TUTORIAL QUESTIONS – DEFORMATION OF SOLID BODY UNDER

STATIC LOADING
WORKED EXAMPLES 1
Example 1.1 Two forces are applied to the 𝐶 knowing that the allowable bearing stress
bracket 𝐵𝐶𝐷 as shown. (a) Knowing that the of the steel used is 300 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
control rod 𝐴𝐵 is to be made of a steel having
an ultimate normal stress of 600 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
determine the diameter of the rod for which
the factor of safety with respect to failure will
be 3.3. (b) The pin at 𝐶 is to be made of a steel
having an ultimate shearing stress of
350 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Determine the diameter of the pin
𝐶 for which the factor of safety with respect
to shear will also be 3.3. (c) Determine the
required thickness of the bracket supports at

Solution
Free Body: Entire Bracket. The reaction at 𝑃 40 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 200 × 10−6 𝑚2
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 181.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
C is represented by its components 𝐶𝑥 and 𝐶𝑦

+↶ ∑ 𝑀𝑐 = 0: 𝑃(0.6 𝑚) − (50 𝑘𝑁)(0.3) −

(15 𝑘𝑁)(0.6 𝑚) = 0 𝑃 = 40 𝑘𝑁
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝐶𝑥 = 40 𝑘𝑁
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝐶𝑦 = 65 𝑘𝑁

𝐶 = √𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑦 2 = 76.3 𝑘𝑁

a. Control Rod 𝑨𝑩. Since factor of safety is

to be 3.3 the allowable stress is
𝜎𝑈 600 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 181.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹. 𝑆. 3.3
For 𝑃 = 40 𝑘𝑁 the cross-sectional area
required is
b. Shear in Pin C. For a factor of safety of 3.3, we have
𝑇𝑈 350 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 106.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹. 𝑆. 3.3
Since the pin is in double shear, we write
 𝐶 ⁄2 (76.3 𝑘𝑁)⁄2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 360 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇𝑎𝑙𝑙 106.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑑 = 360 𝑚𝑚2
4 𝑐
𝑑𝑐 = 21.4 𝑚𝑚
The next larger size pin available is of 22 mm diameter and should be used.

c. Bearing at C. Using 𝑑 = 22 𝑚𝑚, the normal bearing area of each bracket is 22𝑡. Since the
force carried by each bracket is 𝐶 ⁄2 and allowable bearing stress is 300 MPa, we write
𝐶 ⁄2 (76.3 𝑘𝑁)⁄2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 127.2 𝑚𝑚2
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 300 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Thus 22𝑡 = 127.2 𝑡 = 5.78 𝑚𝑚
Example 1.2 The rigid beam 𝐵𝐶𝐷 is attached
by bolts to a control rod at 𝐵, to a hydraulic
cylinder at 𝐶, and to a fixed support at 𝐷. The
diameters of the bolts used are: 𝑑𝐵 = 𝑑𝐷 =
8 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝐶 = 12 𝑚𝑚. Each bolt acts in
double shear and is made from a steel for
which the ultimate shearing stress is 𝑇𝑈 =
300 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The 9 𝑚𝑚 diameter control rod
𝐴𝐵 has a diameter and is made of a steel for
which the ultimate tensile stress is 𝜎𝑈 =
450 𝑀𝑃𝑎. If the minimum factor of safety is
to be 3.0 for the entire unit, determine the
largest upward force which may be applied
by the hydraulic cylinder at 𝐶.
Solution The factor of safety with respect to failure must be 3.0 or more in each of the three bolts
and in the control rod. These four independent criteria will be considered separately.
Free Body: Beam 𝑩𝑪𝑫. We first determine the force at 𝐶 in terms of the force at 𝐵 and in terms
of the force at 𝐷.
∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0: 𝐵(350 𝑚𝑚) − 𝐶 (200 𝑚𝑚) = 0 𝐶 = 1.75𝐵 (1)
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0: −𝐷(350 𝑚𝑚) + 𝐶 (200 𝑚𝑚) = 0 𝐶 = 2.33𝐵 (2)
Control Rod. For a factor of safety of 3.0 we have
𝜎𝑈 450 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 150 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹. 𝑆. 3.0
The allowable force in the control rod is
1
𝐵 = 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝐴) = (150 𝑀𝑃𝑎) 𝜋(9 𝑚𝑚)2
4
= 9.4 𝑘𝑁
Using Eq. (1) we find the largest permitted
value of 𝐶:
𝐶 = 1.750𝐵 = 1.750(9.4 𝑘𝑁) = 16.70 𝑘𝑁
Bolt at B. 𝑇𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑇𝑈 ⁄𝐹. 𝑆. = (300 𝑀𝑃𝑎)⁄3 = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Since the bolt is in double shear, allowable
value of force 𝐵 is
2𝜋
𝐵 = 𝑇𝑎𝑙𝑙 (2𝐴) = (100 𝑀𝑃𝑎) (8 𝑚𝑚)2 = 10.05 𝑘𝑁
4
From Eq. (1): 𝐶 = 1.750𝐵 = 1.750(10.05 𝑘𝑁) = 17.59 𝑘𝑁

