Direct Design Method

20.09.
2022
Plain and Reinforced Concrete-II
Chapter 1
Direct design method (DDM) for two-way slabs
Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Tahir

Assistant Professor
Contact: engrmtahir09@gmial.com
engrmtahir09@uet.edu.pk
Civil Engineering Department,

University of Engineering & Technology
(UET), Lahore, Narowal Campus 1
Contents
1. General procedure for the design of two-way slab
2. Direct Design Method (DDM)
3. Limitations of DDM
4. Procedure of DDM
5. Design Example
General procedure for the design of two-way slab
1. Select the imposed dead and live load
2. Select the thickness of slab
3. Compute self weight of slab and total factored load
4. Compute the positive and negative bending moments at critical locations of slab
using either ACI coefficient method, Direct design method or Finite element
analysis
5. Calculate the reinforcement areas corresponding to bending moments
6. Select the bar size and spacing depending upon the required area of reinforcement
7. Check for shear
Contents
4. Procedure of DDM
Direct Design Method (DDM) [ACI 318-14: 8.10]
DDM – A design or analysis method?
The direct design method specified in ACI code, which could have been named the
direct analysis method because it determines or prescribes moments for different parts
of the slab panel without the need to conduct structural analysis.
Contents
4. Procedure of DDM
Limitations of Direct Design Method [8.10.2]
1. There must be at least three continuous spans in each direction. If there are fewer
panels, the interior negative moments tend to be too small.
2. Panels should be rectangular and the ratio of longer/shorter spans within the
panel must not exceed 2 otherwise one-way actions will prevail. (Two-way slab)
Limitations of Direct Design Method
3. Successive span lengths (centerline-to-centerline of supports) in each direction
must not differ by more than 1/3 of the longer span
4. Loads must be uniformly distributed, with the un-factored or service live load not
more than 2 times the un-factored or service dead load (L/D ≤ 2)
5. Columns must not be offset more than 10% of the span (in direction of offset) from
either axis between centerlines of successive columns
6. For two-way beam-supported slabs, relative stiffness of beams in two
perpendicular directions must satisfy the minimum and maximum requirements
given in ACI 8.10.2.7a
Where (αf )1 average flexural stiffness ratio in direction (1)

Where (αf )2 average flexural stiffness ratio in direction (2)
Where: Ecb and Ecs: concrete modulus of elasticity of beam and slab that is usually the same
Ib and Is: Moment of inertia of beam and slab respectively
Section considered for moment of inertia of beam
For edge beam For interior beam

Section considered for moment of inertia of slab
For interior beam
For edge beam

Example 1 - To check limitation of DDM
A two way slab with beams is shown in

Figure, having L.L = 5.75 kN/m2,
thickness h = 165 mm, fʹc = 21 MPa, fy
= 420 MPa, columns section is 375 x
375 mm. Check if direct design method
is applicable for this slab system.
Example 1 - Solution
Solution
1. There are 3 continuous spans in each
direction. (O.K)
2. The panel is rectangular with ratio of:
(L/S)=(7.6/6) = 1.27 < 2 (O.K)
3. The successive spans in each direction
are equal and the difference between
span’s length with respect to the largest
span in each direction equal to zero <
0.33 (Lor S). (O.K)
4. All the columns in each direction are on the same
centerline. (offset = 0) < 0.1(L or S) (O.K)
5. The loads are by gravity only and over an entire
panel.
LL =5.75 kN/m2
DL = (0.165x24) = 3.96 kN/m2
𝐿𝐿/𝐷𝐷 = 5.75/3.96 = 1.45 < 2 (OK)
6. If beams are used on the columns lines, the
relative stiffness ratio must be between 0.2
and 0.5 (Check)
Relative stiffness ratio need to be checked for all the slab panels (Panel 1, 2, 3, & 4)
For that first calculate the stiffness ratio for each beam (B1, B2, B3, & B4)
Example 1
Contents
4. Procedure of DDM
General Procedure of DDM
1. Divide the slabs into panels by drawing centerlines along the columns.
2. Check the D.D.M limitations
3. Transform the 3-dimensional building in to
simpler 2-dimensional frames by cutting the
structure with imaginary vertical planes along
the center lines of the panels (in each
direction).
4. Find column strip and middle strip -- The column strips are located over columns
and have a width on each side of the column centerline equal to a smaller panel
dimension divided by four and middle strips are located between two column
strips
Example 2
1. Find the widths of exterior and
interior frame in E-W direction
2. Find the column and middle
strips in E-W direction
Column = 300 x 300 mm
N
E
Example 2
Widths of exterior frame
= 6000/2 + 300/2 = 6150 mm
Widths of interior frame

