UNIT - 2 Design of RC Structural Elements

B18CE5010 Design of RC structural Elements
UNIT-2
LIMIT STATE METHOD DESIGN OF BEAMS
(Flexure, Shear, Torsion, Bond)
Syllabus:
Design of singly and doubly reinforced rectangular and flanged beams-use design aids for flexure-
Behaviour of R.C beams in shear and torsion-Shear and Torsional Reinforcement-Limit state design
of R.C members for combined bending, shear and torsion- Use of design aids. Design requirement
for bond and anchorage as per IS code. Serviceability requirements.
2.1 TYPES OF RC BEAMS
1. Singly reinforced beams

2. Doubly reinforced beams
3. Flanged beams.
Singly reinforced beam: In singly reinforced simply supported beams or slabs reinforcing steel
bars are placed near the bottom of the beam or slabs where they are most effective in resisting the
tensile stresses.
Doubly reinforced beams: In doubly reinforced beams steel bars are provided at both top and
bottom of the beam where it has to take care of both tensile and compressive stresses.
Flanged beams: If geometry of the beams are not in regular rectangle but are in the shape of T or
L then those are called as flanged beams. Usually in monolithic construction of slabs and beams
flanged beams are preferred.
2.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS:
Reinforced concrete structural elements used in various types of structures like beams and slabs are
invariably subjected to flexure or bending while resisting the working loads. In limit state design,
the ultimate or collapse limit state is considered to be an important limit state and the structures
designed should be able to support the desired ultimate loads. To achieve this goal, it is essential to
ensure that the ultimate or collapse strength of the reinforced concrete sections are attained while
supporting the designed ultimate loads.
School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. 1

In this unit, the analysis of reinforced concrete sections subjected to flexure is examined in detail
and the method specified in the Indian standard code IS:456- 2000 for the computation of flexural
strength of rectangular, T- and L-sections are presented with various types of practical examples.
2.2.1 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS
2.2.1.1 Moment of Resistance Equations: The computation of ultimate flexural strength of

reinforced concrete section subjected to flexure is based on the normal assumptions outlined in
Section 38.1 of the IS code. The design stress block parameters recommended in IS:456-2000 code
is shown in figure 2.1
Figure:2.1 Stress block parameters (rectangular section) as per IS 456:2000
Equilibrium of forces across the section yields the following relations
C=T
0.36fckxub= 0.87fyAst
𝑥𝑢 0.87 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
( )=( )
𝑑 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
Limiting values of the ratio (xumax/d) to prevent brittle failure (over-reinforced section) is determined
from the condition that the strain in steel εsu at failure should be more than the value given by the
0.87 𝑓𝑦
relation, εsu = [ + 0.002]
𝐸𝑠
The yield strain for design purposes for different grades of steel are given in Table 2.1, assuming
the modulus of elasticity of steel Es= 2 ×105 N/mm2.

Table 2.1: Limiting values of neutral axis depth ratio (xumax/d)
From the strain diagram figure 2.1, we have
Ultimate strain in concrete, εcu=0.0035
𝑥 𝜀𝑐𝑢 0.0035
Hence ( 𝑑𝑢 ) = (𝜀 ) = (0.0035+𝜀 )
𝑐𝑢 +𝜀𝑠𝑢 𝑠𝑢
Substituting the values of 𝜀𝑠𝑢 for different grades of steel, the maximum limiting values of the
ratio (xu,maxld) for different grades of steel to ensure failure of suction by yielding of steel (under-
reinforced section) is also listed in Table 2.1.
Referring to the moment equilibrium of forces shown across the section in Fig. 2.1, the moment of
resistance of singly reinforced rectangular section is expressed as
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑇(𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 )
0.87 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
and 𝑥𝑢 = ( )
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
and 𝑇 = 0.87𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
Substituting the values of T and 𝑥𝑢 , we have the relation
0.87 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 [𝑑 − 0.42 ( )]
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏
Rearranging the terms, the final expression for computing the moment of resistance of a singly
reinforced rectangular section Mu (refer to Section G-1, IS:456-2000)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 [1 − ( )]
𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑

This equation can be used to calculate the moment resistance capacity of the under reinforced
section. For balanced section and also for the sections whose moment capacity is known depth need
to be calculated following table 2.2 can be utilised.
Table 2.2: Moment of resistance for limiting values of (xumax/d)
2.2.2 ULTIMATE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF FLANGED SECTIONS
2.2.2.1 Moment of Resistance Equations
In case of flanged section (T- and L-sections), the ultimate flexural strength is influenced by the
position of neutral axis which may lie in the flange or outside the flange depending upon the area
of reinforcement on the tension face. The Indian standard code IS:456-2000 specifies equations for
computing the moment of resistance of flanged sections by assuming the stress block and the
following parameters: Referring to Fig. 2.2:
Let bw = width of rib

bf = width of flange
d = effective depth
Df = depth of flange
Xu = neutral axis depth
Ast = area of tension reinforcement
Figure:2.2 Stress block parameters (flanged section) as per IS 456:2000

The following cases are considered:
Case a: Neutral axis lies within the flange
In this case, since Xu < Df, the section can be considered as rectangular with the width of
compression flange,
b=bf
𝑥𝑢 < 𝑥𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚
The moment of resistance of the under-reinforced section is computed by the relation
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 [1 − ( )]
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 )
In case of over-reinforced sections, where 𝑥𝑢 > 𝑥𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 , the moment of resistance is computed by the
equation
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 )
Case b: Neutral axis lies outside the flange and (Df/d) ≯ 0.2
When the neutral axis falls outside the flange (Xu > Df) and the ratio (Df / d) ≯0.2 and (Dd /Xu) <
0.43, the flexural strength can be computed by using the stress block parameter shown in Fig. 2.2.
The stress blocks are considered separately for the web portion and the flanges. Considering the
tensile and compressive forces shown in Fig. 2.2, the moment of resistance of the flanged section is
expressed as:
𝑀𝑢 = 𝐶1 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) + 𝐶2 (𝑑 − 0.5𝐷𝑓 )
Where,
C1=0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏𝑤
C2=0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷𝑓 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )
The final relation is expressed as
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 ( ) [𝑑 − 0.42 ( )] 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2 + 0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )𝐷𝑓 (𝑑 − 0.5𝐷𝑓 )
𝑑 𝑑
The above equation is valid for the case (D/d) < 0.2 and (Df/Xu) < 0.43.

Case c: Neutral axis lies outside the flange and (Df/ d) > 0.2
When the ratio (Df/ d) > 0.2, the moment equation is modified by substituting Yf for Df in the above
shown equation, where
yf = (0.15xu + 0.65Df) but not greater than Df.
The modified equation for moment of resistance is expressed as
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 ( ) [𝑑 − 0.42 ( )] 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2 + 0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )𝑦𝑓 (𝑑 − 0.5𝑦𝑓 )
𝑑 𝑑
2.2.3 ULTIMATE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE

SECTIONS
Necessity of Doubly Reinforced Sections
Doubly reinforced concrete sections are required in beams of restricted depth due to head room
requirements. When the singly reinforced section is sufficient to resist the bending moment on the
section, additional tension and compression reinforcements are designed based on steel beam
theory. The doubly reinforced section comprises two parts, outlined as:
1. Singly reinforced section with the restricted depth providing the limiting moment of resistance
(𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ) which is less than the design moment 𝑀𝑢 .
2. Based on steel beam theory, a steel beam with tension and compression reinforcement providing
the balance moment given by (𝑀𝑢 - 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ).
Moment of Resistance equations
Figure:2.3 Doubly reinforced section as per IS 456:2000

Referring to Fig. 2.3:

Let
𝑀𝑢 = ultimate flexural strength of doubly reinforced section
𝑀𝑢1 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = limiting or maximum moment of resistance of the slightly reinforced section
𝑀𝑢2 = Moment of resistance of the steel beam neglecting the effect of concrete = 𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (d -d’)
where,
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = stress in the compression steel corresponding to the strain reached by it when the extreme
concrete fiber reaches a strain of 0.0035
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = area of compression reinforcement
d = effective depth of tension steel
d' = depth of compression reinforcement from compression face
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 = area of tensile reinforcement for a singly reinforced section
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = area of tensile reinforcement required to balance the compression reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = (𝐴𝑠𝑡1 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 )
According to IS:456-2000 code, the following procedure is used to compute the ultimate flexural
strength of the doubly reinforced section.
1. Limiting moment 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 of the singly reinforced section

𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 =0.148𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 for Fe 250 grade steel
=0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 for Fe 415 grade steel
=0.133𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 for Fe 500 grade steel
0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚
2. Calculate 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 = [ ]
0.87 𝑓𝑦
3. 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = (𝐴𝑠𝑡 - 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 )

