr, int = 54.52 k

64 k-ft 242 k-ft 226 k-ft

4.27 k/ft
25'
RDL 53.3 k 53.3 k 53.3 k
RDM 7.12 k 7.12 k
Total 46.17 k 113.89 k
Vcr, ext =40.1 k

Vext = 46.17 k 14.19'
1.42'
Vint = 60.59 k
10.81'
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Vcr, int =54.52 k
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45°
20'
B1 B1
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10' 5' 10'
Figure 19: Load on Beam (B1).
II. Analysis of E-W Exterior Frame:

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• Design Span of frame (c/c) = l1 = 25′
• Width of frame = l2 = (20/2) + 14/(2 × 12) = 10.6′
• Column strip width = (shorter span)/ 4 = 20/4 = 5′


Mo = wul2ln2/8 (for Mo, l2 is the width of frame)
= 0.336 × 10.6 × 23.82/8 = 252 ft-k
Table 05: Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment.
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25' 25'
Exterior Interior
Negative Negative
Distribution Factor(D.F) 0.16 0.57 0.7 0.65 0.35 0.65
Longitudinal Moment
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40 144 176 164 88 164
(L.M) = Mo x D.F
144 ft-k 144 ft-k

88 ft-k
40 ft-k
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40 ft-k
164 ft-k 164ft-k

176 ft-k 176 ft-k
Figure 20: Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment (Mo)

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α EXT25 = 3.9
l2/l1 = 20/25 = 0.8 {l2 shall be taken as full span length irrespective of frame
α EXT25l2/l1 = 3.12

Table 06: Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment.

Column Strip Column Strip Middle Strip
Beam Moment
Span Section Moment (C.S.M) Slab Moment Moments
(M.D.S) ft-k
ft-k (C.S.S.M) ft-k (M.S.M) ft-k
Negative 0.81 x 164 = 133 0.85 x 133= 113 0.15 x 133 = 20 0.19 x 164 = 31
Interior
Positive 0.81 x 88 =71 0.85 x 71 = 61 0.15 x 71 = 11 0.19 x 88 = 17
Interior
0.81 x 176=143 0.85 x 144= 121 0.15 x 144 = 22 0.19 x 176 = 33
negative
Exterior Positive 0.81 x 144 =117 0.85 x 117= 99 0.15 x 117 = 18 0.19 x 144= 27
Exterior
0.88 x 40 =35 0.85 x 35 =30 0.15 x 35 = 5 0.12 x 40 = 5
negative
es
Note: Coefficients for lateral distribution have been taken from graph A.4 (pg 755) Nelson, using αl2/l1, βt, and l2/l1.
Note: ACI 13.6.5.1 states that “Beams between supports shall be proportioned to
resist 85 percent of column strip moments if α1l2/l1 is equal to or greater than 1.0”.
Where, βt calculation for 10.06′ width of slab strip is given below:

ot
C = ∑ [{1- (0.63X/Y)}X3Y/3]
C = {(1- (0.63× 14/20)) × 143 × 20/3 + (1- (0.63 × 7/13)) × 73 × 13/3}= 11210
βt = C/ (2IES25) = 11210/ (2 × 3636) = 1.54
Minimum of hw or 4h f =13"
zn
20" hf =7"
14"
xy
C = 11210
Figure 21: βt calculation.
Step (E): Moment transferred to beam.

Self weight of beam = γbeambwhw = 0.15 × (14/12) × (13/12) = 0.20 k/ft
Factored load (wu) = 1.2 × 0.20 = 0.24 k/ft
Moment due to self weight of beam (M) = wuln2/8 = 0.24 × 23.82/8 = 17 ft-k

Table 07: Moment transferred to beam (B2)
25' 25'
Static Moment M of beam (ft-k) 17 17
Exterior Interior
Negative Negative
Distribution Factor (D.F) 0.16 0.57 0.7 0.65 0.35 0.65
Moment due to self weight
3 10 12 12 6 12
(MDSB) = M x D.F
Beam moment from slab (MDS) 30 99 121 113 61 113
es
Total T.M 33 109 132 125 67 125
Step (F): Moment transferred to columns

Exterior column (C1) moment = MDSB + L.M ……………………………… (A)
=3 + 40 = 43 ft-k
ot
Interior column (C2) moment = MDSB(unbalanced)+(0.65/8){0.5wuLLl2ln2}…(B)
= (12 – 12)+ (0.65/8) × {0.5 × (1.6 × 0.144) ×10.6 × 23.82}
= 56.29 ft-k
Step (G): Shear in beam (B2).

Tributary area (A) = 2 × (10 × 10/2) + 5 × 10 =150 ft2
zn
wub = wuslabA/l1 + Self weight of beam

= 0.336 × 150/25 + 0.24 = 2.256 k/ft
Vext = 24.24 k
Vcr, ext = 21 k
Vint = 32.16 k
xy
Vcr, int = 28.9 k

33 k-ft 132 k-ft 125 k-ft

2.256 k/ft
25'
RDL 28.2 k 28.2 k 28.2 k
RDM 3.96 k 3.96 k
Total 24.24 k 60.36 k
Vcr, ext =21.0 k

Vext =24.24 k 14.26'
1.42'
Vint =32.16 k
10.74'
Vcr, int =28.9k
es
B2 B2
10'
10' 5' 10'

ot
Figure 22: Load on Beam (B2).
zn
xy

Step No 4: Design.
(1) Design of slab strips.
A. E-W Interior slab strip:
dl = 5.5"
hf = 7"
Direction along 25' length.