Bolt at D. Since this bolt is the same as bolt B, the allowable force is 𝐷 = 𝐵 = 10.05 𝑘𝑁. Using
Eq. (2):
𝐶 = 2.33𝐷 = 2.33(10.05 𝑘𝑁) = 23.4 𝑘𝑁
2𝜋
Bolt at C. We again have 𝑇𝑎𝑙𝑙 (2𝐴) = (100 𝑀𝑃𝑎) (12 𝑚𝑚)2 = 22.6 𝑘𝑁
4
Summary. We have found separately four maximum allowable values of the force C. In order to
satisfy all these criteria, we must choose the smallest value, namely: 𝐶 = 16.70 𝑘𝑁.
Example 1.3 The blade of the hacksaw is
subjected to a pretension force of 𝐹 =
100 𝑁. Determine (i) the resultant internal
loadings acting on section a–a that passes
through point D, and (ii) the resultant internal
loadings acting on section 𝑏– 𝑏 that passes
through point D.

Solution
(i) Internal Loadings on section 𝒂– 𝒂: Referring to the free-body diagram of the section
of the hacksaw shown in Fig. a,

+
← ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝑁𝑎−𝑎 + 100 = 0 𝑁𝑎−𝑎 = −100 𝑁
+↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝑉𝑎−𝑎 = 0
↶ + ∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0; −𝑀𝑎−𝑎 − 100(0.15) = 0 𝑀𝑎−𝑎 = −15 𝑁. 𝑚

The negative sign indicates that 𝑁𝑎−𝑎 and 𝑁𝑎−𝑎 act in the opposite sense to that shown
on the free-body diagram.

(ii) Internal Loadings on section 𝒃– 𝒃: Referring to the free-body diagram of the section
of the hacksaw shown in Fig. b,

∑ 𝐹𝑥 ′ = 0; 𝑁𝑏−𝑏 + 100 cos 30° = 0 𝑁𝑏−𝑏 = −86.6 𝑁

∑ 𝐹𝑦′ = 0; 𝑉𝑏−𝑏 − 100 sin 30° = 0 𝑉𝑏−𝑏 = 50 𝑁
↶ + ∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0; −𝑀𝑏−𝑏 − 100(0.15) = 0 𝑀𝑏−𝑏 = −15 𝑁. 𝑚
 The negative sign indicates that 𝑁𝑏−𝑏 and 𝑀𝑏−𝑏 act in the opposite sense to that shown
on the free-body diagram.
Example 1.4 The forged steel clamp exerts a force of 𝑁 on the wooden block. Determine the
resultant internal loadings acting on section 𝑎– 𝑎 passing through point 𝐴.