0.87 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡2
4. 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = [ ]
𝑓𝑠𝑐
0.0035 ( 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 −d′ )

5. 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = [ ] 𝐸𝑠
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
6. The ultimate moment capacity of the section is given by

′
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑑 )
2.3 SHEAR STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS

In most of the structural elements like beams and slabs, bending is associated with transverse shear
forces. Shear forces are generally maximum in the vicinity of supports and gradually reduce toward
the mid span zones where bending moments are predominant. The shear developed in flexural
members is termed flexural shear.
Shear can also develop in members such as circular girders supported on columns subjected to
transverse loads. This type of shear is referred to as torsional shear.
In case of slab footings used as foundations for column, there can be one-way shear and also two-
way shear (punching shear) associated with the possibility of punching through a relatively thin slab
supporting concentrated loads from a column. In limit state design, it is essential to design the
structural elements to possess the required shear strength when subjected to ultimate shear forces.
2.3.1 SHEAR FAILURE MECHANISMS
Reinforced concrete members are generally subjected to maximum shear forces normally near the
support sections of simply supported flexural members. In continuous beams, the support sections
are subjected to shear coupled with moments. In case of corbels and brackets, large shear forces
develop at the junction of the corbel and column.
The prominent types of shear failures observed in reinforced concrete members can be categorised
under the following types:
a. Shear tension or diagonal tension failure.

b. Flexure-shear failure.
c. Shear-compression failure.
d. Shear-bond failure.
The transverse shear force (V) is resisted by the following mechanisms:
1. Shear resistance of the uncracked portion of concrete (𝑉𝑐 ).

2. Vertical component of interface shear (aggregate interlock force (𝑉𝑎 ).
3. Dowel force (𝑉𝑑 ) developed due to the tension steel.
4. The shear resistance (𝑉𝑠 ) developed in shear reinforcement.
In case of I-beams having thin webs, failure is due to web crushing of concrete which can be
prevented by suitable design of reinforcement in the web and using high strength concrete.

Figure 2.4 Various types of shear failures source
Table 2.3: Shear failure modes
2.3.2 NOMINAL SHEAR STRESS

The shear stress distribution in a reinforced concrete beam is influenced by the sheer force acting
on the section and the shape of cross-section in the elastic stage. At the ultimate stage, concrete
below the neutral axis is ineffective due to cracking.
Hence for simplicity, the nominal shear stress across the section is computed as average shear stress
𝑉
and expressed as 𝜏𝑣 = ( 𝑢 )
𝑏𝑑
Where,
𝜏𝑣 =nominal shear stress
𝑉𝑢 =ultimate shear force at the section
b=breadth (width of rib for flanged beams)
d=effective depth
2.3.3 DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
The design shear strength in beams without shear reinforcement depends upon the grade of concrete
and percentage of tension reinforcement in the section.
The permissible design shear strength (𝜏𝑐 ) of concrete in beams without shear reinforcement is
given in Table 2.4 (IS:456-2000, Table 19). The values given in Table 2.4 are applicable for beams.
In case of slabs having an overall thickness less than 300 mm, the shear strength being higher, the
Indian standard code suggests an enhanced shear strength computed as k𝝉𝒄 , where k is a
multiplying factor depending upon the overall depth of the slab as shown in Table 2.6.
Table 2.4: Design shear strength of concrete (𝜏𝑐 ) N/mm2 (IS:456-2000, Table 19)
Table 2.5: Maximum shear stress (𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) N/mm2 (IS:456-2000, Table 20)

Table 2.6: Shear strength of slabs (IS:456-2000, Clause 40.2.1.1)
2.3.4 DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS
In case of reinforced concrete sections where the nominal shear stress 𝜏𝑣 exceeds the design shear
strength of concrete 𝜏𝑐 , shear reinforcements are to be designed comprising of:
1. Vertical stirrups
2. Tension reinforcement bent up near supports to resist the shear forces.
Let,
𝑉𝑢 = total design shear force
𝑉𝑐 = shear resisted by concrete
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = shear resisted by reinforcement in the form of links or bent up bars.
Then 𝑉𝑢𝑠 = (𝑉𝑢 − 𝑉𝑐 ) = (𝜏𝑣 − 𝜏𝑐 ) bd
where, 𝜏𝑣 = nominal shear stress
𝜏𝑐 = design shear stress of concrete
If 𝑆𝑣 = spacing of the stirrups
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = total area of the legs of shear reinforcements
d = effective depth of section
0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
Then 𝑆𝑣 = ( )
𝑉𝑢𝑠
The shear resisted by the bent-up bars inclined at an angle 'α' to the horizontal is given by:
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
The expressions for 𝑆𝑣 and 𝑉𝑢𝑠 are recommended for the design of shear reinforcements in IS:456-
2000, Clause 40.4.