Figure 23: Section of slab at E-W interior strip.
es
ds = hf – 1 = 7 – 1 = 6″
dl = ds – bar dia = 6 – (4/8) = 5.5″ (for # 4 bar)
Asmin = 0.0018bhf (for fy = 60 ksi) = 0.0018 × 12 × 7 = 0.151 in2 (ρmin = 0.0023, in
terms of actual effective depth)
Now, Equation used to calculate (ρ) in (table 1.4) is as follows:
ot
Mu = Φfyρbdl2{1-0.59ρfy/fc′) = 0.9 × 60 × ρ × 12 × 5.52 × {1-0.59 x ρ x 60/4}
After solving the above equation for ρ, we get:
ρ = [19602 ± √{(196022) - (4 x 173477.7 x Mu′ x 12)}]/2(173477.7)…….(A)
Table 08: Slab Design.

Mu (ft-k)
Frame Mu′ = ρ (eqn As = ρ x b x d Bar Spacing =
Location Section b (in) d (in) (Table Recommended
zn
Span Mu x 12/b A) (in2) taken b x Ab/As

1.3)
Column negative 106 5.5 38 4.30 0.0027 1.57 #4 13.48 9
Strip
Moment Positive 106 5.5 21 2.38 0.0023 1.34 #4 15.81 12
Interior
Middle negative 120 5.5 58 5.90 0.0037 2.47 #4 9.73 9
Strip
Moment Positive 120 5.5 32 3.20 0.0023 1.52 #4 15.81 12
Interior
106 5.5 41 4.64 0.0029 1.70 #4 12.47 9
xy
Column negative
Strip Positive 106 5.5 33 3.73 0.0023 1.36 #4 15.60 12
Moment Exterior
106 5.5 11 1.24 0.0023 1.34 #4 15.81 12
negative
Exterior Interior
120 5.5 63 6.30 0.0040 2.64 #4 9.09 9
Middle negative
Strip Positive 120 5.5 52 5.20 0.0033 2.16 #4 11.09 9
Moment Exterior
120 5.5 5 0.50 0.0023 1.52 #4 15.81 12
negative
Note: “b” is the width of strip.

B. E-W Exterior slab strip:
dl = 5.5"
hf = 7"

Figure 24: Section of slab at E-W exterior strip.
ds = hf – 1 = 7 – 1 =6″
dl = ds – bar dia = 6 – (4/8) = 5.5″ (for # 4 bar)
es
Asmin = 0.0018 × 12 × 7 = 0.151 in2 (ρmin = 0.0023, in terms of actual effective
depth)
Now, Equation used to calculate (ρ) values is as follows:
Mu = Φfyρbdl2{1-0.59ρfy/fc′} = 0.9 × 60 × ρ × 12 × 5.52 × {1-0.59 × ρ × 60/4}
After solving the above equation for ρ
ot
ρ = [19602 ± √ {(196022) – (4 × 173477.7 × Mu′ × 12)}]/2(173477.7)
Table 09: Slab Design.

Frame b d Mu (ft-k) Mu′ = ρ (eqn As =ρ x b x d Bar Spacing =
Location Section Recommended
Span (in) (in) (Table 1.7) Mu x 12/b A) (in2) taken b x Ab/As
Column negative 53 5.5 20 4.52 0.0028 0.83 #4 12.81 9

zn
Strip
Moment Positive 53 5.5 11 2.48 0.0023 0.67 #4 15.81 12
Interior
Middle negative 60 5.5 31 6.20 0.0039 1.30 #4 9.25 9
Strip
Moment Positive 60 5.5 17 3.40 0.0023 0.76 #4 15.81 12
Interior
53 5.5 22 4.98 0.0031 0.91 #4 11.60 9
Column negative
Strip Positive 53 5.5 18 4.07 0.0025 0.74 #4 14.27 12
xy
Moment Exterior
53 5.5 5 1.13 0.0023 0.67 #4 15.81 12
negative
Exterior Interior
60 5.5 33 6.60 0.0042 1.38 #4 8.67 9
negative
Middle
Strip Positive 60 5.5 27 5.40 0.0034 1.12 #4 10.67 9
Moment
Exterior
60 5.5 5 1.00 0.0023 0.76 #4 15.81 12
negative

Step No 5: Detailing.
All the frames may be analyzed and designed by the same procedure as given in steps
of analysis and design. However, the complete detail of reinforcement placement in
slab is given below.
A
B4 B3 B3 B4
25' 25' 25'
B2
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
# 4 @ 12" c/c (B)
# 4 @ 12" c/c (B)

# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
# 4 @ 12" c/c (B)
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T) # 4 @ 9" c/c (T)

# 4 @ 12" c/c (T)
# 4 @ 12" c/c (T)
es
# 4 @ 9" c/c (B) # 4 @ 12" c/c (B) # 4 @ 9" c/c (B)
20'
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)

# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
B1 # 4 @ 12" c/c (B)
# 4 @ 12" c/c (B)

# 4 @ 12" c/c (B)
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T) # 4 @ 9" c/c (T)

ot
# 4 @ 12" c/c (T)
# 4 @ 12" c/c (T)
20' # 4 @ 9" c/c (B) # 4 @ 12" c/c (B) # 4 @ 9" c/c (B)
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)

B1
# 4 @ 12" c/c (B)

# 4 @ 12" c/c (B)
# 4 @ 12" c/c (B)
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T) # 4 @ 9" c/c (T)

zn
# 4 @ 12" c/c (T) # 4 @ 12" c/c (T)
# 4 @ 9" c/c (B) # 4 @ 12" c/c (B) # 4 @ 9" c/c (B)

20'
B B
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
# 4 @ 9" c/c (T)
B2
xy
PLAN
A
Figure 25: Reinforcement details (plan view)

#4 @ 12" c/c #4 @ 9" c/c

#4 @ 9" c/c #4 @ 12" c/c
5'-0" 6'-6" 6'-6"
#4 @ 9" c/c #4 @ 9" c/c
#4 @ 12" c/c
#4 @ 12" c/c
18.83' 18.83'
SECTION A-A
#4 @ 12" c/c
6'-0"
#4 @ 9" c/c
es 8'-0"
#4 @ 9" c/c
8'-0"
#4 @ 9" c/c
ot
#4 @ 12" c/c
#4 @ 9" c/c
#4 @ 12" c/c #4 @ 12" c/c
23.83' 23.83'
zn
SECTION B-B
Figure 26: Sectional views of slab.

xy

9. Shear Strength of Slab without beams:-

There are two types of shear that needs to be addressed.
(a) One-way shear or beam shear at distance “d” from the column,
(b) Two-way or punch out shear which occurs along a truncated cone.
es
ot
zn
Figure 27: Beam shear and punching shear.
Shear design in flat plates & flat slabs.

Punching shear: For punching shear ΦVn = ΦVc + ΦVs
ΦVc is least of (a), (b), and (c).
(a) ΦVc = Φ4√ (fc′)bod
xy
(b) ΦVc = (2 + 4/βc) √ (fc′)bod

(c) {(αsd/bo +2} √ (fc′)bod
βc = longer side of column/shorter side of column
αs = 40 for interior column
= 30 for edge column
= 20 for corner columns

d/2
Column c2
c1
d/2 d/2
d = Depth of member
bo = 2{(c1 + d) + (c2 + d)}
es
bo = 2(c1+ c2+ 2d)
bo = 2c1 + 2c2+ 4d)
Figure 28: Critical perimeter for punching shear.
When ΦVc ≥ Vu (Φ = 0.75) O.K, Nothing required.

When ΦVc < Vu, then either increase ΦVc by:
ot
(a) Increasing d ,depth of slab ( Drop Panel)
(b) Increasing bo, critical shear perimeter (Column capital)
(c) fc′ (high Strength Concrete)
Or provide shear reinforcement in the form of:
(a) Shear heads
zn
(b) Bent Bars

(c) Integral beams
(d) Shear studs.
Drop Panels and Column Capitals:

xy
(1) Drop panel: A drop panel with dimensions conforming to ACI 9.5.3.2 and
13.3.7.1 can be used for:
(i) Increasing the area of critical shear perimeter.
(ii) Increasing the depth of slab, reducing the amount of negative reinforcement.
(iii) Stiffening slab and reducing deflections.

la (length of panel) l b (length of panel)
h/4 h
Drop panel
l a /6 l b /6
Figure 29: Drop Panel.
es
ACI 13.3.7.1 states that drop panel shall extend in each direction from and of the
support a distance not less than 1/6 of the span length measured from centre of
supports in that direction.
ACI 13.3.7.2 states that Projection of drop panel below the slab shall be at least
one-quarter the slab thickness beyond the drop.
ot
(2) Column Capitals:
Occasionally, the top of the columns will be flared outward, as shown in
figure 34. This is done to provide a larger shear perimeter at the column and to
reduce the clear span, ln, used in computing moments.
ACI 6.4.6 requires that the capital concrete be placed at the same time as the
zn
slab concrete. As a result, the floor forming becomes considerably more

complicated and expensive. For this reason, other alternatives, such as drop
panels or shear reinforcement in the slab, should be considered before capitals
are selected. If capital must be used, it is desirable to use the same size
throughout the project.
xy
The diameter or effective dimension of the capital, “dc” or “c”, is defined in

ACI 13.1.2 as that part of the capital lying within the largest circular cone or
pyramid with a 90o vertex that can be induced within the outlines of the
supporting column. The diameter is measured at the bottom of the slab or drop
panel, as illustrated in figure 30.

"dc" or "c"
Slab
45°
Drop Panel
Capital
es
Figure 30: Column Capital.
ot
zn
xy
Figure 31: Circular column with column capital and drop panel.

