QM Aligned Course Design Template

Course Name: CE 4140: Concrete Structures Design

Module 04: Title: (Design of rectangular beams with tension and compresion reinforcement)

Module Overview / Introduction (ST. 1 - 8)

Doubly reinforced sections contain reinforcement

both at the tension and at compression face, ussually at
the support section only. They become necessary when
either arquitectural limitations restrict the beam web
depth at midspan, or the midspan section dimensions are
not adequate to carry the support negative moment even
when the tensile steel at the support is sufficiently
increased. In such cases, about one-third to one-half of
the bottom bars at midspan are extendend and well
anchored at the supports to act as compression
reinforcement. The bars development length has to be
well estabilished and the compressive and tensile steel Figure 1 - (a) Rectangular beam and slab, tension steel
at the support section well tied with closed stirrups to only; (b) rectangular beam, tension and compression
steel; (c) flanged beams. (McGinley – 1990).
prevent buckling of the compressive bars at supports.
(Nawy - 2005)

Module Learning Objectives (ST. 2 & 8)

1. Understanding the nominal moment strength 𝑀𝑛 of rectangular sections having both tension and compression
reinforcement.
2. Understanding the Tension and Compression Steel Both at Yield Stress.
3. Determinate the equations for compression steel below yield stress.
4. Design of beams having both tension and comprerssion reinforcment under ACI-10.3.5.

4.1 INTRODUCTION

If a beam cross section is limited because of architectural or other considerations, it may happen that the
concrete cannot develop the compression force required to resist the given bending moment. In this case,
reinforcement is added in the compression zone, resulting in a doubly reinforced beam, that is, one with
compression as well as tension reinforcement. (Nilson-2009)

Double reinforced sections contain reinforcement both at the tension and at the compression face, usually at
the support section only. They become necessary when either architectural limitations restric the beam web depth
at midspan, or the midspan section dimensions are not adequate to carry the support negative moment even
when the tensile steel at the support is sufficiently increased. (Nawy-1988)

The use of compression reinforcement has decreased markedly with the use of strength design methods,
which account for the full-strength potential of the concrete on the compressive side of the neutral axis. However,
there are situations in which compressive reinforcement is used for reasons other than strength. It has been found
that the inclusion of some compression steel will reduce the long-term deflections of members. In addition, in
some cases, bars will be placed in the compression zone for minimummoment loading or as stirrup support bars
continuous throughout the beam span. It may be desirable to account for the presence of such reinforcement in
flexural design, although in many cases it is neglected in flexural calculations.(Nilson -2009)
 This module, will include “nominal moment strength 𝑀𝑛 of rectangular sections having both tension and
compression reinforcement, and design of beams having both tension and comprerssion reinforcment under ACI-
10.3.5.

4.1 NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH 𝑀𝑛 OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS HAVING BOTH TENSION AND
COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT.

a) Tension and Compression Steel Both at Yield Stress.

In Figure 2a , a rectangular beam cross section is shown with compression steel 𝐴′𝑠 placed a distance d′ from
the compression face and with tensile steel 𝐴𝑠 at effective depth d. It is assumed initially that both 𝐴′𝑠 and 𝐴𝑠 are
stressed to 𝑓𝑦 at failure. The total resisting moment can be thought of as the sum of two parts. The first part, 𝑀𝑛1 ,
is provided by the couple consisting of the force in the compression steel 𝐴′𝑠 and the force in an equal area of
tension steel.

Figure 2 - Doubly reinforced rectangular beam (Nilson - 2009)

𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑’) (𝟏. 𝒂)

as shown in Figure 2d The second part, 𝑀𝑛2 , is the contribution of the remaining tension steel 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 acting
with the compression concrete
𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = (𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 )𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) (𝟏. 𝒃)
2

as shown in Figure 2e, where the depth of the stress block is:
(𝐴𝑠 −𝐴′𝑠 )𝑓𝑦
𝑎= (𝟐. 𝐚)
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏

With the definitions 𝜌 = 𝐴𝑠 ⁄𝑏𝑑 and 𝜌′ = 𝐴′𝑠 ⁄𝑏𝑑 , this can be written:

( 𝜌 − 𝜌’)𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑎= (𝟐. 𝒃)
0.85 𝑓′𝑐

The nominal strength of the beam with compression reinforcement is then:

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑’) + (𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′ 𝑠 )𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 2) (𝟑)

𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = Ø(𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2 ) = Ø [(𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑’) + (𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′ 𝑠 )𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 2))] (𝟒)

It is highly desirable, for reasons given earlier, that failure, should it occur, be precipitated by tensile yielding rather
than crushing of the concrete:
 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2 = 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑’) + (𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′ 𝑠 )𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) (𝟑)
2
The strain diagram may now be used to check whether the steel is yielding. The steel is at yield stress if its strain
exceeds 𝑓𝑦 /є’𝑠 from the similar triangles of the strain diagram, we have:

𝑐 − 𝑑’ 𝑎 − 𝛽1 𝑑’
є’𝑠 = 0.003 [ ] = 0.003 [ ] (𝟒)
𝑐 𝑎

𝑑−𝑐 𝛽1 𝑑 − 𝑎
є𝑠 = 0.003 [ ] = 0.003 [ ] (𝟓)
𝑐 𝑎

𝑎 − 𝛽1 𝑑’ 𝑓𝑦
𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑖𝑓 0.003 ≥ (𝟔)
𝑎 є𝑠

𝛽1 𝑑 − 𝑎 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑖𝑓 0.003 [ ]≥ (𝟕)
𝑎 є𝑠

If, in a doubly reinforced beam, the tensile reinforcement ratio ρ is less than or equal to ρb , the strength of
the beam may be approximated within acceptable limits by disregarding the compression bars. The strength of
such a beam will be controlled by tensile yielding, and the lever arm of the resisting moment will ordinarily be little
affected by the presence of the compression bars. If the tensile reinforcement ratio is larger than ρb, a somewhat
more elaborate analysis is required.

The balanced reinforcement ratio 𝜌¯𝑏 for a doubly reinforced beam is:
𝜌¯𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 + 𝜌’ (𝟖)
The ACI Code establishes the strength reduction factor Ø based on the net tensile strain, not the reinforcement
ratio. The maximum reinforcement ratio for Ø = 0.90 is:
𝜌¯0.005 = 𝜌0.005 + 𝜌’ (𝟗)
The maximum reinforcement ratio permitted for doubly reinforced beams (producing є𝑡 = 0.004) is:

𝜌¯0.004 = 𝜌0.004 + 𝜌’ (𝟏𝟎)

b) Compression Steel Below Yield Stress

The preceding equations, through which the fundamental analysis of doubly reinforced beams is developed
clearly and concisely, are valid only if the compression steel has yielded when the beam reached its nominal
capacity.
In many cases, such as for wide, shallow beams, beams with more than the usual concrete cover over the
compression bars, beams with high yield strength steel, or beams with relatively small amounts of tensile
reinforcement, the compression bars will be below the yield stress at failure. It is necessary, therefore, to develop
more generally applicable equations to account for the possibility that the compression reinforcement has not
yielded when the doubly reinforced beam fails in flexure. Whether or not the compression steel will have yielded
at failure can be determined as follows. Referring to Figure 2b , and taking as the limiting case є’𝑠 = є𝑡 , one
obtains, from geometry:
𝑐 є𝑐𝑢
= (𝟏𝟏)
𝑑’ є𝑐𝑢 − є𝑦
 є𝑢
𝑐 = 𝑑’ (𝟏𝟐)
є𝑢 − є 𝑦

Summing forces in the horizontal direction (Figure 2c ) gives the minimum tensile reinforcement ratio 𝜌¯𝑐𝑦 that will
ensure yielding of the compression steel at failure:

0.85𝛽1 𝑓′𝑐 𝑑’ є𝑢
𝜌¯𝑐𝑦 = [ 𝑑’] + ρ’ (𝟏𝟑)
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 є𝑢 −є𝑦

Figure 3 - Doubly reinforced beam, and basic parameter (Wang – 2007)

𝑀𝑛 of the beam may or may not be at yield depending on position of the neutral axis.