2.3.5 MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS
In designing reinforced concrete beams, the IS:456-2000 code stipulates that the minimum shear
reinforcements are to be designed even if the design shear strength of concrete (𝜏𝑐 ) exceeds the
nominal shear stress (𝜏𝑣 ) to safeguard against local cracking and nominal safety requirements.
The minimum shear reinforcements to be designed using the relation
𝑨𝒔𝒗 𝟎. 𝟒
( )≥( )
𝒃𝑺𝒗 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚
Provision of nominal shear reinforcement is equivalent to designing the shear reinforcement for a
shear stress of (𝜏𝑣 - 𝜏𝑐 ) = 0.4 N/mm2 and it safeguards against spalling of concrete cover and bond
failures.
2.4 TORSIONAL STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS
Design of reinforced concrete sections subjected to torsion requires a proper understanding of the
behaviour of the members subjected to torsion. Pure torsion is exceptional and almost not
practicable in reinforced concrete members. Normally torsion is always associated with flexure and
shear in reinforced concrete members such as circular girders used in water tanks and towers, comer
lintels where the load is eccentric to the line of reaction at supports.
In reinforced concrete structures, torsion may develop at certain sections depending upon the type
of loading.
The resultant torsion is classified under two different categories:
a. Primary or equilibrium torsion

b. Secondary or compatibility torsion
Primary torsion is generally induced by eccentric loading and equilibrium conditions are sufficient
to evaluate the torsional moments acting at critical sections.
Primary torsion is the most common type in most of the structures like:
a. Cantilever beam with slab
b. Bow girder
c. L-beams.

Figure 2.5 Canopy source
Figure 2.5 Typical examples of primary torsion source

Secondary or compatibility torsion develops in structural members as a secondary effect, due to
rotations or twists applied at one or more points along the length of the member through the
interconnected members rather than by direct application of loads.
Figure 2.6 Typical example of secondary torsion source

Figure 2.6 shows a typical example of a secondary beam monolithically connected to a primary
beam rotating at the junction. The torsional moment will develop in the main beam due to the
rotation at the junction and a bending moment in the secondary beam. The bending moment will be
equal to and act in a direction opposite to the torsional moment to maintain static equilibrium.
2.5 DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENTS FOR TORSION, SHEAR AND FLEXURE
The design rules specified in IS code applies to beams of solid rectangular section and flanged
sections in which the width of rib is considered for computations.
Sections subjected to torsion and shear are to be designed for an equivalent shear force computed
as
𝑇𝑢
𝑉𝑒 = 𝑉𝑢 + 1.6 ( )
𝑏
Where, 𝑉𝑒 = equivalent shear, 𝑉𝑢 = transverse shear, 𝑇𝑢 =Torsional moment and b=breadth of beam
The equivalent nominal shear stress is expressed as
𝑇
𝑉𝑢 + 1.6 ( 𝑢 )
𝜏𝑣𝑒 =[ 𝑏 ]
𝑏𝑑
The values of 𝜏𝑣𝑒 should lie between 𝜏𝑐 , the permissible shear stress given in Table 2.4 and the
maximum shear stress 𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 given in Table 2.5.
In cases where 𝜏𝑣𝑒 > 𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the section has to be suitably redesigned by increasing the cross-
sectional area and/ or increasing the grade of concrete. In case 𝜏𝑣𝑒 < 𝜏𝑐 minimum shear
reinforcements need to be provided as per IS456-2000.
Longitudinal reinforcements are designed to resist an equivalent bending moment expressed as
𝑀𝑒1 = 𝑀𝑢 + 𝑀𝑡
Where,