Shear Reinforcements:
(1) Shear Heads:
The shear heads shown in Fig. 32a consist of standard structural steel
shapes embedded in the slab and projecting beyond the column. They
serve to increase the effective perimeter bo of the critical section for shear.
In addition, they may contribute to the negative bending resistance of the
slab. It consists of short lengths of I or wide-flange beams, cut and welded
at the crossing point so that the arms are continuous through the column.
Normal negative slab reinforcement passes over the top of the structural
es
steel, while bottom bars are stopped short of the shear head. Column bars
pass vertically at the corners of the column.
(2) Bent-bar:
The bent-bar arrangement in Fig. 32b is suited for use with concrete
columns. The bars are usually bent at 45° across the potential diagonal
tension crack, and extend along the bottom of the slab a distance sufficient
ot
to develop their strength by bond.
(3) Integral Beams:
Another type of shear reinforcement is illustrated in Fig. 32c, where
vertical stirrups have been used in conjunction with supplementary
horizontal bars radiating outward in two perpendicular directions from the
zn
support to form what are termed integral beams contained entirely within
the slab thickness. These beams act in the same general way as the shear
heads shown in Fig. 32a. Adequate anchorage of the stirrups is difficult in
slabs thinner than about 10 in. ACI 11.12.3 requires the slab effective
depth d to be at least 6 in., but not less than 16 times the diameter of the
xy
shear reinforcement. In all cases, closed hoop stirrups should be used with
a large diameter horizontal bar at each bend point, and the stirrups must be
terminated with a standard hook (Ref. 13.18).
(4) Shear Stud:
A more recent development is the shear stud reinforcement shown in Fig.
32d. This consists of large-head studs welded to steel strips.

es
ot
zn
xy
(c) (d)
Figure 32: Shear reinforcement for flat plates.
The strips are supported on wire chairs during construction to maintain the
required concrete cover to the bottom of the slab below the strip and the
usual cover is maintained over the top of the head. Because of the positive
anchorage provided by the stud head and the steel strip, these devices are

more effective, according to tests, than either the bent bar or integral beam
reinforcement. In addition, they can be placed more easily, with less
interference with other reinforcement, than other types of shear steel.
Design for punching shear:

Design Problem 02 (pg 455, Nelson 13th Ed): A flat plate has thickness h = 7 ½ in
and is supported by 18″ square columns spaced 20 ft on centers each way. The floor
will carry a total factored load of 300 psf. Check the adequacy of the slab in resisting
punching shear at a typical interior column, and provide shear reinforcement, if
es
needed. d = 6 in, fc′ = 4000 psi, fy = 60000 psi.
Solution:
(a) Vu = 300{(20)2 – (2)2}
= 118800 lb = 118.8 k
d/2 = 3"
ot
d/2 = 3"
18" 24"
18"
zn
24" 24" 20'
24"
20'
xy
Figure 33: Critical perimeter calculation.
(b) Shear capacity of concrete in punching shear:

ΦVc = 0.75 × 4 √ (fc′) bod
bo = 2(c1 + d) +2(c2 + d)
bo = 4(18 + 6) = 96″

ΦVc = 0.75 × 4 √ (4000) × 96 × 6/1000 = 109 k

ΦVc < Vu
Options available:
(i) Capital: Determine minimum (bo). Equating the applied critical shear to shear
capacity.
Vu = ΦVc
118.8 = 0.75 × 4 √ (fc′) × bo × 6
bo = 104.5″
Now bo = 4 (c + d) = 4(c + 6) =104.5
es
c = 20.13 ≈ 21″
1.5" 18" 1.5"

ot
1.5"
y θ
zn
Figure 34: Column capital.
According to ACI code, θ < 45o

Let θ = 30o, then y = 2.6″
For θ = 20o, then y = 4″
xy
(ii) Drop panel: To determine the minimum “d” required.

Vu = ΦVc
118.8 = 0.75 × 4 × √ (4000) × 96 × d/1000
d = 6.5″ and h = 6.5 + 1.5 = 8″
Thickness of drop panel = 2″ (say) {h/4, ACI recommendation}
h = 2 + 7.5 = 9.5″

6'-8"
7.5"
2″
20 /6=3'-4" 20 /6=3'-4"
Figure 35: Drop panel.
es
(iii) Increasing column size or slab thickness (overall) would not be economical.
(iv) Shear reinforcement:
(a) Bent bar reinforcement: When bent bars are to be used, ACI 11.12.3 reduces
ΦVc by 2.
ΦVc = Φ × 4 × √ (fc′) × bo × d
ot
Therefore, ΦVc = 109/2 = 54.5 kip
Reinforcement required, Av = (Vu – ΦVc)/ Φfysinα
Vs
Vs sinα
zn
Figure 36:
Av = (118.8 – 54.5)/ (0.75 × 60 × sin45o) = 2.03 in2

Using total 4 bars (two in each direction), providing 8 legs crossing the
xy
critical section, the area per bar = 2.03/8 = 0.25, using # 5 bar.
1 2
Figure 37: Bent bar.

According to ACI, Vs = Vu – ΦVc = Avfysinα is not to exceed 3√ (fc′)bod.