= 6000/2 + 6000/2 = 6000 mm
N
E
Example 2
Exterior Frame
Width of column strip (CS)
= 5000/4 + 300/2 = 1400 mm
width of ½ Middle strip (MS)
= 6000/2 - 5000/4 = 1750 mm
Interior Frame
Width of column strip (CS)
= 5000/4 + 5000/4 = 2500 mm
width of ½ Middle strip (MS) on
each side of frame N
E
= 6000/2 - 5000/4 = 1750 mm
5. For each frame calculate the total span moment (Mo) for the end and the interior
spans.
For uniform loading, the total design moment (Mo) for a span of the design strip is
calculated by the simple static moment expression:
Important Notes:
l1 : the span c/c in the direction of design.
l2 : the span c/c in the direction perpendicular on the direction of design. Or the width
of frame.
ln : is a distance from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets or walls even if beams
exist and shall not be less than 0.65 l1.
Example 3
Compute the statical moment, Mo,
in the slab panel “A” shown in Fig.
The normal-weight concrete slab is
8 in. thick and supports a live load
of 100 psf.
Solution
Example 3
6. Division of the total panel moment Mo into negative and positive moments, and
then into column and middle strip moments, involves direct application of moment
coefficients to the total moment Mo. The moment coefficients are function of span
(interior or exterior) and slab support condition (type of two-way slab system).
Longitudinal
Distribution
Transverse
Distribution
Vertical
Distribution
Longitudinal Distribution
6.1 Division of the total panel moment Mo into negative and positive moments
a) Interior span
6.1 Division of the total panel moment Mo into negative and positive moments
b) End span
Transverse Distribution
6.2 Distribution of factored negative and positive moments
a) To Column strip – For interior -ve moment

6.2 Division of factored negative and positive moments
a) To Column strip – For exterior -ve moment
a) Column strip – for +ve moment
b) Middle strip
Vertical Distribution
6.3 Division of CS moments to CS slab and beam
Tortional Stiffness ratio
Example 4
Calculate Bt of edge beam for frame BE
Example 4
Example 4
Example: Find the moments on column and middle strips for a flat slab supported on
columns, having square panels (without interior and edge beams).
Task 1
Example: Find the moments on column and middle strips for a flat slab with spandrel
beams supported on columns, having square panels (without interior and with edge
beams).
End Span Interior span