𝑀𝑒1 =equivalent bending moment
𝑀𝑢 =design bending moment
𝑀𝑡 =bending moment developed due to torsion and expressed as
𝐷
1+( )
𝑀𝑡 = 𝑇𝑢 [ 𝑏 ]
1.7
where, Tu = torsional moment, D = overall depth and b = breadth of section
In cases where the numerical value of 𝑀𝑡 exceeds the numerical value of 𝑀𝑢 , longitudinal
reinforcement should be provided on the flexural compression face such that the beam can also
withstand an equivalent moment 𝑀𝑒 computed as 𝑀𝑒2 = (𝑀𝑡 - 𝑀𝑢 ), the moment 𝑀𝑒2 being taken
as acting in the opposite sense to the moment 𝑀𝑢 .
Transverse reinforcements comprising two-legged closed hoops enclosing the corner longitudinal
bars should have the area given by
𝑇𝑢 𝑆𝑣 𝑉𝑢 𝑆𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = [ + ]
𝑏1 𝑑1 (0.87𝑓𝑦 ) 2.5𝑑1 (0.87𝑓𝑦 )
However, the total transverse reinforcement should be not less than the value computed as
(𝜏𝑣𝑒 − 𝜏𝑐 )𝑏𝑆𝑣
[ ]
0.87𝑓𝑦
where,
𝑇𝑢 = torsional moment
𝑉𝑢 = transverse shear force
𝑆𝑣 = spacing of vertical links
𝑏1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of width
𝑑1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of depth
𝑓𝑦 = characteristic strength of stirrup reinforcement
𝜏𝑣𝑒 = equivalent shear stress

𝜏𝑐 = shear strength of concrete

2.6 BOND AND ANCHORAGE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS
The term bond refers to the adhesion between the reinforcing steel bars and the surrounding
concrete. The success of reinforced concrete as a composite material is mainly attributed to the
excellent bond between steel bars and concrete.
The coefficients of thermal expansion for steel and concrete are of the order of 10×10-6/ °C and 7
to 12 × 10-6/ °C respectively. These values are sufficiently close that problems with bond seldom
arise from differential expansion between the two materials over normal temperature ranges. Based
on several investigations, it has been proved beyond doubt that bond between steel bars and
surrounding concrete can be improved significantly by using superior quality of cements in the
concrete and changing the surface characteristics of reinforcing bars by introducing ribs and
indentations to improve the frictional resistance.
2.6.1 MECHANISMS OF BOND
The bond between concrete and steel reinforcement can be achieved by the following three distinct
mechanisms:
1. The microscopic hydration products of cement in concrete having a gum like property sticks
firmly to the surface of the reinforcement due to chemical adhesion resulting in bond
between concrete and steel.
2. The microscopic surface roughness of the reinforcement develops grip with drying concrete
due to shrinkage of the material resulting in frictional resistance against relative motion
between concrete and reinforcement.
3. Shearing resistance or dilatancy due to the mechanical interlock developed as a consequence
of surface protrusions or ribs provided in deformed bars.
2.6.2 FLEXURAL BOND STRESS
In the case of beam subjected to flexure, bond stresses develop due to variation in bending moment
and shear at various sections. Referring to Fig. 2.7, the differential moment dM from section X to
Y causes the additional tension dT expressed as
dT = (dM/jd)
where, jd = lever arm

This unbalanced bar force is transferred to the surrounding concrete by means of flexural bond
developed along the interface.
Figure 2.7 Flexural bond stress source
If 𝜏𝑏 is flexural bond stress, then the equilibrium of forces yields the relation
𝜏𝑏 (ƩO)dx = dT
where, (ƩO)= total perimeter of the bars
𝑑𝑀
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑀
𝜏𝑏 = ( ) , But we know 𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥
(ƩO)jd
𝑉
Hence 𝜏𝑏 = ( )
(ƩO)jd

The flexural bond stress is higher at locations of high shear force but it can be reduced by providing
an increased number of bars of smaller diameter yielding the same equivalent area of reinforcement.
Figure 2.8a shows the effect of flexural cracks on flexural bond stresses in the constant moment
region. The variation of tension in the reinforcing bar is shown in Fig. 2.8b and the bond stress
variation in Fig. 2.8c. Experimental investigations have shown that splitting cracks develop in the
vicinity of the flexural cracks where the local bond stresses are high.
Hence, it is preferable to limit the magnitude of local bond stress by using a larger number of smaller
diameter bars than using a few large diameter bars. However, with the development and wider use
of deformed or high bond bars, more emphasis is laid on anchorage or development length
requirements than the local bond stress.
Hence, the Indian standard code IS:456-2000 does not specify any permissible values for the
flexural or local bond stress.
Figure 2.8 Variation of flexural bond stress between cracks source

2.6.3 ANCHORAGE (DEVELOPMENT) BOND STRESS
Figure 2.9 Anchorage bond stress source
The anchorage bond stress in a reinforcing bar develops from zero at the end of the bar to a
maximum over a length of embedment where the bending moment is maximum as shown in Fig.
2.9a. The figure shows a cantilever slab in which the tensile stress in the bar varies from a maximum
(𝜎𝑠 ) at the continuous end B to a value of zero at the end A. Since the moment is maximum at B,
the tensile stress is also maximum at B and to develop the maximum stress (𝜎𝑠 ), the bar requires a
certain length (AB), which is termed anchorage, or development length. Also, the stress is zero at
the discontinuous end A.
The variation of bond stress from A to B is shown in Fig. 2.9b. A similar situation exists in
the bars terminated at the supports of a simply supported beam. For design purposes an average
bond stress assuming uniform distribution over the length AB (Fig. 2.9c) is specified in the Indian
standard code IS:456-2000. The average bond stress 𝜏𝑏𝑑 can be expressed in terms of the diameter
of the bar ɸ, the stress in steel 𝜎𝑠 and the anchorage length 𝐿𝑑 , by considering the equilibrium of
forces shown in Fig. 2.9c.
The development length 𝐿𝑑 required to develop the design stress 𝜎𝑠 in the bar is expressed as
ɸ𝜎𝑠
𝐿𝑑 = ( )
4𝜏𝑏𝑑
The values of 𝜏𝑏𝑑 depend upon the grade of concrete and in the limit state method for plain bars,
the values of design bond stress specified in Clause 26.2.1.1, IS:456-2000 are given in Table 2.7.

Table 2.7: Design bond stress in limit state method for plain bars in tension
(Table 26.2.1.1 of IS:456-2000)
Notes: 1. For deformed bars conforming to IS:1786, these values have to be increased by 60%.
2. For bars in compression, the value of bond stress in tension is increased by 25%.
2.6.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING BOND STRENGTH
The bond strength between steel reinforcements and the surrounding concrete can be enhanced by
the following common measures:
1. Use of more smaller diameter bars instead of a few larger diameter bars, thus increasing the
surface area of the bars leading to improved bond
2. Use of higher-grade concrete resulting in improved tensile strength
3. Providing increased cover to reinforcements improves the bond between steel and concrete
4. Use of deformed bars with ribs and indentations on the surface will increase the bond through
frictional resistance
5. Providing hooks and bends and increased length of embedment
6. A voiding sudden termination of longitudinal reinforcements in tension zones
7. Use of stirrups with increased area of steel/reduced spacing and or higher grade of steel
8. Use of confined concrete around the reinforcements which improves the overall strength of
concrete
2.6.5 CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR BOND
The Indian standard code provides specific provisions to safeguard against bond failures due to
flexural or local bond stress and the anchorage or development bond stress. Due to non-uniform
distribution of actual bond stress and several factors influencing bond strength and despite checks
provided by the computations, localised bond failures which occur do not significantly affect the
ultimate strength of the member provided the reinforcement are properly anchored at their ends. In
addition, the widespread use of deformed bars in place of plain bars, the design emphasis is centred
around the anchorage or development bond stress rather than the flexural or local bond stress.
The code prescribes that deformed bars may be used without end anchorage provided development
length requirements is satisfied. Hooks are normally provided for plain bars in tension.

Bends and hooks shown in Fig. 2.10 should conform to the specifications of IS:2502-1963 and
SP:16-1980.
Figure 2.10 Anchorage bond stress source
Figure 2.11 Cracks in the member due to bond failure source
2.7 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
The primary serviceability limit states comprise the following criteria:
1. The member should not undergo excessive deformation under service loads. This limit state
is generally referred to as the limit state of deflection.
2. The width of cracks developed on the surface of reinforced concrete members under service
loads should be limited to the values prescribed in the codes of practice. This limit state is
referred to as limit state of cracking.
Other limit states such as fatigue, durability and vibration, should also be considered depending
upon the environmental conditions and type of structure. These limit states are also important for
structures like bridges located in marine environment.

2.7.1 IS:456-2000 CODIFIED DEFLECTION LIMITS
Deflections of flexural members like beams and slabs, if excessive, causes distress to users of the
structure and also likely to cause cracking of partitions. As given in IS:456 code, Clause 23.2, the
accepted limits to permissible deflections are given below:
1. The final deflection including the effects of all loads, temperature, creep and shrinkage of
horizontal structural members should not exceed the value of span/250.
2. The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring after the
erection of partitions and the application of finishes should not exceed span/350 or 20 mm
whichever is less.
2.7.2 Basic Span/Depth Ratios
The following basic span/ depth ratios (Table 2.8) are specified in the code for control of deflection
limit state in structural concrete members.
Table 2.8 Basic span to effective depth ratios for beams and slabs (Clause 23.2.1, IS:456-2000)
Note: For flanged section multiply values for rectangular sections by factor Kf
2.7.3 Modification Factors for Basic Span/Depth Ratios
The basic span/ depth ratios have to be modified to account for the percentage of tension
reinforcement and compression reinforcement in the section and the type of section, i.e. rectangular
or flanged.
The modified expression for the span/ effective depth ratio is specified as
𝐿 𝐿
( )=( ) × 𝐾𝑡 × 𝐾𝑐 × 𝐾𝑓
𝑑 𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
𝐿
Where; (𝑑) =values shown in table 2.8
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
𝐾𝑡 =modification factor for tension steel (refer to Fig. 2.12)

For flanged sections, the percentage tension steel is based on 𝑏𝑓 𝑑.
𝐾𝑐 =modification factor for compression steel (refer to Fig. 2.13)
𝐾𝑓 =modification factor or reduction factor for flanged sections (refer to Fig. 2.14)
Figure 2.12 Modification factor for tension reinforcement [𝐾𝑡 ] (Fig. 4, 18:456-2000)
Figure 2.12 Modification factor for compression reinforcement [𝐾𝑐 ] (Fig. 5, IS:456-2000)

Figure 2.14 Reduction factor for flanged beams [𝐾𝑓 ](Fig.6, IS:456-2000)
For spans exceeding 10 m, the (L/ d) basic values have to be multiplied by (10/span), except for
cantilevers where deflection calculations are required.
In the case of flanged sections, the use of flange width bf in computations yields anomalous results.
Hence, it is better to consider the width of web bw in place of bf in calculations which yields
conservative results. For preliminary proportioning, the thickness of slabs using Fe 415 HYSD
bars, it is preferable to use 0.4% of tension reinforcement (Pt) which corresponds to a value of
𝐾𝑡 = 1.25 resulting in the span/ depth ratio of 25.
Problems
Problem
Analysis Design
Determining resultant forces Designing the elements (size,

and their direction on various shape, material etc.) to
elements (beams, columns, withstand the anticipated
foundation etc.) forces

Analysis examples on flexure (Rectangular)
1. A rectangular reinforced concrete beam has a width of 200 mm and is reinforced with 2 bars of
20 mm diameter at an effective depth of 400 mm. If M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 HYSD bars
are used, estimate the ultimate moment of resistance of the section.
Step.1 Given data
b=200 mm
d = 400 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = (2 x 314) = 628 mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20 N/mm2
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/mm2
Step.2 Depth of neutral axis:
If 𝑋𝑢 = depth of neutral axis
𝑋𝑢 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.87 × 415 × 628
( )=( )=( ) = 0.39
𝑑 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 0.36 × 20 × 200 × 400
𝑋
Limiting value of ( 𝑑𝑢) for Fe 415 grade steel is 0.48.
𝑋
Since ( 𝑑𝑢 ) = 0.39 < 0.48, the section is under-reinforced.
Step.3 Moment of resistance:

𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 [1 − ( )]
628 × 415
= 0.87 × 628 × 415 × 400 [1 − ( )]
20 × 300 × 400
=76 x 106 N·mm
𝑀𝑢 =76 kNm.
2. A reinforced concrete beam of rectangular section 200 mm wide by 550 mm deep is reinforced
with 4 bars or 25 mm diameter at an effective depth of 500 mm. Using M20 grade concrete and
Fe 415 HYSD bars, calculate the safe moment of resistance of the section.
Step.1 Given data
b=200 mm
d = 500 mm
D=550mm

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = (4 x 491) = 1964 mm2

𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/mm2
𝑋𝑢 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.87 × 415 × 1964
( )=( )=( ) = 0.984 > 0.48
𝑑 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 0.36 × 20 × 200 × 500
𝑋
Since ( 𝑑𝑢 ) = 0.984 > 0.48, the section is over-reinforced.