Solution
Internal Loadings: Referring to the free-body diagram of the section of the clamp shown in Fig.
a,
∑ 𝐹𝑦′ = 0; 900 cos 30° − 𝑁𝑎−𝑎 = 0 𝑁𝑎−𝑎 = 779 𝑁
∑ 𝐹𝑥 ′ = 0; 𝑉𝑎−𝑎 − 900 sin 30° = 0 𝑉𝑏−𝑏 = 450 𝑁
↶ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0; 900(0.2) − 𝑀𝑎−𝑎 = 0 𝑀𝑎−𝑎 = 180 𝑁. 𝑚

Example 1.5 (a) If the joint is subjected to an

axial force of 𝑃 = 9 𝑘𝑁 , determine the
average shear stress developed in each of the
6-mm diameter bolts between the plates and
the members and along each of the four
shaded shear planes. (b) If the average shear
stress in each of the 6-mm diameter bolts and
along each of the four shaded shear planes is
not allowed to exceed 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 500 𝑘𝑃𝑎,
respectively. Determine the maximum axial
force 𝑃 that can be applied to the joint.

Solution
(a) Internal Loadings: The shear force developed on each shear plane of the bolt and the member
can be determined by writing the force equation of equilibrium along the member’s axis with
reference to the free-body diagrams shown in Figs. a. and b, respectively.
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; 4𝑉𝑏 − 9 = 0 𝑉𝑏 = 2.25 𝑘𝑁

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; 4𝑉𝑝 − 9 = 0 𝑉𝑝 = 2.25 𝑘𝑁

Average Shear Stress: The areas of each shear plane of the bolt and the member are 𝐴𝑏 =
𝜋
(0.0006)2 = 28.274(10−6 )𝑚2 and 𝐴𝑝 = 0.1(0.1) = 0.01 𝑚2 , respectively.
4

We obtain
𝑉𝑏 2.25(103 )
(𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 ) = = = 79.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏 𝐴𝑏 28.274(10−6 )
𝑉𝑝 2.25(103 )
(𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 ) = = = 225 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑝 𝐴𝑝 0.01

(b) Internal Loadings: The shear force developed on each shear plane of the bolt and the member
can be determined by writing the force equation of equilibrium along the member’s axis with
reference to the free-body diagrams shown in Figs. a. and b, respectively.
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; 4𝑉𝑏 − 𝑃 = 0 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑃⁄4

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; 4𝑉𝑝 − 𝑃 = 0 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑃⁄4

Average Shear Stress: The areas of each shear plane of the bolt and the member are 𝐴𝑏 =
𝜋
(0.0006)2 = 28.274(10−6 )𝑚2 and 𝐴𝑝 = 0.1(0.1) = 0.01 𝑚2 , respectively.
4

We obtain
𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑝
(𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 )𝑏 = (𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 )𝑝 =
𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑝
𝑃 ⁄4 𝑃 ⁄4
80(106 ) = 500(103 ) =
28.274(10−6 ) 0.01
𝑃 = 9047 𝑁 = 9.05 𝑘𝑁 𝑃 = 20000 𝑁 = 20 𝑘𝑁
Example 1.6 (a) If the shaft is subjected to an
axial force of 5 𝑘𝑁, determine the bearing
stress acting on the collar 𝐴. (b) If the 60 mm
diameter shaft is subjected to an axial force
of 5 𝑘𝑁, determine the average shear stress
developed in the shear plane where the collar
𝐴 and shaft are connected.