3√ (fc′)bod = 3 × √ (4000) × 96 × 6/1000 = 109 kip
Vs = 2.4 × 60 × sin45 = 100 O.K.
No 5 bar
5" 15"
Development Length
es
Figure 38: Bent bar reinforcement.
(b) Stirrup reinforcement:

Using 3/8″ Φ, 2 legged (0.22 in2), 4 (side) = 4 × 0.22 = 0.88 in2
Spacing (s) = ΦAvfyd/ (Vu – ΦVc)
ot
s = 0.75 × 0.88 × 60 × 6/ (118.8 – 54.5) = 3.68 ≈ 3.5″
Maximum spacing allowed d/2 = 6/2 = 3″ controls.
Four #5 bars are to be provided in each direction to hold the stirrups. The
beams such formed should be extended to a length at which bo can provide
shear capacity. We know minimum bo = 104.5″
zn
bo = 4R + 4c1
R = √ (x2 + x2)
x = (3/4)(lv – c1/2)
R = √ (2) x
bo = 4√ (2) x + 4c1
xy
bo = 4√ (2){(3/4)(lv – c1/2)} + 4c1

Or bo = 4.24lv – 2.12c1 + 4c1= 4.24lv + 1.88c1
Therefore lv = 16.67 ≈ 17″

x = 43 (l v - c1 /2)
45°
x
R
es
Figure 39:
ot
zn
xy
Figure 40: Stirrups Reinforcement (ACI R11.12.3).

Design Pb. 03: Design the slab for the building shown below. (Follow the Direct Design
Method).
Data Given:
A 60′ × 45′ building, divided into nine (9) panels, supported at their ends on
columns. Each panel is 20′ × 15′.
fc′ = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
Height of building = 10′
Column dimensions = 14″ × 14″
es
Live load = 144 psf
7" l1 = 20'-0" l1 = 20'-0" l1 = 20'-0"
3.75' Half column strip

l2 = 8.08'
3.75' Half middle strip
15'-0"
ot

l2 = 15'

15'-0"
zn
All columns
14" square 15'-0"
xy
Figure 41: Given flat plate.

Solution: -
The given slab system satisfies all the necessary limitations for Direct Design Method
to be applicable.
Step No 1: Sizes for slab and columns.

Slab: To find minimum slab thickness (hf), ACI 9.5.3.2 {ACI Table 9.5 (c) or table
13.50, Nelson 13th Ed} will be used.
Table 10: Minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams.

Without drop panels With drop panels
es
Yield Exterior panels Exterior panels
strength, fy Interior Interior
Without panels Without With panels
(psi) With edge
edge edge edge
beams
beams beams beams
40000 ln/33 ln/36 ln/36 ln/36 ln/40 ln/40
60000 ln/30 ln/33 ln/33 ln/33 ln/36 ln/36
ot
75000 ln/28 ln/31 ln/31 ln/31 ln/34 ln/34
For our case (Slab without drop panels, interior and edge beams)
hf = ln/30 (Exterior panel)
hf = ln/33 (Interior panels)
Exterior panel governs. Therefore,
zn
hf = ln/30
= [{20 – (2 × 14/2)/12}/30] × 12 = 7.53″ (Minimum requirement)
Take hf = 8″; as there are no beams; α = 0
Columns: Let the column dimensions = 14″ × 14″.
xy
Step No 2: Load on slab.

Service Dead Load (D.L) = γslabhf = 0.15 × (8/12) = 0.1 ksf
Service Live Load (L.L) = 144 psf or 0.144 ksf
Factored Load (wu) = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L
= 1.2 × 0.1 + 1.6 × 0.144 = 0.3504 ksf

Step No 3: Analysis.
Though four frames are required to be analyzed for this specific slab system, only two
of the frames will be analyzed and designed for demonstration purpose. The details
are given in appendix A.
I. Analysis of E-W Interior Frame.
• Width of frame = l2 = 15′
es
• Column strip width = (Shorter span)/ 4 = 15/4 = 3.75′
l1 = 20'-0" l1 = 20'-0" l1 = 20'-0"
15'-0"
ot
l2 = 15'

15'-0"
zn
15'-0"
xy
Figure 42: East West Interior Frame.

Mo = wul2ln2/8 (for Mo, l2 is the width of the frame)
= 0.3504 × 15 × 18.832/8 = 233 ft-k

Table 11. Longitudinal distribution of Total static moment (Mo)
20' 20'
Distribution Factor (D.F)
0.26 0.52 0.7 0.65 0.35 0.65
ACI 13.6.3 (D.F)
Longitudinal Moment
61 121 163 151 82 151
(L.M) = Mo x D.F
α= 0
es
l2/l1 = 15/20 = 0.75 {l2 shall be taken as full span length irrespective of frame
ot
αl2/l1 = 0
βt = 0
Table 12: Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment (L.M).

Column Strip Middle Strip
zn
Span Section Moment Moments

(C.S.M) ft-k (M.S.M) ft-k
Negative 0.75 x 151=113 0.25 x 151=38
Interior
Positive 0.6 x 82=49 0.4 x 82=33
Interior negative 0.75 x 163=122 0.25 x 163=41
Exterior Positive 0.6 x 121=73 0.4 x 121=48
Exterior negative 1.00 x 61=61 0 x 61=0
xy
Note: Coefficients for lateral distribution have been selected from graph A.4 (pg 755)
Nelson, using αl2/l1, βt, and l2/l1.