In the Figure 3 the concrete compression zone in the beam with compresion steel is given by:

𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝐴′ 𝑠 (𝟏𝟒)

𝐶’ = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 (𝟏𝟓)

Equilibrium required that:

𝐶=𝑇 (𝟏𝟔)

0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝟏𝟕)

′
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴 𝑠 (𝑓′𝑠 − 0.85𝑓′𝑐 ) = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝟏𝟖)

Where:
𝐴′ 𝑠 (𝑓′𝑠 − 0.85𝑓′𝑐 ) = 𝐶𝑠 (𝟏𝟗)

𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇 (𝟐𝟎)
Where:

𝐶𝑐 = Concrete compression resultant for a beam without compression reinforcement

𝐶𝑠 = Compression steel resultant as if 𝐴′ 𝑠 were stressed at (𝑓′𝑠 − 0.85𝑓′𝑐 )
Example 1:
A doubly reinforced rectangular section has the following properties: b = 11 in (279 mm), d = 20 in (508 mm), d' = 2in (51
mm), 𝐴′ 𝑠 = 1 in² (645 mm²) , 𝐴𝑠 = 4 in² (2581 mm²), E= 29 x 106 psi (0.2 x 106 N/mm²), and 𝑓𝑦 =
40000 psi (276 N/mm²), Calculate the ideal flexural strength if (I) f", =, Calculate the ideal flexural strength if (a)𝑓′𝑐 =
3000 psi (20.7 N/mm²), (b) 𝑓′𝑐 = 4000 psi (27.6 N/mm² ) and (c) 𝑓′𝑐 = 5000 psi (34.5 N/mm²), (Adapted
of Nilson - 2009), see Figure 3.

Figure 4. Douhly reinforced concrete section when the flexural strength is reached.

𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂) 𝒃) 𝒄)
𝑓𝑦 40000 𝑓′𝑐 = 3000 𝑝𝑠𝑖. 𝑓′𝑐 = 4000 𝑝𝑠𝑖. 𝑓′𝑐 = 5000 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
Now the yield strain is 𝐸 = 29 𝑥 106 = 0.00138
𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 40,000 psi 𝑓𝑦 = 40,000 psi 𝑓𝑦 = 40,000 psi
Check the steel stresses by referring to the strain
diagram.
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05(𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 4000)/
0.85 0.85 0.80
1000 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.65 ≤ 𝛽1 ≤ 0.85
Assume that all steel is yielding
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 = 0.85 𝑥 3.000 𝑥 𝑎11 28.050 𝑎 37.400 𝑎 46.750 𝑎

𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 1 𝑥 40.000 40.000 lb 40.000 lb 40.000 lb

𝑇 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 4𝑥40.000 = 160.000 𝑙𝑏 160.000 lb 160.000 lb 160.000 lb

But 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇 despejando
𝑎 = (𝑇 − 𝐶𝑠 )/𝐶𝑐 4.28. in 3.2 in 2.57 in
= (160.000 − 40.000)/28.050
𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 5.03 in 3.76 in 3.21 in
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
є𝑦 = 𝐸 = 29.000.000
0.00137 0.00137 0.00137
𝑠

𝑐 − 𝑑’ 𝑎 − 𝛽1 𝑑’ 0.0018 > є𝑦 0.0015 > є𝑦 0.00113 < є𝑦

є’𝑠 = 0.003 [ ] = 0.003 [ ]
𝑐 𝑎
𝑓𝑠
= 0.00113 𝑥 29.000.000
If є𝑠 ≥ є𝑦 Steel in compression 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 = 32.795 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑑−𝑐 0.0027 > є𝑦 0.0027 > є𝑦 0.0027 > є𝑦

є𝑠 = 0.003 [ ]
𝑐
If є𝑠 ≥ є𝑦 Steel in tension 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
 Hence all the steel is yielding as assumed, except (c ) in compression

𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 0.5𝑎) + 𝐶𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑’) 𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑛 See case ( c)

= 2.864.164 𝑙𝑏 = 2.922.112 𝑙𝑏
Case (a) − 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝑛 = 28.050𝑥 4,28(20 − 4,28𝑥0.5)
+ 40.000(20 − 2)
Case (b)
𝑀𝑛 = 37.400𝑥3,20𝑥(20 − 3,20𝑥0.5)
+ 40.000(20 − 2)
= 2.922.112,00 lb − in
Case (c), when 𝑓𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛) < 𝑓𝑦
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85 𝑥 5000 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 11 = 46750 𝑎
𝐶𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠 𝑥 𝐴′𝑠 = 0.00113 𝑥 29.000.000 𝑥 1 = 32.770 lb.
𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇
160.000 = 46.750𝑎 + 32.770
160.000 − 32.770 𝑎
𝑎= = 2.72 𝑖𝑛 𝑐 = = 3.40 𝑖𝑛
46.750 0.8
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 0.5𝑎) + 𝐶𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑’)
2.72
𝑀𝑛 = 46.750 𝑥 2.72 (20 − ) + 32.770(20 − 2) = 2.960.122,00 lb − in(334 kN − m)
2
𝑀𝑢 = Ø 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 𝑥 𝑀𝑛 = (300,6 kN − m)

