PRINCIPLE OF STEEL DESIGN

CE0039
 MODULE 6
NSCP 2015 – 509 DESIGN OF COMPOSITE
MEMBERS
Intended Learning Outcomes
1. Describe NSCP code provision on analysis and design of composite
members.
2. Identify the basic assumptions on the analysis and design of
composite members.
509.3 Flexural Members

509.3.1 General Provisions

509.3.1.1 Effective Width

The effective width of the concrete slab is the sum of the effective width for each side of the beam
centerline, each of which shall not exceed:

1. one-eight of the beam span, center-to-center of supports. 𝑳⁄𝟖

𝒄$𝒄 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈
2. One-half the distance to the centerline of the adjacent beam; or "𝟐
3. The distance to the edge of the slab.

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-84

509.3.2 Strength of Composite Beams with Shear Connectors.

509.3.2.1 Positive Flexural Strength

The design positive flexural strength, ∅𝒃 𝑴𝒏 , and the allowable flexural strength 𝑴𝒏 ⁄𝜴𝒃 , shall be
determined for the limit state of yielding as follows:

∅𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎(LRFD) 𝜴𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 (ASD)

𝒉 𝑬
1. For ≤ 𝟑. 𝟕𝟔
𝒕𝒘 𝑭𝒚
𝑴𝒏 , shall be determined from the plastic stress distribution on the composite section for the limit
state of yielding (plastic moment)

User Note: All current ASTM A6, W, S and HP shapes satisfy the limit given in Section
509.3.2.2.1(1) for 𝐹1 ≤ 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-85

 𝒉 𝑬
2. For > 𝟑. 𝟕𝟔
𝒕𝒘 𝑭𝒚
𝑴𝒏 , shall be determined from the superposition of elastic stresses, considering the effect of
shoring, for the limit state of yielding (yield moment).

509.3.2.2 Negative Flexural Strength

The design negative flexural strength, ∅𝒃 𝑴𝒏 , and the allowable negative flexural strength shall be
determined, 𝑴𝒏 ⁄𝜴𝒃 , shall be determined for the steel section alone, in accordance with the
requirement of Section 506.

Alternatively, the available negative flexural strength shall be determined from the plastic stress
distribution on the composite section, the limit state of yielding (Plastic moment) with,

∅𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎(LRFD) 𝜴𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 (ASD)

provided that:

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-85

provided that:

1. The steel beam is compact and is adequately braced according to Section 506.
2. Shear connectors connect the slab to the steel beam in negative moment region.
3. The slab reinforcement parallel to the steel beam within the effective width of the slab, is
properly developed.

NSCP 2015, Chapter 5 –Structural Steel pages 5-85

 A composite beam consists of W12 x 22 A36 steel with 120
t mm thick slab by 2.1 meters wide reinforced concrete slab
at the top. Span of beam is 8.40 m. Compute the available
strength of the composite
Use fc` = 25 MPa
S Properties of W- Shape
𝐴 = 4,180 𝑚𝑚!
𝑑 = 312 𝑚𝑚
S S
𝑘"#$ = 18.4 𝑚𝑚
𝑡% = 6.6 𝑚𝑚

L
 ℎ 𝐸
For ≤ 3.76
𝑡% 𝐹&
t

ℎ = 𝑑 − 2𝑘"#$ = 312 − 2 18.4

ℎ = 312 − 2 18.4
ℎ = 275.2 𝑚𝑚
S

ℎ 275.2
S S = = 41.70
𝑡% 6.6
𝐸 200,000
3.76 = 3.76 = 106.78
𝐹& 248
𝒉 𝑬
≤ 𝟑. 𝟕𝟔
L 𝒕𝒘 𝑭𝒚

𝑴𝒏 , shall be determined from the plastic stress distribution on

the composite section for the limit state of yielding (plastic
moment)
 Solve for effective width:
𝐿 8.4
= = 2.1
t
4 4
𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝑐 = 2.7

Determine the compressive force C in the concrete:

𝐶 = 0.85𝑓#$ 𝐴𝑐
S 0.85(25)(2,100)(120)
𝐶= = 5,355 𝐾𝑁
1000
b
0.85fc`
a C
t
Determine the tensile force T in steel section
y 𝑇 = 𝐴% 𝐹&
d/2 4,180(248)
T 𝑇= = 1036.64 𝐾𝑁
d 1000
d/2 Steel controls
Fy
𝐴' 𝐹& 1036.64 𝑥 10(
𝑎= = = 23.23 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓#$ 𝑏 0.85(25)(2100)
 𝑑 𝑎
b 𝑦= +𝑡−
a
0.85fc`
C 2 2
t

y 312 23.23
d/2 𝑦= + 120 − = 264.67 𝑚𝑚
T 2 2
d

d/2
The nominal strength is the moment
Fy
𝑀* = 𝐶𝑦 = 𝑇𝑦
1036.64(264.67)
𝑀* = = 274.37 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
1000

Design Strength (LRFD) Allowable Strength (ASD)

∅ = 0.90 Ω = 1.67
∅+ 𝑀+ = 0.90 274.37 𝑀* 274.37
=
= 246.93 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚 Ω+ 1.67
= 164.29 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
 Compute the moment capacity of the composite section
shown in ASD and LRFD.
2030 Use fc` = 28 MPa and Fy = 345 MPa
Properties of W- Shape
100
𝐴 = 22,100 𝑚𝑚!
𝑑 = 762 𝑚𝑚
𝑏, = 267 𝑚𝑚
𝑡, = 21.6 𝑚𝑚
762 𝑡% = 14.4
𝑘"#$ = 38.1 𝑚𝑚
 ℎ 𝐸
For ≤ 3.76
𝑡% 𝐹&

ℎ = 𝑑 − 2𝑘"#$
2030 ℎ = 762 − 2 38.1
ℎ = 685.8 𝑚𝑚
100
ℎ 685.8
= = 47.63
𝑡% 14.4
762
𝐸 200,000
3.76 = 3.76 = 106.78
𝐹& 248
𝒉 𝑬
≤ 𝟑. 𝟕𝟔
𝒕𝒘 𝑭𝒚

𝑴𝒏 , shall be determined from the plastic stress distribution on

the composite section for the limit state of yielding (plastic
moment)
 Determine the compressive force C in the concrete:
𝐶 = 0.85𝑓-. 𝐴𝑐
0.85(28)(2,030)(100)
𝐶= = 4831.4 𝐾𝑁
1000

2030
Determine the tensile force T in steel section
𝑇 = 𝐴$ 𝐹&
100
22,100(345)
𝑇= = 7624.5 𝐾𝑁
1000
Concrete controls
762
𝐴$ 𝐹& 7624.5 𝑥 10/
𝑎= = = 157.81 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓-. 𝑏 0.85(28)(2030)
PNA is located down the steel section
 be
0.85fc`
t C
bf y Cs PNA
d/2

d T
d/2

Fy

Assume it is at the base of the flange.

𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 `𝒃𝒆𝒕 + 𝑭𝒚 𝒃𝒇 𝒚@

@
𝑻 = 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒔 − 𝒃𝒇 𝒚

𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓5 `𝑏6 𝑡 + 𝐹1 𝑏7 𝑦L = 𝐹1 𝐴8 − 𝑏7 𝑦L
 be
0.85fc`
t C
tf y Cs PNA
d/2

d T
d/2

Fy
bf

𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓- `𝑏# 𝑡 + 𝐹& 𝑏, 𝑦T = 𝐹& 𝐴$ − 𝑏, 𝑦T

𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒔 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 `𝒃𝒆 𝒕
U=
𝒚
𝟐𝑭𝒚 𝒃𝒇

𝒕 @
𝒚 𝒅
@ + 𝟐𝑭𝒚 𝒃𝒇 𝒚
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 `𝒃𝒆𝒕 − 𝒚 @ + 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒔 @
−𝒚
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
 be
0.85fc`
Is PNA in a flange or in web?
t C Assume it is at the base of the flange.
tf y Cs PNA 𝐶 = 0.85𝑓- `𝑏# 𝑡 + 𝐹& 𝑏, 𝑡,
d/2 0.85 28 2030 100 + 345(267)(21.6)
𝐶=
d T 1000
𝐶 = 6821.084 𝐾𝑁
d/2

bf
Fy 𝑇 = 𝐹& 𝐴$ − 𝑏, 𝑡,
345 22,100 − 267(21.6)
𝑇=
𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒔 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 `𝒃𝒆 𝒕 1000
U=
𝒚 𝑇 = 5634.816 𝐾𝑁
𝟐𝑭𝒚 𝒃𝒇
𝐹& 𝐴$ − 0.85𝑓- `𝑏# 𝑡
𝑦T =
2𝐹& 𝑏,
345 22,100 − 0.85(28)(2,030)(100)
𝑦T =
2(345)(267)
𝑦T = 15.161 𝑚𝑚
 be
0.85fc`
t C
tf y Cs PNA
d/2

d T
d/2

Fy
bf

𝒕 U
𝒚 𝒅
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 `𝒃𝒆 𝒕 U + 𝟐𝑭𝒚 𝒃𝒇 𝒚
−𝒚 U + 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒔 U
−𝒚
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

100 15.161 762

0.85 28 2030 (100) − 15.161 + 2(345)(267)(15.161) + 345(22,100) − 15.161
𝑀* = 2 2 2
104
𝑀* = 2978.83 𝐾𝑁 − m
 be
0.85fc`
t C
tf y Cs PNA
d/2

d T
d/2

Fy
bf

Design Strength (LRFD) Allowable Strength (ASD)

∅ = 0.90 Ω = 1.67
∅+ 𝑀+ = 0.90 2978.83 = 2680.947 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑀* 2978.83
= = 1783.73 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Ω+ 1.67
 A composite beam consists of W18 x 50 steel beam
t spaced at 2.70 meters and supporting a 120 mm thick
reinforced concrete slab. The span length is 9 meters. In
addition of the weight of slab, there is a 1 KPa partition
load and a live load of 6 KPa.
S Use A992 steel with Fy = 345 KPa and fc` = 28 Mpa.
Check the adequacy of the beam with no temporary shores
are used. Assume full lateral support during construction
S S
and an additional construction load of 0.96 KPa.
Sufficient steel anchor are provided for full composite
action.

L Properties of W- Shape
𝐴 = 9,480 𝑚𝑚!
𝑑 = 457.0 𝑚𝑚
 Load applied before concrete hardened.
𝐾𝑁
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.120 2.70 24 = 7.78
t 𝑚
77(9.81) 𝐾𝑁
𝑊)*+, = = 0.76
1000 𝑚

𝐾𝑁
𝐷𝐿 = 7.78 + 0.76 = 8.54
S 𝑚
-.
𝐶𝐿 = 0.96 2.70 = 2.59 which is treated as LL
,
S S
Load applied after concrete hardened.
𝐾𝑁
𝐷𝐿 = 7.78 + 0.76 = 8.54
𝑚
𝐾𝑁
𝐿𝐿 = 6 + 1 2.7 = 18.9
𝑚
L
 Solve for effective width:
𝐿 9.0
= = 2.25 𝑚
t
4 4
𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝑐 = 2.7 m

Determine the compressive force C in the concrete:

S
𝐶 = 0.85𝑓#$ 𝐴𝑐
0.85(28)(2,250)(120)
𝐶= = 6,426.0 𝐾𝑁
1000
b Determine the tensile force T in steel section
0.85fc`
C 𝑇 = 𝐴% 𝐹&
a
t 9,480(345)
𝑇= = 3270.6 𝐾𝑁
y 1000
d/2
T Steel controls
d

d/2 𝐶 = 0.85𝑓#$ 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴% 𝐹& 3270.6 𝑥 10(
Fy 𝑎= = = 61.076 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓#$ 𝑏 0.85(28)(2250)
 𝑑 𝑎
𝑦= +𝑡−
2 2
t
457 61.076
𝑦= + 120 − = 317.962 𝑚𝑚
2 2

S The nominal strength is the moment

𝑀* = 𝐶𝑦 = 𝑇𝑦
3270.6(317.962)
𝑀* = = 1039.927 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
b
0.85fc`
1000
a C
t

y For LRFD
d/2
∅+ 𝑀+ = 0.90 1056.574 = 935.934 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
T
d

d/2
For ASD
Fy 𝑀* 274.37
= = 622.711 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Ω+ 1.67
 For LRFD
∅) 𝑀) = 0.90 1056.574 = 935.934 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
t

𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 8.54 + 1.6 2.59
𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝑢 = 14.392 before concrete hardened
𝑚
S

𝑊𝑢𝐿0 14.392 9 0
S S 𝑀/ = = = 145.719 𝐾𝑛 − 𝑚 < 159.504 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑆𝐴𝐹𝐸!
8 8
159.504 KN-m is the moment capacity of the beam alone

𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.60𝐿𝐿
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 8.54 + 1.6 18.90
L 𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝑢 = 40.488 after concrete hardened
𝑚
𝑊𝑢𝐿0 40.488 9 0
𝑀/ = = = 409. 941𝐾𝑛 − 𝑚 < 935.934 𝐾𝑛 − 𝑚 𝑆𝐴𝐹𝐸!
8 8
Elastic Analysis Plastic Analysis

• The behavior of structures within elastic • The behavior of structures beyond the elastic
zone. Stresses in the structures do not zone. Stresses in the structures exceeds the
exceed the yield stress (< Fy) yielding stress (> Fy)

Fy Plasticity Fy Plasticity
STRESS

STRESS
STRAIN STRAIN
Elastic Analysis
• Structural Analysis method ( Slope deflection
equation, Moment distribution Method)
dealing with the analysis of the structure in
the elastic region. Designing on the basis of
no yielding in the structure.
Plastic Analysis
• Calculate the load causing collapse and make
sure that this load exceeds the largest applied
load by an approximate margin.
• More widely used in steel structures where
the structure has more deformation.
• General results in more economical
structures.
 • Those part of the structures that has been
stressed to the yield point cannot resist
additional stresses

• Any additional loads or stresses will be

Fy Plasticity
transferred to the other parts of the
structures where the stresses are below the
STRESS

yield stress and with in the elastic range and

to be able to resist increased in stress.

STRAIN
 • As the bending moment increase, there will
P P
be a linear variation of stress until the yield
L/3 L/3 L/3 stress reached in the outmost fibers.
Weight of Beam
• If the moment is increased beyond the yield
moment, the outermost fibers that has been
Ra Rb
stress to their yield point will continue to
have the same stress but will yield and duty
of providing the necessary additional
< Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy
resisting moment will fall on the fibers nearer
to the neutral axis.

< Fy Fy Fy Fy Fy
 • When the stress distribution reaches fully
Fy plastic distribution, a plastic hinge is said to
be formed because no additional moment
Fy
can be resisted at the section

• Any additional moment applied at the section

will cause the beam to rotate with a little
increase in stress.

• The plastic moment (Mp) is the moment that

produce full plasticity in all members cross
section and create a plastic hinged.

• The ratio of the plastic moment (Mp) to the

elastic Moment (Me) is called the shape
factor.
Elastic: Plastic

C
N.A P.N.A

𝑦T T

STRESS STRESS
DIAGRAM DIAGRAM

𝑦T = computed centroid 𝐶 = 𝑇
𝐴5 𝐹6 = 𝐴! 𝐹6
𝐴5 = 𝐴!
Elastic: Plastic

A1 C
N.A P.N.A y1

y2
A2
𝑦T T

STRESS STRESS
DIAGRAM DIAGRAM

Solve Section Modulus: Plastic Section Modules:

𝐼 𝑍 = 𝐴5 𝑦5 + 𝐴! 𝑦!
𝑆7 =
𝑦T

Shape Factor:
𝑍
𝑆𝐹 =
𝑆
 For a rectangular section shown: Compute the ff:

b 1. Section Modules
2. Plastic Section Modules
3. Shape Factor

h
Elastic: Plastic
b b

h/2 h/2
h/4
h/4
h/2 h/2

𝐼=
𝑏ℎ/ 𝑏ℎ ℎc2
12 𝑍= 2
2! 2
𝑏ℎ
𝑏ℎ/ 𝑍=
4
𝐼
𝑆7 = = 12
𝑐 ℎc 𝑀8 = 𝐹& 𝑍
2
𝑏ℎ! 𝑏ℎ!
𝑆7 = 𝑀8 = 𝐹𝑦
6 4
𝑀# = 𝐹& 𝑆
𝑏ℎ!
𝑀# = 𝐹& 𝑏ℎ!
6 𝑍
𝑆𝐹 = = 4 ! = 1.50
𝑆 𝑏ℎ
6
Elastic: Plastic
Fy Fy

C
h/2 h/2 C

L L
h/2 h/2 T
T
b Fy b Fy
𝑏ℎ! 𝑏ℎ!
𝑀# = 𝐹& 𝑀8 = 𝐹𝑦
6 4
1 ℎ 𝑏ℎ ℎ 𝑏ℎ
𝐶 = 𝐹& 𝑏 = 𝐹& 𝐶 = 𝐹& 𝑏 = 𝐹&
2 2 4 2 2
2 ℎ 2 1 ℎ 1
𝐿= 2= ℎ 𝐿= 2= ℎ
3 2 3 2 2 2

𝑏ℎ 2 𝑏ℎ 1
𝑀# = 𝐹& ℎ 𝑀# = 𝐹& ℎ
4 3 2 2

𝑏ℎ! 𝑏ℎ!
𝑀# = 𝐹& 𝑀8 = 𝐹𝑦
6 4
 For a rectangular section shown: Compute the ff:
1. Section Modules
620 mm
2. Plastic Section Modules
20 mm
3. Shape Factor
9 mm
1250
mm

20 mm

620 mm
Elastic: Plastic
620 mm
620 mm
20 mm
20 mm
9 mm
9 mm X 1250
X 1250 mm
mm

20 mm
20 mm

620 mm
620 mm

620 1290 / 305.5 1250 / 𝑍 = 620 20 635 + 9 625 312.5 2

𝐼7 = − (2) 𝑍 = 19,263.63 𝑥 10/ 𝑚𝑚/
12 12
𝐼7 = 11,465.65 𝑥 104 𝑚𝑚9
𝐼𝑥 11,465.65 𝑥 104
𝑆7 = = = 17,776.20 𝑥 10/ 𝑚𝑚/ 248(19,263.63 𝑥 10/ )
𝑐 1290c 𝑀8 = 𝐹& 𝑍 =
2 104
𝑀8 = 4,777.38 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
248(17,776.20 𝑥 10/ )
𝑀# = 𝐹& 𝑆7 = 𝑍
104 𝑆𝐹 = = 1.08
𝑀# = 4,408.50𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑆
 For a rectangular section shown: Compute the ff:
1. Section Modules
200 2. Plastic Section Modules
50 mm 3. Shape Factor

200
y
250
 Elastic
200 50 275 + 50(250)(125)
𝑦= = 191.667 𝑚𝑚
200 50 + 50(250)
𝐼 = Z 𝐼 ̅ + 𝐴𝑑 0
200(50)( 0
50(250)( 0
𝐼= + 200 50 83.333 + + 50 250 66.667
200 12 12
𝐼 = 192.187 𝑥 101𝑚𝑚2
50 mm
𝐼 192.187 𝑥 101
𝑆3 = = = 1,002.71 𝑥 10(𝑚𝑚(
𝑦 191.667
250 mm
y
50 248(1,002.71 𝑥 10()
𝑀* = 𝐹& 𝑆3 = = 248.672 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
101
 Plastic

50𝑦 = 200 50 + 250 − 𝑦 50

𝑦 = 225 𝑚𝑚

225 25 50
200 𝑍 = 50 225 + 50 25 + 200(50) + 25
2 ( 2 2
𝑍 = 1,781.25 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑚(
50 mm

248(1,781.25 𝑥 10()
𝑀4 = 𝐹& 𝑍 = = 441.75 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
101
250 mm
y 𝑍
50 𝑆𝐹 = = 1.78
𝑆
• Alberto Canete (2020), Principle of Steel Design 1st Edition (Based on
NSCP Volume 1, 2015)
• William T. Segui – Mason(2017), Steel Design
• ASEP Steel Handbook (2004)
• Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines(2015), National
Structural Code Of The Philippines, Volume 1 – Buildings, Towers, And
Other Vertical Structures.