C1 C2 C2 C1
C3 C4 C4 C3
C3 C4 C4 C3
C1 C2
es
Figure 43: Column plan.
Step (E): Moment transferred to columns.

C2 C1
ot
Exterior column (C3) moment = L.M……………………..……….……..……… (A)
= 61 ft-k
Interior column (C4) moment = (0.65/8)x{0.5xwuLLx l2xln2}…………………….. (B)
= (0.65/8) x {0.5x (1.6x0.144) x 15 x 18.832}
= 49.78 ft-k
zn
II. Analysis of E-W Exterior Frame.

• Design Length of frame = ln = 20 – (2 x 14/2)/12 = 18.83′
xy
• Width of frame = l2 = (15/2) + 14/(2 x 12) = 8.08′

• Column strip width = (shorter span)/ 4 = 15/4 = 3.75′

7" l1 = 20'-0" l1 = 20'-0" l1 = 20'-0"

l2 = 8.08'
15'-0"
15'-0"
esAll columns
14" square 15'-0"
ot
Figure 44: East west exterior frame.

Mo = wul2ln2/8
= 0.3504 x 8.08 x 18.832/8 = 126 ft-k
zn
Table 13: Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment (Mo)

xy
20' 20'
Distribution Factor (D.F)
0.26 0.52 0.7 0.65 0.35 0.65
ACI 13.6.3 (D.F)
Longitudinal Moment
33 66 89 82 45 82
(L.M) = Mo x D.F


α= 0
l2/l1 = 15/20 = 0.75
αl2/l1 = 0
βt = 0 (no edge beam)
Table 14: Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment (L.M).

Column Strip
Middle Strip Moments (M.S.M)
Span Section Moment (C.S.M)
ft-k
ft-k
Negative 0.75 x 82 = 62 0.25 x 82 = 21
es
Interior
Positive 0.60 x 45 =27 0.40 x 45 = 18
Interior
0.75 x 89=67 0.25 x 89 = 22
negative
Exterior Positive 0.60 x 66 =40 0.40 x 66= 26
Exterior
1.00 x 33 =33 0 x 33 = 0
negative
Note: Coefficients for lateral distribution have been selected from graph A.4 (pg 755) Nelson, using αl2/l1, βt,
ot
and l2/l1.
Step (E): Moment transferred to columns.

Exterior column (C1) moment = L.M ………………………….…………… (A)
=33 ft-k
Interior column (C2) moment = (0.65/8){0.5wuLLl2ln2}………..………….… (B)
zn
= (0.65/8) x {0.5 x (1.6 x 0.144) x 8.08 x 18.832}

= 27 ft-k
xy

Step No 4: Design.
(1) Design of Slab strips:
(A) E-W Interior slab strip:
ds = hf – ¾ - (4/8)/2 = 8 – 1 =7″
Asmin = 0.0018x 12 x 8 = 0.1728 in2 (ρmin = 0.002, in terms of actual effective depth)
Mu = Φfyρbds2{1-0.59ρfy/fc′) = 0.9 x 60 x ρ x 12 x 72 x {1-0.59 x ρ x 60/4)
281005 ρ2 - 31752 ρ + Mu = 0
es
ρ = [31752 ± √{(317522) -(4 x 281005 x Mu′ x 12)}]/2(281005)…………(A)
hf = 8" d s= 7"

ot
Figure 45: Slab section at E-W interior strip.
Table 15: Slab Design (E-W, Interior Frame).

ρ As = Spacing
Frame d Mu (ft- Mu′ = BAR
Location Section b (in) (equation ρ*b*d = Recommended
Span (in) k) Mu x12/b taken
A) (in2) b*Ab/As
zn
Column negative 90 7 113 15.07 0.0060 3.79 #4 4.75 3

Strip
Moment Positive 90 7 49 6.53 0.0025 1.59 #4 11.31 9
Interior
Middle negative 90 7 38 5.07 0.0020 1.26 #4 14.29 9
Strip
Moment Positive 90 7 33 4.40 0.0020 1.26 #4 14.29 9
Interior
90 7 122 16.27 0.0065 4.11 #4 4.38 3
Column negative
xy
Strip Positive 90 7 73 9.73 0.0038 2.40 #4 7.51 3

Moment
Exterior
90 7 61 8.13 0.0032 1.99 #4 9.03 9
negative
Exterior
Interior
90 7 41 5.47 0.0021 1.33 #4 13.57 9
Middle
negative
Strip Positive 90 7 48 6.40 0.0025 1.56 #4 11.55 9
Moment
Exterior
90 7 0 0.00 0.0020 1.26 #4 14.29 9
negative

(B) E-W Exterior slab strip:

ds = hf – 1 = 8 – 1 =7″
Asmin = 0.0018x 12 x 8 = 0.1728 in2 (ρmin = 0.002, in terms of actual effective depth)
Mu = Φfyρbds2{1-0.59ρfy/fc′) = 0.9 x 60 x ρ x 12 x 72 x {1-0.59 x ρ x 60/4)
281005 ρ2 - 31752 ρ + Mu = 0
ρ = [31752 ± √{(317522) -(4 x 281005 x Mu′ x 12)}]/2(281005)…………(A)
es
hf = 8" d s= 7"