Slab moments 1 2 3 4
Interior -ve
Exterior -Ve positive First interior -ve positive
Total Moment
Column strip
Middle strip
DDM _ Design Example
Design a flat slab system having 3 panels Given Data:
of 6 m span each in N-S direction and 4 N-S panels 3@6 m
panels of 8 m span in E-W direction, E-W panels 4@8 m
story height of 3.5 m, service live load = Story Height = 3.5 m
300 kg/m2, superimposed dead load = LL = 300 kg/m2
350 kg/m2, fc’ = 25 Mpa, fy = 420 Mpa. Superimposed DL = 350 kg/m2
There is no drop panel or column capital, Concrete strength fc’ = 25 MPa
edge as well as interior beams are steel strength fy = 420 MPa
present in both direction. Size of size of columns = 375 x 375 mm
columns is 375 x 375 mm. Size of long Size of E-W spanning beams = 375 x 700 mm
beam spanning E-W is 375 x 700 mm Size of N-S spanning beams = 300 x 525 mm
and size of short beam spanning N-S is Beam are present between all columns
300 x 525 mm.
DDM _ Design Example
4@8 m
Solution:
E-W direction – Long beam – B1 and B2 B1
N-S direction – short beam – B3 and B4 B3 1 B4 2
3@6 m
B2
As the spans are constant in both the
directions 3 4
so
For complete design of slab system four
panels 1, 2, 3, 4 need to be designed
In this example only Panel 1 will be designed
Step 1 _ Selection of slab depth
Clear span in longer direction = 8000 – 375 = 7625

Clear span in shorter direction = 6000 – 375 = 5625
7625
𝛽= = 1.35
5625
Property B1 B2 B3 B4
𝑙 (mm) 8000 8000 6000 6000
ℎ (mm) 700 700 525 525
ℎ𝑓 (mm) 180 180 180 180
ℎ𝑏 (mm) 520 520 345 345
4ℎ𝑓 (mm) 720 720 720 720
𝑏𝑤 (mm) 375 375 300 300
𝑏 (mm) 895 1415 645 990
𝐼𝑏 (10^4 mm4) 1563570 1861103 511056 601922
𝑏𝑠 = 𝑙2𝑤 (mm) 3187.5 6000 4187.5 8000
𝐼𝑠 (10^4 mm4) 154937 291600 203537 388800
𝛼𝑓 10.09 6.38 2.51 1.55
Step 3 _Check DDM limitations
Step 4 _ Column and middle strips
CS MS CS
1687.5 5000 3000
1687.5
CS
1500 1500 1500 MS

3000
2500 2500 1500

CS
1500
N-S Direction E-W Direction

Step 5 _ Calculate static moment for each frame
Direction E-W N-S

Exterior Interior Exterior Interior
Frame Frame Frame Frame
𝑙 (mm) 8000 8000 6000 6000
𝑙2𝑤 (m) 3.188 6.0 4.188 8.0
𝑙𝑛 (m) 7.625 7.625 5.625 5.625
𝑀𝑜 (kN-m) 322.3 606.7 230.4 440.2
Step 6 _ Distribution of moment
Longitudinal distribution
Transverse distribution
Vertical distribution
Direction E-W N-S

𝑀𝑜 (kN-m) 322.3 606.7 230.4 440.2
𝑀− at ext. support (kN-m) 51.6 97.1 36.9 70.4
𝑀+ at mid span (kN-m) 183.7 345.8 131.3 250.9
𝑀− at int. support (kN-m) 225.6 424.7 161.3 308.2
B1 375x700
B3 300x525
Case 1 Case 2 Case 1 Case 2

Beam B1 B1 B3 B3
𝑏𝑤 (mm) 375 375 300 300
ℎ𝑏 (mm) 520 520 345 345
x1 180 180 180 180
Y1 895 520 645 345
X2 375 375 300 300
y2 520 700 345 525
C (10^4 mm) 566206 739688 243743 347423
C (10^4 mm) 739688 347423
Direction E-W N-S

Beam B3 B3 B1 B1
C (10^4 mm) 347423 347423 739688 739688
𝑏𝑠 (mm)* 6000 6000 8000 8000
𝐼𝑠 (10^4 mm4) 291600 291600 388800 388800
𝐵𝑡 0.5957 0.5957 0.95 0.95
* Span of torsional member