Solution
Bearing Stress: The bearing area on the collar, shown shaded in Fig. a, is 𝐴𝑏 =
𝜋(0.052 − 0.03252 ) = 4.536(10−3 ). Referring to the free-body diagram of the collar, Fig. a, and
writing the force equation of equilibrium along the axis of the shaft,
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; 5(103 ) − 𝜎𝑏 [4.536(10−3 )] = 0 𝜎𝑏 = 1.10 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Average Shear Stress: The area of the shear plane, shown shaded in Fig. b, is 𝐴𝑏 =
2𝜋(0.03)(0.015) = 2.827(10−3 ). Referring to the free-body diagram of the shaft, Fig. a, and
writing the force equation of equilibrium along the axis of the shaft,
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; 5(103 ) − 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 [2.827(10−3 )] = 0 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 1.77 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Example 1.7 The thrust bearing consists of a
circular collar 𝐴 fixed to the shaft 𝐵.
Determine the maximum axial force 𝑃 that
can be applied to the shaft so that it does not
cause the shear stress along a cylindrical
surface 𝑎 or 𝑏 to exceed an allowable shear
stress of 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 170 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Assume failure along 𝑎:
𝑃
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 170(106 ) =
𝜋(0.03)(0.035)
𝑃 = 516 𝑘𝑁
Assume failure along 𝑏:
𝑃
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 170(106 ) =
𝜋(0.058)(0.02)
𝑃 = 620 𝑘𝑁
Example 1.8 (a) Determine the resultant
internal loading on the cross section through
point 𝐶 of the pliers. There is a pin at 𝐴, and
the jaws at 𝐵 are smooth. (b) Determine the
resultant internal loading on the cross section
through point 𝐷 of the pliers.
Solution: Referring to the free-body diagram
of the section of the pilers shown in Fig. a and
b for point 𝐶 and 𝐷, respectively.
(a) Internal loading through point 𝑪:
+↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; −𝑉𝐶 + 60 = 0 𝑉𝐶 = 60 𝑁
+
→ ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝑁𝐶 = 0
+↶ ∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0; −𝑀𝐶 + 60(0.015) = 0 𝑀𝐶 = 0.94 𝑁. 𝑚
(b) Internal loading through point 𝑫:
↘ + ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝑉𝐷 − 20 cos 30° = 0 𝑉𝐷 = 17.3 𝑁

+↙ ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝑁𝐷 − 20 sin 30° = 0 𝑁𝐷 = 10 𝑁
+↶ ∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0; 𝑀𝐷 − 20(0.08) = 0 𝑀𝐷 = 1.60 𝑁. 𝑚
Example 1.9 The machine is moving with a
constant velocity. It has a total mass of 20
Mg, and its center of mass is located at 𝐺,
excluding the front roller. If the front roller
has a mass of 5 Mg, determine the resultant
internal loadings acting on point 𝐶 of each of
the two side members that support the roller.
Neglect the mass of the side members. The
front roller is free to roll.
Support Reactions: We will only need to compute 𝑁𝐴 by writing the moment equation of
equilibrium about 𝐵 with reference to the free-body diagram of the steamroller, Fig. a.

↶ + ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0; 𝑁𝐴 (5.5) − 20(103 )(9.81)(1.5) = 0 𝑁𝐴 = 53.51(103 ) 𝑁

Internal Loadings: Using the result for 𝑁𝐴 , the free-body diagram of the front roller shown in
Fig. b will be considered.
↶ + ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0; 2𝑁𝐶 = 0 𝑁𝐶 = 0
+↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; 2𝑉𝐶 + 53.51(103 ) − 5(103 )(9.81) = 0 𝑉𝐶 = −229.55 𝑁 = −2.23 𝑘𝑁

↶ + ∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0; 53.51(103 )(2) − 5(103 )(9.81)(2) − 2𝑀𝐶 = 0 𝑀𝐶 = 4459.10 𝑁. 𝑚

= 4.46 𝑘𝑁
Example 1.10 A force of 80 𝑁 is supported
by the bracket as shown. Determine the
resultant internal loadings acting on the
section through point 𝐴.

Solution
Equations of Equilibrium:

+↗ ∑ 𝐹𝑥 ′ = 0; 𝑁𝐴 − 80 cos 15° = 0 𝑁𝐴 = 77.3 𝑁

↖ + ∑ 𝐹𝑦 ′ = 0; 𝑉𝐴 − 80 sin 15° = 0 𝑉𝐴 = 20.7 𝑁

↶ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0; 𝑀𝐴 + 80 cos 45°(0.3 cos 30°) − 80 sin 45°(0.1 + 0.3 sin 30°) = 0

𝑀𝐴 = −0.555 𝑁. 𝑚
or
↶ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0; 𝑀𝐴 + 80 sin 15°(0.3 + 0.1sin 30°) − 80 cos 15°(0.1 cos 30°) = 0
𝑀𝐴 = −0.555 𝑁. 𝑚
Negative sign indicates that 𝑀𝐴 acts in the opposite direction to that shown on 𝐹𝐵𝐷.
EXERCISES 1
Problem 1.1 Determine the normal stress in
each segment of the stepped bar shown in the
figure. Load 𝑃 = 20 𝑘𝑁.

Problem 1.2 A rod is subjected to the five

forces shown in the figure. What is the
maximum value of P for the stresses not to
exceed 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in tension and 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in
compression?

Problem 1.5 Two plates are joined by four

rivets of 20 𝑚𝑚 diameter, as shown in the
figure. Determine the maximum load P if the
Problem 1.3 The wing of a monoplane is
shearing, tensile, and bearing stresses are
shown in the figure. Determine the normal
limited to 80, 100, and 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
stress in rod AC of the wing if it has a
respectively. Assume that the load is equally
uniform cross section of 20 × 10−5 𝑚2 .
divided among the rivets.

Problem 1.4 The bell-crank mechanism

shown in the figure is in equilibrium.
Determine (1) the normal stress in the
connecting rod 𝐶𝐷; (2) the shearing stress in
the 8-mm-diameter pin at 𝐵 point; (3) the
bearing stress in the bracket supports at 𝐵;
and (4) the bearing stress in the crank at 𝐵
point.
Problem 1.6 Calculate the shearing stresses
produced in the pins at 𝐴 and 𝐵 for the
landing gear shown in the figure. Assume
that each pin has a diameter of 25 𝑚𝑚 and is
in double shear.

Problem 1.7 The piston, connecting rod, and
crank of an engine system are depicted in the
figure. Assuming that a force 𝑃 = 10 𝑘𝑁 acts
as indicated, determine (1) the torque 𝑀𝑇
required to hold the system in equilibrium
and (2) the normal stress in the rod 𝐴𝐵 if its
cross-sectional area is 5 𝑐𝑚2 .
Problem 1.8 A 150-mm pulley subjected to
the loads shown in the figure is keyed to a
shaft of 25-mm diameter. Calculate the shear
stress in the key.
Problem 1.9 The lap joint seen in the figure
is fastened by five 2.5 𝑐𝑚 diameter rivets.
For 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑁, determine (1) the maximum
shear stress in the rivets; (2) the maximum
bearing stress; and (3) the maximum tensile
stress at section 𝑎 − 𝑎. Assume that the load
is divided equally among the rivets.
Problem 1.10 The frame shown in the figure
consists of three pin-connected, 2.5 𝑐𝑚
diameter bars. Calculate the normal stresses
in bars 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐴𝐷 for 𝑃 = 5 𝑘𝑁.

Problem 1.11 The connection shown in the
figure is subjected to a load 𝑃 = 20 𝑘𝑁.
Calculate (1) the shear stress in the pin at 𝐶;
(2) the maximum tensile stress in the clevis;
and (3) the bearing stress in the clevis at 𝐶.
Problem 1.12 The butt joint (see figure) is
fastened by four 15 𝑚𝑚 diameter rivets.
Determine the maximum load P if the stresses
are not to exceed 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in shear,
140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in tension, and 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in
bearing. Assume that the load is equally
divided among the rivets.
Problem 1.13 The pin-connected frame
shown in the figure supports the loads 𝑄 =
5 𝑘𝑁 and 𝑃 = 10 𝑘𝑁. Determine, for 𝛼 =
30°, (1) the normal stress in the bar 𝐶𝐸 of
uniform cross-sectional area 15 × 10−5 𝑚2
and (2) the shearing stresses in the 10 𝑚𝑚
diameter pins at 𝐷 and 𝐸 if both are in double
shear.
Problem 1.14 Calculate the maximum strain
𝜀𝑥 in the bar seen in the figure if the
displacement along the member varies as
1) 𝑢(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 ⁄𝐿) × 10−3 and
2) 𝑢(𝑥 ) = 𝐿 × (10−3 ) sin(𝜋𝑥⁄2𝐿)
Problem 1.15 As a result of loading, the thin
rectangular plate (see the figure) deforms into
a parallelogram in which sides 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷
elongate 0.005 𝑚𝑚 and rotate 1200 × 10−6
rad clockwise, while sides 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐵𝐶
shorten 0.002 𝑚𝑚 and rotate 400 × 10−6
rad counterclockwise. Calculate the plane
strain components. Use 𝑎 = 30 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑏 =
20 𝑚𝑚.