Figure 46: Slab section at E-W exterior strip.
ot
Table 16: Slab Design (E-W, Exterior Frame).
As = ρ x
Frame d Mu (ft-k) Mu′ = Bar Spacing =
Location Section b (in) ρ (eqn A) bxd Recommended
Span (in) (Table 1.6) Mu x 12/b taken b x Ab/As
(in2)
Column negative 45 7 62 16.53 0.0066 2.09 #4 4.30 3

Strip
Moment
Positive 45 7 27 7.20 0.0028 0.88 #4 10.24 9
Interior
zn
Middle negative 45 7 21 5.60 0.0022 0.68 #4 13.24 9

Strip
Moment
Positive 45 7 18 4.80 0.0020 0.63 #4 14.29 9
Interior
45 7 67 17.87 0.0072 2.27 #4 3.96 3
negative
Column
Strip Positive 45 7 40 10.67 0.0042 1.32 #4 6.82 3
Moment
xy
Exterior
45 7 33 8.80 0.0034 1.08 #4 8.33 9
negative
Exterior
Interior
52 7 22 5.07 0.0020 0.73 #4 14.29 9
negative
Middle
Strip Positive 52 7 26 6.00 0.0023 0.84 #4 12.34 9
Moment
Exterior
52 7 0 0.00 0.0020 0.73 #4 14.29 9
negative

(2) Shear Design for Flat-plate:

(i) At Column C1:
hf = 8″
d = 8 – 1 = 7″
14" d/2 = 3.5"
14"
es
C1 C2 C2 C1
d/2 =3.5"
C3 C4 C4 C3
ot
C3 C4 C4 C3
C1 C2 C2 C1
Figure 47: Critical perimeter for column (C1).

zn
(a) Vu = 0.3504{(7.5 x 10) – (17.5/12)2}

= 25.53 k
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (fc′) bod
bo = (c1 + d/2) +(c2 + d/2)
xy
bo = 2(14 + 7/2) = 35″

ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (4000) x 35 x 7/1000 = 46.48 k
ΦVc > Vu, O.K.

(ii) At Column C2:
d/2 = 3.5" 14" d/2 = 3.5"
14"
C1 C2 C2 C1
es
d/2 = 3.5" C3 C4 C4 C3
C3 C4 C4 C3
C1 C2 C2 C1
ot
(a) Vu = 0.3504{(7.5 x 20) – (21 x 17.5/144)}

= 51.66 k
zn
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (fc′) bod

bo = (c1 + d) +2(c2 + d/2)
bo = (14 + 7) +2(14 + 7/2) = 56″
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (4000) x 56 x 7/1000 = 74.37 k
ΦVc > Vu, O.K.
xy

(iii) At Column C3:
14" d/2 = 3.5" C1 C2 C2 C1
d/2 = 3.5"
14"
C3 C4 C4 C3
es
C3 C4 C4 C3
d/2 = 3.5"
C1 C2 C2 C1

ot
(a) Vu = 0.3504{(10 x 15) – (21 x 17.5/144)}
= 51.66 k
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (fc′) bod
zn
bo = 2(c1 + d/2) +(c2 + d)

bo = 2(14 + 7/2) + (14 + 7) = 56″
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (4000) x 56 x 7/1000 = 74.37 k
ΦVc > Vu, O.K.
xy

(iv) At Column C4:
14" d/2 = 3.5"
14" d/2 = 3.5"

C1 C2 C2 C1
C3 C4 C4 C3
d/2 = 3.5"
d/2 = 3.5"
es
C3 C4 C4 C3
C1 C2 C2 C1

ot
(a) Vu = 0.3504{(20 x 15) – (21 x 21/144)}
= 104 k
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (fc′) bod
bo = 2(c1 + d) +2(c2 + d)
zn
bo = 4(14 + 7) = 84″
ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (4000) x 84 x 7/1000 = 111 k
ΦVc > Vu, O.K.
xy

Step No 5: Detailing.
All the frames may be analyzed and designed by the same procedure as given in steps
of analysis and design. However, the complete detail of reinforcement placement in
slab is given below.
A B
N
20'-0" 20'-0"
3.17' 12'-6" 7'-6" 12'-6" 3.17' W E

#4 @ 9" c/c (T)
#4 @ 9" c/c (T)

C C1 C2 C2 C S
#4 @ 9" c/c (T)

#4 @ 9" c/c (T)
#4 @ 9" c/c (T)
es
#4 @ 5" c/c (B) #4 @ 5" c/c (B)
3.17'
#4 @ 5" c/c (T) #4 @ 3" c/c (T)
#4 @ 3" c/c (T)
#4 @ 9" c/c (B)
#4 @ 9" c/c (T) #4 @ 9" c/c (T)

#4 @ 9" c/c (T)
D #4 @ 9" c/c (B) D

15'-0" 7'-6"
#4 @ 5" c/c (B)
#4 @ 9" c/c (B)

#4 @ 5" c/c (B)
#4 @ 5" c/c (B)

#4 @ 9" c/c (B)
#4 @ 5" c/c (T)
#4 @ 9" c/c (T)

ot
#4 @ 5" c/c (T) #4 @ 3" c/c (T) #4 @ 3" c/c (T)
#4 @ 5" c/c (T)