2. Lateral Distribution of moment Direction E-W N-S
𝐴 = 𝑙2 /𝑙1 0.75 0.75 1.33 1.33
𝛼𝑓 10.09 6.38 2.51 1.55
𝐷 = 𝛼𝑓 𝑙2 /𝑙1 ≤ 1.0 1 1 1 1
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑡 ≤ 2.5 0.5957 0.5957 0.95 0.95
+
% of 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to CS 82.5 82.5 65.1 65.1
+
% of 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to MS 17.5 17.5 34.9 34.9
−
% of 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 to CS 82.5 82.5 65.1 65.1
−
% of 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 to MS 17.5 17.5 34.9 34.9
−
% of 𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 to CS 95.83 95.83 95.83 95.83
−
% of 𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 to MS 4.17 4.17 4.17 4.17
2. Lateral Distribution of moment
Direction E-W N-S Direction E-W N-S

Exterior Interior Exterior Interior Exterior Interior Exterior Interior
+
% of 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to CS 82.5 82.5 65.1 65.1 𝑀+ at mid span (kN-m) 183.7 345.8 131.3 250.9
+ +
% of 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to MS 17.5 17.5 34.9 34.9 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to CS 151.55 285.28 85.47 163.33
−
% of 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 +
to CS 82.5 82.5 65.1 65.1 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to MS 32.15 60.52 45.83 87.57
−
% of 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 to MS 17.5 17.5 34.9 34.9 𝑀− at int. support (kN-m) 225.6 424.7 161.3 308.2
− −
% of 𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 to CS 95.83 95.83 95.83 95.83 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 to CS 186.12 350.37 105 200.63
−
% of 𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 −
to MS 4.17 4.17 4.17 4.17 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 to MS 39.48 74.32 56.3 107.56
−
𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 to CS 49.44 93 32 61.05
−
𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 to middle strip 2.2 4 4.89 9.34
3. Vertical Distribution
Direction E-W N-S
+
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to column strip 151.55 285.28 85.47 163.33
share of beam from CS M 128.81 242.48 72.65 138.83
+
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to column strip slab 22.74 42.8 12.82 24.5
−
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 to column strip 186.12 350.37 105 200.63
Direction E-W N-S
share of beam from CS M 158.28 297.8 89.25 170.53
−
Frame Frame Frame Frame 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 to column strip slab 27.85 52.55 15.75 30
𝐷 = 𝛼𝑓 𝑙2 /𝑙1 ≤ 1.0 1 1 1 1 −
𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 to column strip 49.44 93 32 61.05
% share of beam from
CS Moment
85 85 85 85 share of beam from CS M 42 79 27.2 51.8
−
% share of CS slab 𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 to column strip slab 7.41 14 4.8 9.2
15 15 15 15
from CS Moment
Direction E-W N-S
Step 6 _ Distribution of moment Exterior Interior Exterior Interior
2. Lateral and vertical
Distribution of moment 𝑀+ at mid span (kN-m) 183.7 345.8 131.3 250.9
+
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to column strip 151.55 285.28 85.47 163.33
share of beam from CSM 128.81 242.48 72.65 138.83
+
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to column strip slab 22.74 42.8 12.82 24.5
+
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to middle strip slab 32.15 60.52 45.83 87.57
𝑀− at int. support (kN-m) 225.6 424.7 161.3 308.2
−
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 to column strip 186.12 350.37 105 200.63
share of beam from CSM 158.28 297.8 89.25 170.53
−
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 to column strip slab 27.85 52.55 15.75 30
−
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 to middle strip slab 39.48 74.32 56.3 107.56
−
𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 to column strip 49.44 93 32 61.05
share of beam from CSM 42 79 27.2 51.8
−
𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 to column strip slab 7.41 14 4.8 9.2
−
𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 to middle strip 2.2 4 4.89 9.34
Step 7 _ Steel calculation
Direction E-W N-S
½(CS width - beam width) 1313 1313 1350 1350