Problem 1.16 A 100 𝑚𝑚 by 100 𝑚𝑚

square plate is deformed into a 100 𝑚𝑚 by
100.2 𝑚𝑚 rectangle. Determine the positive
shear strain between its diagonals.

Problem 1.17 A square plate is subjected to

uniform strains 𝜀𝑥 = −0.5 × 10−3 and 𝜀𝑦 =
0.5 × 10−3 . Calculate the negative shearing
strain between its diagonals.
Problem 1.18 Determine the normal strain in
the members 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐵 of the structure
shown in the figure if point 𝐵 is displaced
leftward 3 𝑚𝑚.
Problem 1.19 A thin rectangular plate, 𝑎 =
20 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑏 = 10 𝑐𝑚 (see figure), is acted
upon by a biaxial tensile loading resulting in
the uniform strains 𝜀𝑥 = 0.6 × 10−3 and
𝜀𝑦 = 0.4 × 10−3 . Calculate the change in
length of diagonal 𝐴𝐶.
 stress 𝜏aver in the bolts. Disregard friction
between the bracket and the column.

Problem 1.20 The pin-connected structure

𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is deformed into a shape 𝐴𝐵′𝐶′𝐷, as
shown by the dashed lines in the figure.
Calculate the average normal strains in
members 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐴𝐶.

Problem 1.23 The plate (see figure) deforms

Problem 1.21 Two lines are inscribed at right
angles on a block of material. When the block in loading into a shape in which diagonal 𝐵𝐷
is loaded in shear, the lines are found to be at elongates 0.2 𝑚𝑚 and diagonal 𝐴𝐶 contracts
an angle of 89.75°. What is the shear strain in 0.4 𝑚𝑚 while they remain perpendicular and
the material? side 𝐴𝐷 remains horizontal. Calculate the
average plane strain components. Take 𝑎 =
Problem 1.22 An angle bracket having 𝑏 = 400 𝑚𝑚.
thickness 𝑡 = 18 𝑚𝑚 is attached to the
flange of a column with two 15 𝑚𝑚 diameter
bolts as shown in the figure. A uniformly
distributed load acts on the top face of the
bracket with a pressure 𝑝 = 2.0 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The
top face of the bracket has length 𝐿 =
200 𝑚𝑚 and width 𝑏 = 70 𝑚𝑚. Determine
the bearing pressure σ b between the angle
bracket and the bolts and the average shear
Problem 1.24 A thin rectangular plate, 𝑎 =
20 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑏 = 10 𝑐𝑚 (see figure), is acted
upon by a biaxial compressive loading
resulting in the uniform strains 𝜀𝑥 = −0.2 ×
10−3 and 𝜀𝑦 = −0.1 × 10−3 . Calculate the
change in length of diagonal 𝐴𝐶.

Problem 1.27 The thin, rectangular plate

𝐴𝐵𝐶 shown in the figure is uniformly
deformed into a shape 𝐴′𝐵′𝐶′. Calculate: (1)
the plane strain components 𝜀𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦 , and 𝛾𝑥𝑦
and (2) the shearing strain between edges 𝐴𝐶
and 𝐵𝐶.

Problem 1.25 The shear force 𝑄 deforms

plate 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 into 𝐴𝐵′𝐶′𝐷 (see figure). For
𝑏 = 200 𝑚𝑚 and ℎ = 0.5𝑚𝑚, determine the
shearing strain in the plate (1) at any point;
(2) at the center; and (3) at the origin.

Problem 1.28 The vertical load 𝑃 acting on

the wheel of a vehicle is 60 𝑘𝑁 (see figure).
What is the average shear stress 𝜏aver in the
30 𝑚𝑚 diameter axle?

Problem 1.26 Calculate the compressive

stress 𝜎𝑐 in the piston rod (see figure) when a
force 𝑃 = 40 𝑁 is applied to the brake pedal.
The line of action of the force 𝑃 is parallel to
the piston rod. Also, the diameter of the
piston rod is 5 𝑚𝑚, and the other dimensions
shown in the figure are measured
perpendicular to the line of action of the force
𝑃.
Problem 1.29 The handbrakes on a bicycle
consist of two blocks of hard rubber attached
to the frame of the bike, which press against
the wheel during stopping (see figure (a)).
Assuming that a force P causes a parabolic
deflection (𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦 2 ) of the rubber when the
brakes are applied (see figure (b)), determine
the shearing strain in the rubber.

Problem 1.31 A steel wire 𝐴𝐵𝐶 supporting a

lamp at its midpoint is attached to supports
that are 1.5 𝑚 apart (see figure). The length
of the wire is 2 𝑚 and its diameter is 0.5 𝑚𝑚.
If the lamp weighs 60 𝑁, what is the tensile
stress σ t in the wire?

Problem 1.30 A steel plate of dimensions

2.5 × 1.2 × 0.1 𝑚 is hoisted by a sling that
has a clevis at each end (see figure). The pins
through the clevises are 18 𝑚𝑚 in diameter
and located 2 𝑚 apart. Each half of the cable
is at an angle of 30° to the vertical. For these
conditions, determine the average shear
stress 𝜏aver in the pins and the bearing stress
σ b between the steel plate and the pins.
Problem 1.32 A cable and strut assembly
𝐴𝐵𝐶 (see figure) supports a vertical load 𝑃 =
12 𝑘𝑁. The cable has an effective cross-
sectional area of 150 𝑚𝑚2, and the strut has
an area of 300 𝑚𝑚2 . (1) Calculate the
normal stresses 𝜎AB and 𝜎BC in the cable and
strut, respectively, and indicate whether they
are tensiled or compressed. (2) If the cable
elongates 1.1 𝑚𝑚, what is the strain? (3) If
the strut shortens 0.35 𝑚𝑚, what is the
strain?

Problem 1.33 Three steel plates, each 18 mm
thick, are joined by two 16 𝑚𝑚 rivets as
shown in the figure. (1) If the load 𝑃 =
70 𝑘𝑁, what is the maximum bearing stress σ
b on the rivets? (2) If the ultimate shear stress
(average stress) in the rivets is 220 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
what force 𝑃ult is required to cause the rivets
to fail in shear? Disregard friction between
the plates.
Problem 1.34 A frame 𝐴𝐶𝐷 consists of a
vertical pipe 𝐶𝐷 and a brace 𝐴𝐵 constructed
from two flat bars (see figure). The frame is
supported by bolted connections at points 𝐴
and 𝐶, which are 2 𝑚 apart. The brace is
fastened to the pipe at point 𝐵 (1 m above
point 𝐶 by an 18 𝑚𝑚 diameter bolt. A
horizontal load 𝑃 acts at point 𝐷 (2 m above
point 𝐶). If the load 𝑃 = 15𝑘𝑁, what is the
average shear stress 𝜏aver in the bolt at 𝐵?
Problem 1.35 A bolt of shank diameter 𝑑 =
12 𝑚𝑚 passes through a hole in a steel plate
(see figure). The hexagonal head of the bolt
bears directly against the steel plate. The
diameter of the circumscribed circle for the
hexagon is 𝐷 = 20 𝑚𝑚 (which means that
each side of the hexagon has length 10 𝑚𝑚).
Also, the thickness t of the bolt head is 6 𝑚𝑚.
For calculation purposes, assume the tensile
force 𝑃 in the bolt is 5 𝑘𝑁. (1) Determine the
average bearing stress σ b between the
hexagonal head of the bolt and the plate. (2)
Determine the average shear stress 𝜏aver in
the head of the bolt.