4.2 DESIGN OF BEAMS HAVING BOTH TENSION AND COMPRERSSION REINFORCMENT UNDER ACI-
10.3.5
When the factored moment 𝑀𝑢 is greater than the design strength Ø 𝑀𝑛 of the beam when it is reinforced with the
maximum permisible amount of tension reinforcement, compression reinforcement becomes necessary. However, such
necessary use of compression steel for strength is rare. The principar reason for using compression reinforcement is to
reduce long-time deflection due to creep and shrinkage.

As shown in Figure 5 (d) and (e), the nominal estrength of the beam can be computed as the moment 𝑀𝑛𝑐 resisted as
a singly renforced section and the moment 𝑀𝑛𝑠 resisted by the compression steel.
The nominal strength of the beam wich compression reinforcement is then.
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛𝑐 + 𝑀𝑛𝑠 (𝟐𝟏)
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 0.5𝑎) + 𝐶𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑’) (𝟐𝟐)
The Figure 5, present the basics parameters in doubly reinforced beam, similar to Figure 1, but a great specificity.

Example 2. Determine tha 𝐴𝑠 and 𝐴′𝑠 required to carry a service live load moment of 414 ft-kips and a service
dead load moment of 234 ft-kips, using 𝑏=14 in, 𝑑= 26 in, 𝑑’=3 in, 𝑓′𝑐 = 5000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, and 𝑓𝑦 = 60.000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, and
the ACI Code as shown in Figure 4 (a)

Solution. a) determine therequired nominal strength using ACI-9.2 and 9.3 𝑈 and Ø factors.

Description
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷 + 1.6 𝐿 = 1,2 𝑥 234 + 1,60 𝑥 414 = 943 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Assumy factor Ø=0,90
𝑀𝑢 required is:
𝑀𝑢 943
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑢 = = = 1048 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Ø 0.90
(b) Determine the maximum nominal strength and reinforcement allowed by ACI-10.3.5 for singly
reinforcedcsection. The localizacion of the neutral axis for his condition may be obteined as in Figure 5

Figure 5 - Section of beam, for example 2. (Wang – 2007)

Description
(𝑥 𝑎𝑡 є𝑡 min)= є𝑐𝑢
𝑑=
0.003
26 = 11.14 𝑖𝑛
𝑥 = 11,14 𝑖𝑛
є𝑐𝑢 +є𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.003+0.004

𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.80 𝑥 11.12 𝑖𝑛 = 8.91 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 = 8,91 𝑖𝑛

𝐶 = 0,85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 = 0,85 𝑥 5 ksi 𝑥 8,91 in 𝑥 14 in 𝐶 = 530 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

= 530 kips
Thus, max 𝐴𝑠 in singly reinforced section is 𝐶/𝑓𝑦 ó 𝑇/𝑓𝑦
𝐶 530 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = 8,83 𝑠𝑞 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑓 =
𝑦 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 0.5𝑎) ⁄ 12 𝑀𝑛 = 952 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 <
𝑀𝑛 = 530(26 − 8,91/2)/12 = 952 ft − kips 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑛 (1048 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠)
The required 𝑀𝑛 exceeds the maximuum strength obtainable without comprression steel , therefore
compresision steel is needed for strength in this case.

c) Determine the maximun compression reinforcement requiret. Maintain x at є𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛

Which is 11.14 in. Since є𝑠 = є𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.004, the section is it the transition region between a compression
controlled section and a tension-controled section, which makes