d 139.5 139.5 152.5 152.5
+ 22.74 42.8/2 12.82 24.5/2
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to half column strip slab
As for Half CS 441.7096 425.2921 224.789 216.9974
Bars 6#10 6#10 4#10 4#10
−
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 to half column strip slab 27.85 52.55/2 15.75 30/2
As for Half CS
Bars 7-#10 7-#10 5-#10 5-#10
−
𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 to half column strip slab 7.41 14/2 4.8 9.2/2
As for Half CS
Bars 3-#10 3-#10 2-#10 2-#10
Step 6 _ Steel Calculation
2. Middle strip
Direction E-W N-S
Half MS width 1500 1500 2500 2500
d 139.5 139.5 152.5 152.5
+ 32.15 60.52/2 45.83 87.57/2
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑑 to half middle strip slab
As for Half MS 628.2505 608.7789 812.0147 791.9687
Bars 9#10 9#10 12#10 12#10
−
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑡 to half middle strip slab 39.48 74.32/2 56.3 107.56/2
5-#10 5-#10 7-#10 7-#10

−
𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡 to half middle strip slab 2.2 4/2 4.89 9.34/2
2-#10 2-#10 2-#10 2-#10

Step 7 Detailing
2-#10 4-#10 2-#10
4-#10 24-#10 4-#10
5-#10 5-#10
14-#10
Step 7
ACI specifications
Design for shear
70
Shear in beams
▪ For beams with 𝛼𝑓1(𝑙2/𝑙1) ≥ 1.0 shear is calculated by 45 degree tributary area as shown in Figure.
▪ For beams with 𝛼𝑓1(𝑙2/𝑙1) ≤ 1.0 linear interpolation should be made assuming that shear is zero
when 𝛼𝑓1 = 0
▪ Shear produced by directly applied factored loads on beams should also be added to the above
calculated shear transferred from slab.
Factored moments in columns and walls
▪ Columns and walls built integrally with a slab system should resist moments caused by factored loads
on the slab system.
▪ At an interior support, columns or walls above and below the slab should resist the factored moment
specified by following Equation in direct proportion to their stiffnesses unless a general analysis is
made.
Mu = 0.07[(qDu + 0.5qLu)ℓ2ℓn 2 – q′Duℓ2′(ℓn′)2
where, q′Du, ℓ2′, and ℓn′ refer to the shorter span.

Factored moments in columns and walls
▪ Design and detailing of the reinforcement transferring the moment from the slab to edge column is
critical to both performance and safety of flat slabs or flat plates without edge beams, or cantilever
slabs
▪ The gravity load moment to be transferred between slab and edge column is to be 0.3Mo
One-way shear in slabs
▪ It is beam-type shear leading to diagonal tension failure.
▪ Applicable particularly to long narrow slabs or footings.
▪ It act as a wide beam, spanning between supports provided by the perpendicular column strips.
▪ A potential diagonal crack extends in a plane across the entire width of the slab.
▪ The critical section is taken a distance d from the face of the column or capital.
The applied shear in this case is given by the following equation
𝑙
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × ( 1 − 𝑑)
2
▪ The nominal shear strength 𝑉𝑐 is given by
𝑉𝑐 = 2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
where, bw = l2
Two-way or punching shear in slabs
▪ The shear acting all along the perimeter of a column for a flat slab without beams can punch the
column into the slab and is called two-way or punching shear
▪ Failure may occur by punching shear, with the potential diagonal crack following the surface of a
truncated cone or pyramid around the column, capital, or drop panel.
▪ The failure surface extends from the bottom of the slab, at the support, diagonally upward to the top
surface.
▪ The angle of inclination with the horizontal, θ (see Figure below), depends upon the nature and
amount of reinforcement in the slab. It may range between about 20 and 45° .
▪ The critical section for shear is taken perpendicular to the plane of the slab and a distance d/2 from
the periphery of the support, as shown.
Direct punching shear
▪ The two-way shear produced by the vertical loads on the slab and having constant stress intensity all
along the perimeter is called direct shear.
▪ The direct shear force Vu to be resisted can be calculated as the total factored load on the area bounded
by panel centerlines around the column less the load applied within the area defined by the critical
shear perimeter.
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝑙1 𝑙2 − 𝑏1 𝑏2 )
Where, 𝑏1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏2 are the dimensions of
critical perimeter
Indirect or eccentric shear
▪ Eccentric shear is the two-way shear developed due to the transfer of
unbalanced moment to the column through torsion.
▪ It varies linearly about the centroid of the critical section. And given by
M uv c
v=
Jc
▪ The moment considered to be transferred by shear is
M uv =  v M u
 v = 1−  f
▪ The moment considered to be transferred by flexure is
M ub =  f M u
For interior column
For edge column
 b1d 3 db13  b1  
2
Jc = 2   + + b1d  − x1   + ( b2 d ) x12
 12 12 2  
b12
x1 =
2b1 + b2
C = distance from the centroid of critical section to left or right

face of section
Total punching or two-way shear
The total shear stresses at any distance from the neutral axis can be calculated from
where, Ac = area of critical section

Cl , Cr = distance from the centroid of critical section to
left and right face of section, respectively.
(Interior column) Ac = 2d ( c1 + d ) + (c2 + d ) 
(Exterior column) Ac = d  2 ( c1 + d ) + (c2 + d ) 

Shear capacity of concrete slab
▪ According to ACI shear strength of concrete should be smaller of these:
 2
Vc = 0.17 1 +   f c ' bo d
 
 sd 
Vc = 0.083  2 +   f '
c bo d
 bo 
Vc = 0.33 f c ' bo d
Where, β = longer/shorter side of column

αs = 40 for interior column
= 30 for edge column
= 20 for corner column
Design Equation
vu   vc
 vc =  (Vc + Vs ) / ( bo d )
Vs = 0 if no shear reinforcement
Vs  0.33 f c ' bo d
Vc  0.17 f c ' bo d if shear reinforcement is provided

Shear reinforcement for punching shear
Design for shear
Design for shear
Design for shear
Design for shear
Thank You
90

Direct Design Method

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20.09.

Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Tahir

Civil Engineering Department,

2. Direct Design Method (DDM)

2. Direct Design Method (DDM)

2. Direct Design Method (DDM)

Where (αf )1 average flexural stiffness ratio in direction (1)

For edge beam For interior beam

For interior beam

For edge beam

A two way slab with beams is shown in

2. Direct Design Method (DDM)

Widths of interior frame

a) To Column strip – For interior -ve moment

End Span Interior span

Clear span in longer direction = 8000 – 375 = 7625

1500 1500 1500 MS

2500 2500 1500

N-S Direction E-W Direction

Direction E-W N-S

Direction E-W N-S

Case 1 Case 2 Case 1 Case 2

Direction E-W N-S

* Span of torsional member

Direction E-W N-S Direction E-W N-S

½(CS width - beam width) 1313 1313 1350 1350

5-#10 5-#10 7-#10 7-#10

2-#10 2-#10 2-#10 2-#10

2-#10 4-#10 2-#10

4-#10 24-#10 4-#10

Mu = 0.07[(qDu + 0.5qLu)ℓ2ℓn 2 – q′Duℓ2′(ℓn′)2

where, q′Du, ℓ2′, and ℓn′ refer to the shorter span.

▪ Applicable particularly to long narrow slabs or footings.

The applied shear in this case is given by the following equation

▪ The nominal shear strength 𝑉𝑐 is given by

Where, 𝑏1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏2 are the dimensions of

▪ The moment considered to be transferred by flexure is

For edge column

C = distance from the centroid of critical section to left or right

where, Ac = area of critical section

(Interior column) Ac = 2d ( c1 + d ) + (c2 + d ) 

(Exterior column) Ac = d  2 ( c1 + d ) + (c2 + d ) 

Where, β = longer/shorter side of column

Vc  0.17 f c ' bo d if shear reinforcement is provided

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