#4 @ 9" c/c (T)
#4 @ 5" c/c (T)
C3 C4 C4
7'-6"
#4 @ 5" c/c (B) #4 @ 5" c/c (B)
#4 @ 5" c/c (T)

#4 @ 3" c/c (T)
#4 @ 9" c/c (B)
#4 @ 9" c/c (B)

#4 @ 5" c/c (B)
15'-0" 7'-6" #4 @ 9" c/c (B) #4 @ 9" c/c (B)

zn
#4 @ 9" c/c (B)
#4 @ 9" c/c (B)
#4 @ 9" c/c (T) #4 @ 9" c/c (T)

#4 @ 9" c/c (T)
#4 @ 3" c/c (T)

#4 @ 5" c/c (T)
#4 @ 5" c/c (T)
3.17'
#4 @ 5" c/c (T)
#4 @ 9" c/c (T)
#4 @ 9" c/c (T)
#4 @ 5" c/c (T)
#4 @ 5" c/c (B) #4 @ 3" c/c (T) #4 @ 5" c/c (B)

C3 C4
C4
xy
PLAN According to ACI 13.3.8.5,

A B At least two of the
column strip bottom bars
or wires in each direction
shall pass within the
column core and shall be
anchored at exterior supports.
Figure 51: Reinforcement details (Plan view)

#4 @ 9" c/c #4 @ 5" c/c
0.3Ln = 4'-3" 0.3Ln= 4'-3" 0.3Ln = 4'-3"
#4 @ 5" c/c
Ln = 13.83' Ln = 13.83'
SECTION A-A (N-S exterior column strip)
#4 @ 9" c/c #4 @ 9" c/c
0.3Ln = 4'-3" 0.3Ln = 4'-3" 0.3Ln = 4'-3"
es
#4 @ 9" c/c
Ln = 13.83' Ln = 13.83'
SECTION B-B (N-S middle strip)

ot
#4 @ 5" c/c #4 @ 3" c/c
0.3Ln = 6'-0" 0.3Ln = 6'-0" 0.3Ln = 6'-0"
#4 @ 5" c/c
zn
Ln = 18.83' Ln= 18.83'
SECTION C-C (E-W exterior column strip)

#4 @ 9" c/c #4 @ 9" c/c
0.3Ln = 6'-0" 0.3Ln = 6'-0" 0.3L n = 6'-0"

xy
#4 @ 9" c/c
L n = 18.83' Ln = 18.83'
SECTION D-D (E-W middle strip)
Figure 52: Sectional view.

Direct Design Method For Two-Way Slab Analysis (PDFDrive)

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es

Direct Design Method

2. Limitations on use of Direct Design method (ACI 13.6.1):-

beams in the two perpendicular directions:

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 1 of 58

Figure 02: Ib and Is in case of interior and exterior beams.

3. Definitions related to Direct Design Method:-

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 2 of 58

Exterior Frame EW1

Exterior Interior Interior Exterior l1

frame frame frame frame

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 3 of 58

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 4 of 58

ACI R13.6.2.5 — if a supporting member does not have a rectangular cross

Figure 05: Table for longitudinal distribution of static moment in exterior

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 5 of 58

0.75 0.65 0.65

0.70 0.65 0.65

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 6 of 58

(iii)Transverse or Lateral distribution of Longitudinal Moments:-

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 7 of 58

Figure 08: Lateral distribution.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 8 of 58

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 9 of 58

Center line of panel

M ne = 0.26Mo M ni = 0.70Mo M ni = 0.65Mo M ni = 0.65Mo

(-0.26Mo ) (-0.525M o ) (-0.49M o ) (-0.49M o )

0 (-0.175M o ) (-0.16M o ) (-0.16M o )

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 10 of 58

5. Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way construction (ACI 9.5.3):-

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 11 of 58

6. Max Spacing and Min Reinforcement requirement of the ACI code:

¾ 0.002 b hf for grade 40 and 50.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 12 of 58

8. Reinforcement at exterior corners:

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 13 of 58

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 14 of 58

Figure 13: ACI fig 13.3.8.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 15 of 58

7" l1 = 25'-0" l1 = 25'-0" l1 = 25'-0"

5' Half column strip

5' Half column strip

5' Half middle strip

All beams All columns

Figure 14: Given slab beam system.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 16 of 58

Step No 1: Sizes for beams, slab and column.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 17 of 58

hw < 4hf = 13" b w+ 2h w< b w+ 8h f = 40"

Figure 15: Interior and edge beams sections.

Table 01: Moment of inertia of beams, slab and corresponding values of α.

25 20 7 IIS25=bhf3/12 6860 α INT25 2.7

IIS20 = Moment of inertia (MOI) of 20′ long interior slab.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 18 of 58

• According to given conditions, Since αm > 2, following equation applies:

= 0.336 × 20 × 23.82/8 = 476 ft-k

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 19 of 58

272 ft-k 272 ft-k

310 ft-k 310ft-k

Figure 16: Longitudinal Distribution of Total Static Moment (Mo)

Step (D): Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment (L.M).

Figure 17: βt calculation.

Other terms required are: