STRUCTURAL DESIGN 2

STRUCTURAL FASTENERS
 STRUCTURAL FASTENERS

1. BOLT
2.WELD
3. RIVET
WELD
RIVETS
 Types of Bolts
Unfinished bolts/ordinary or common bolts
• classified by ASTM as A302 bolts and are made from carbon steel
• with stress-strain characteristics similar to those of A-36 steel.

High strength bolts

• Made from medium-carbon heat treated steel and from alloy steel
• Have tensile strength greater than those of ordinary bolts
• Designated as A 325 and A 490 bolts
 Types of Bolted Connections

1. Slip-critical or friction type connection - high slip

resistance is desired, the bolts are assumed in shear and
no bearing
2.Bearing type connection – high slip resistance is not
necessary
 Sizes and types of holes for bolts
*Standard-size bolt and rivet holes are 1.6 mm larger in diameter
than the bolt or rivet
1. Oversized Holes
• used in all plies of connection as long as the applied load
does not exceed the allowable slip resistance
2. Short Slotted Holes
• used regardless of the direction of the applied load if the
permissible slip resistance is larger than the applied force
• If the load be applied in a direction normal to the slot, these
holes may be used in any bearing type connections
 Sizes and types of holes for bolts

3. Long slotted holes

• used in only one of the connected parts of friction type or
bearing type connections
• for friction type these holes maybe used in any direction but
for bearing-type connections the load must be normal to the
axis of the slotted holes.
TYPES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS
 FAILURE OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Shear Failure of Bolt Shear Failure of Plate Behind Bolt

 Double shear Failure of a Butt Joint

Bearing Failure of Plate

Sample Problem #1:
A bolted connection shown uses the friction type connection with 22mm diameter A 325
bolt.
a. Compute the force P required to cause a slop of the 22mm diam. Bolt if the slip
coefficient is 0.34 when the section is subjected to a pretension load of 174 kN.
b. Using the force P, compute the nominal shear stress.
c. Compute the factor of safety against a slip of a 22mm dia. Bolt if the allowable
nominal shear stress is 120 MPa
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑎. 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑃
𝑃 = 𝜇𝑇 = 0.34 174 = 59.16 𝑘𝑁

𝑏. 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑓C

𝑃 59160
𝑓C = =𝜋 = 155.63 MPa
𝐴E H
4 22

𝑐. 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦, 𝐹𝑆
𝑓C(NOPQNR) 155.63
𝐹𝑆 = = = 1.30
𝑓C(NRRTUNVRW) 120
Sample Problem #2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑎. 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑇
By inspection, the cross sectional area of the center plate is less than the sum of
the areas of the two outer plates combined, therefore check the capacity of the
center plate only.
𝐴m = 150 − 22(2) 9 = 954 𝑚𝑚H
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐴m = 0.85𝐴r = 0.85 150𝑋9 = 1,147.50 𝑚𝑚H
𝐴W = 𝐴m = 954 𝑚𝑚H
𝑇 = 0.5 𝐹Q 𝐴W = 0.50 552.93 954 = 263,747.61 𝑁
𝑇 = 0.60𝐹t 𝐴r =0.60(449.25)150(9)= 363,892.50 N
Use T=263747.61 𝑁

𝑏. 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠, 𝑛
Maximum Capacity of each bolt
- Double shear
𝜋 H
𝑅 = 𝐴{ 𝐹{ = 19 207 2 = 117,380.90𝑁
4
- Bearing
𝑅 = 1.2𝐹Q 𝐴} = 1.2𝐹Q 𝑑𝑡 = 1.2 552.93 19 9 = 113,461.24𝑁
Use R=113461.24𝑁
𝑇 263,747.61
𝑛= = = 2.32
𝑅 113,461.24
Use 4 bolts (because there are 2 bolts in each row)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

c. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑, 𝐿W

𝑃 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡

𝑇 263747.61
𝑃= = = 65,936.90 𝑁
4 4
2𝑃 2(65,936.90)
𝐿W = = = 26.5𝑚𝑚
𝐹Q 𝑡 552.93(9)
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿W = 1.5𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿W = 1.5 19 = 28.5𝑚𝑚
Use 𝐿W = 28.5𝑚𝑚
Sample Problem #3

A bolted connection shown in the figure is bolted with A 325 bolts with an allowable shearing stress of
207 MPa when threads are excluded from shear plane. Assume bolt hole dia. to be 2mm bigger than bolt
dia. Diameter of the bolt is 20mm. Use bearing type connections. A 36 steel is used with 𝐹𝑦 =
248𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐹𝑢 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎. Compute the tensile capacity of the connection if
a. shearing stress governs
b. bearing stress governs 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
c. tearing of plates governs
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑇
𝑎. 𝑆hearing stress - double shear

𝑇 𝜋 H
= 𝐴C 𝐹C 𝑛 = 20 207 9
2 4
𝑇 = 1,170.56 𝑘𝑁

𝑏. 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑇
= 𝐴C 𝐹C 𝑛 = 𝑑 𝑡 1.2𝐹Q 𝑛 = 20 10 1.2 400 9
2
𝑇 = 864 𝑘𝑁
𝑐. 𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2

5𝑇 𝑇 2 2𝑇 𝑇 7
𝐹‡ + = , 𝐹‡ = 𝑇 𝐹H + = ,𝐹 = 𝑇
9(2) 2 9 9(2) 2 H 18
2 7
0.5𝐹Q 𝐴W = 𝑇 0.5𝐹Q 𝐴W = 𝑇
9 18
𝐴m = 300 − 4(22) 10 = 2,120 𝐴m = 300 − 3(22) 10 = 2,340
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐴m = 0.85𝐴r = 0.85 300𝑥10 = 2,550 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐴m = 0.85𝐴r = 0.85 300𝑥10 = 2,550
𝐴W = 𝐴m = 2,120 𝐴W = 𝐴m = 2,340
2 7
0.5 400 2120 = 𝑇, T = 1,908 kN 0.5 400 2310 = 𝑇, T = 1,188 kN
9 18
𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎:
𝑇 𝑇
𝐹Š = 0.60𝐹t 𝐴r =
2 2
𝑇 𝑇
0.5𝐹Q 𝐴W = = 0.60 248 10(300)
2 2
𝐴m = 300 − 2(22) 10 = 2,560
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐴m = 0.85𝐴r = 0.85 300𝑥10 = 2,550 T = 892.8 kN
𝐴W = 𝐴m = 2,550
𝑇
0.5 400 2550 = , T = 1,020 kN
2
𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎: 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎:

𝑇 = 0.5𝐹Q 𝐴W 0.60𝐹t 𝐴r = 𝑇
𝑇 = 0.5𝐹Q 𝑛 T= 0.60 248 300(20)
𝑇 = 0.5(400) 300 − 4(22) 20
T = 892.8 kN
𝑇 = 848 𝑘𝑁

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑇 = 848 𝑘𝑁
HOMEWORK
1. A plate having a width of 300mm and a thickness of 20mm is to be connected by
two plates of the same material with half the thickness by 25 mm dia. A 502 grade 2
hot driven rivets as shown in the figure. The rivet holes have a diameter or 2mm
longer than the rivet diameter. The plate is A36 steel with yield strength 𝐹t =
248 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐹Q = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎. The A 502 grade 2 rivets has an allowable shear stress of 152
MPa. Determine the max. allowable load that can be applied based on allowable
a. Shear stress
b. Bearing stress
c. Tearing stress
2. A repeating section of a triple-riveted butt joint is shown in the figure. A
load of 162 kN is acting on the repeating section. Diameter of rivet is 22mm.
Assume diameter of hole is 24 mm. Thickness of main plate is 14mm and each
cover plate is 10mm. Compute themaximum
a. Shearing stress
b. Bearing stress
c. Tensile stress
3. Two plates are joined by 4 rivets 25 mm in diameter as shown in the figure. Assume dia. of rivet hole = 28mm
Allowable stresses:
𝐹C = 70 MPa (shear)
𝐹} = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝐹P = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔)
Compute the capacity of the joint so that it will not exceed the allowable l
a. Shearing stress
b. Bearing stress
c. Tensile stress