Description
For sectiones with stirrups or ties
250 Ø=0.82
Ø = 0.65 + (є𝑡 − 0.002) ( ) ≤ 0.90
3
Thus the actual required 𝑀𝑛 is 943 /0.82 = 𝑀𝑛 = 1150 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Let 𝑀𝑛𝑐 = 952 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 (From part b)
𝑀𝑛𝑠 = 11150 − 952 = 198 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑀𝑛 = 198 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑠 = 198/(𝑑 − 𝑑’) = 198 x 12/(26 − 3) 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑠 = 103 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
 Will compression steel yield when 𝑥 = 11.14 𝑖𝑛?
𝑥 − 𝑑’ 11.14 − 3
є’𝑠 = = = 0.0022 x = c є’𝑠 = 0.0022 > є𝑦 ∴ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝑥 11.14
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴′ 𝑠 (𝑓𝑦 − 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 ) = 103.3 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠-
1.85 𝑠𝑞 𝑖𝑛.
𝐶𝑠 103.3
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴′ 𝑠 = = 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴′ 𝑠 = 1.85 𝑠𝑞 𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓′𝑐 60 − 4.25
𝑇 = max 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 530 + 103.3 = 633.3 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑇 = 633.3 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑇 633.3
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = = = 10.56 𝑠𝑞 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑠 = 10.56 𝑠𝑞 𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑦 60
𝜌 = (10.56 − 1.85)/(14 𝑥 30) = 𝜌 = 0.0207
This amount of tension steel corresponds exactly to the minimum net tensile strain per metted by ACI-
10.3.5 for the beam with compression reinforcement.

Example 3. Flexural strength of a given member. A rectangular

beam, shown in Figure 6 , has a width of 12 in. and an effective depth
to the centroid of the tension reinforcement of 24 in. The tension
reinforcement consists of six No. 10 (No. 32) bars in two rows.
Compression reinforcement consisting of two No. 8 (No. 25) bars is
placed 2.5 in. from the compression face of the beam. If 𝑓𝑦 =
60000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 , and 𝑓′𝑐 = 5000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, what is the design moment
capacity of the beam?

Figure 6 - Doubly reinforced beam of Example 3

(Nilson – 2009)
Solution:
′
𝑏 = 12 𝑖𝑛; 𝑑’ = 2.5 𝑖𝑛; 𝑑 = 24 𝑖𝑛; 𝐴 𝑠 = 2#8 (1,58 𝑖𝑛2 ); 𝐴𝑠 = 6#10 (7,62 𝑖𝑛2 );
𝑓𝑦 = 60.000 𝑝𝑠𝑖; 𝑓′𝑐 = 5000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑠 7.62
𝐴𝑠 = 7,62 𝑖𝑛² 𝜌= = 𝜌 = 0.00265
(𝑏 𝑥 𝑑) (12 𝑥 24)
𝐴′ 𝑠 = 1,58 𝑖𝑛² 𝐴′ 𝑠 1,58 𝜌 = 0.0055
𝜌= =
(𝑏 𝑥 𝑑) (12 𝑥 24)
The maximum reinforcement
ratio for a tension-controlled 𝑓′𝑐 є𝑢 𝜌0.005 = 0.00213
beam (є𝑡 = 0.005) 𝑖𝑠. 𝜌0.005 = 0.85𝛽1
𝑓 є + 0.005
𝑦 𝑢

Where 𝛽1 = 0.80 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓′𝑐 = 5.000 𝑝𝑠𝑖; є𝑢 = 0.003; є𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦 /29.000.000

The balanced reinforcement ratio𝜌¯𝑏 for a doubly reinforced beam is:
𝜌¯𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 + 𝜌’

The ACI Code establishes the strength reduction factor Ø based on the net tensile strain, not the reinforcement ratio.
The maximum reinforcement ratio for Ø = 0.90 is:
𝜌¯0.005 = 𝜌0.005 + 𝜌’

𝜌¯0.005 = 0.00213 + 0.0055 = 0.00268

The actual tensile reinforcement ratio is below the maximum value, as required. Then, from:
𝑎 = (𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴´𝑠 )𝑓𝑦 /(0.85𝑓’𝑐 b)=
 𝑎 = (7.62 − 1.58) 𝑥 60/(0.85 𝑥 5 𝑥 12) = 7,11 𝑖𝑛
𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 = 7,11/0.80 = 8,89 𝑖𝑛
𝑑−𝑐 0.003 (24 − 8,89)
є𝑡 = є𝑢 =
𝑐 8,89
є𝑡 = 0.0051 > 𝜌′ … where:
𝜌′ = 0.005

∴ 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
and thus, Ø= 0.90 and from:
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑’) + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2

𝑀𝑛 = 1.58 × 60 (24 − 2.5) + (6.04 × 60 ( 24 – (7.11/ 2) ) = 9450 in − kip

The design strength is

𝑀𝑢 = Ø𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 𝑥 9450 = 8.500 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑝

Conclusion:

1.- Compressive steel increases not only the resisting moments of concrete sections but also the amount of
curvature that a member can take before flexural failure. This means that the ductility of such sections will be
appreciably increased. (McCormac – 2014)

2.- Compression steel is very effective in reducing long-term deflections due to shrinkage and plastic flow.
(McCormac – 2014)

3.- Continuous compression bars are also helpful for positioning stirrups (by tying them to the compression bars)
and keeping them in place during concrete placement and vibration. (McCormac – 2014)

4.- For doubly reinforced beams, an initial assumption is made that the compression steel yields as well as the
tensile steel. (The tensile steel is always assumed to yield because of the ductile requirements of the ACI Code.)
(McCormac – 2014)

5.- When compression steel is used, the nominal resisting moment of the beam is assumed to consist of two parts:
the part due to the resistance of the compression concrete and the balancing tensile reinforcing, and the part due
to the nominal moment capacity of the compression steel and the balancing amount of the additional tensile steel.
(McCormac – 2014)
Learning Activities and Learner Interactions
Activity 1.1 (ST. 3, 5, 6 & 8) Please read Notes 3-4 for more information about the activities

Objective:
Upon completion this activity you will be able to determinate the shear strength of connection member’s shown.
Students Instructions:
1) This activity is a fill in blank.
2) You can realize this assessment once.
3) This exercise is worth 10 points.
4) The deadline is indicated on “Calendar”, which is located in “Tools” in the Blackboard platform

Question:
Design of a doubly reinforced beam. A rectangular beam that must carry a service live load of 2.47 kips-ft and a
calculated dead load of 1.05 kips-ft on an 18 ft simple span is limited in cross section for architectural reasons to
10 in. width and 20 in. total depth. a) If 𝑓𝑦 = 60000 𝑝𝑠𝑖. and 𝑓′𝑐 = 4000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, b) If 𝑓𝑦 = 40000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and
𝑓′𝑐 = 3000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 . what steel area(s) must be provided, for each case?
Learning Activities and Learner Interactions
Activity 1.2 (ST. 3, 5, 6 & 8) Please read Notes 3-4 for more information about the activities

Objective:
Upon completion this activity you will be able to determinate the shear strength of connection member’s shown.
Students Instructions:
1) This activity is a fill in blank.
2) You can realize this assessment once.
3) This exercise is worth 10 points.
4) The deadline is indicated on “Calendar”, which is located in “Tools” in the Blackboard platform

Question:
Determination of steel area. Find the steel area required for the beam with concrete dimensions a) 𝑏 = 10 in. and
𝑑 = 17.5 in. b) 𝑏=12 in, and 𝑑=21 in, known to be adequate to carry the factored load moment of 1300 in-lb.
Material strengths are 𝑓′𝑐 = 5000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 60000 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
Activities and Learner Interactions
Activity 1.3 (ST. 3, 5, 6 & 8) Please read Notes 3-4 for more information about the activities

Objective:
Upon completion this activity you will be able to determinate the shear strength of connection member’s shown.
Students Instructions:
1) This activity is a fill in blank.
2) You can realize this assessment once.
3) This exercise is worth 10 points.
4) The deadline is indicated on “Calendar”, which is located in “Tools” in the Blackboard platform

Question:
A rectangular beam, shown in Figure 7, has a width of 15 in. and an effective depth to the centroid of the tension
reinforcement of 27 in. The tension reinforcement consists of 6 No. 12 bars in two rows. Compression
reinforcement consisting of 2 No.10 bars is placed 2.5 in. from the compression face of the beam. a) If 𝑓𝑦 =
60000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, and 𝑓′𝑐 = 5000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 , and b) if 𝑓𝑦 = 40000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 , and 𝑓′𝑐 = 3000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, what is the design
moment capacity of beam in each case ?

Figure 7
References (ST. 4 & 8)

Required Resources:
Wang, C. K and Salmon, C.G. Reinforced Concrete Design, 7th. Ed. John Wiley & sons, 2007.

Additional Resources:

Nilson, A, Design of Concrete Structures, 15th. Ed. McGraw-Hill, 2009.

McCormac, J., Design of Reinforced Concrete, 9th. Ed. John Wiley & sons, 2014.

MacGinley, T.J, Reinforced Concrete, 2nd. Ed. Spon Press, 1990.

Nawy, E, Reinforced Concrete A Fundamental Approach, 5th. Ed. Prentice Hall, 2005.