The limiting moment of resistance of the over-reinforced section is computed as
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 =0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
=0.138×20×200×5002
= 138×106 Nm
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 138 kNm
3. A reinforced concrete beam, 300 mm wide is reinforced with 1436 mm2 of Fe 415 HYSD bars
at an effective depth of 500 mm. If M20 grade concrete is used, estimate the moment of
resistance of the section.
Step.1 Given data
b=300 mm
d = 500 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1436 mm2
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/mm2
𝑋𝑢 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.87 × 415 × 1436
( )=( )=( ) = 0.48
𝑑 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 0.36 × 20 × 300 × 500
𝑋
Since ( 𝑑𝑢 ) = 0.48, the section is balanced.

The limiting moment of resistance of the over-reinforced section is computed as
𝑀𝑢 =0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
=0.138×20×300×5002
= 207×106 Nm

𝑀𝑢 = 207 kNm
4. Determine the area of reinforcement required for a singly reinforced concrete section having a
breadth of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm to resist a factored moment of 200 kN·m.
Adopt 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20 N/mm2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/mm2.
Step.1 Given data
b=300 mm
d = 600 mm
𝑀𝑢 = 200kNm
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/mm2
Step.2 Limiting moment of resistance: For Fe 415 HYSD bars:
=0.138×20×300×6002
=298×106 Nm
=298 kNm
Step.3 Area of reinforcement

𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 [1 − ( )]
𝑠𝑡 𝐴 ×415
200×106 = 0.87×𝐴𝑠𝑡 ×415×600[1 − (20×300×600)]
Solving 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1365 𝑚𝑚2
5. Determine the minimum effective depth required and the corresponding area of tension
reinforcement for a rectangular beam having a width of 200 mm to resist an ultimate moment
of 200 kNm, using M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 HYSD bars or ribbed tor steel.
Step.1 Given data
b=200 mm
𝑀𝑢 = 200kNm
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/mm2
Step.2 Minimum effective depth:

𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 200×106
𝑑 = √0.138𝑓 = √0.138×20×200 =601.9mm
𝑏
𝑐𝑘
Step.3 Area of reinforcement

𝑋𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
( ) = 0.48 = ( )
𝑑 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
0.48 × 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = ( )
0.87𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠𝑡 =1152.2mm2
Analysis examples on flexure (Flanged section)
1. Determine the moment of resistance of a T-section having the following section properties:
Width of flange = 2500 mm
Depth of flange = 150 mm
Width of rib = 300mm
Effective depth = 800 mm
Area of steel = 8 bars of 25 mm diameter
Materials: M20 grade concrete Fe 415 HYSD bars
Step.1 Given data
bw = 300mm
bf = 2500mm
d = 800mm
Df = 150mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = (8×491) =3928mm2
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/mm2
Step.2 Depth of neutral axis
Assuming the NA lie within the flange
𝑋𝑢 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.87 × 415 × 628
( )=( )=( ) = 0.098
𝑑 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 𝑑 0.36 × 20 × 200 × 400
𝑋𝑢 = 0.098 × 800 = 78.4𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷𝑓 = 150𝑚𝑚
Step.3 Moment of resistance
𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑦 415 × 3928
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 [1 − ( )] = 0.87 × 415 × 3928 × 800 [1 − ]
𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑓 𝑑 2500 × 800 × 20
=1089 kNm

2. Determine the moment of resistance of a T-section having the following section properties:
Width of flange = 1200 mm, Depth of flange = 120 mm, Width of rib = 300 mm and Effective
depth = 600 mm, Area of tensile steel = 8 bars of 25 mm diameter Materials: M20 grade concrete
Fe 415 HYSD bars
Step.1 Given data

bw = 300mm
bf = 1200mm
d = 600mm
Df = 120mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 4000mm2
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/mm2
Since the flange is thin and area of steel is large, assume that the neutral axis falls outside the
flange and (Df / xu) > 0.43, using the force compatibility relations, we have
Cl + C2 = Tl + T2 = T
Let Xu = depth of neutral axis
(0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢 ) + 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )(0.15𝑥𝑢 + 0.65𝐷𝑓 ) = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
(0.36 × 20 × 300 × 𝑥𝑢 ) + 0.45 × 20(1200 − 300)(0.15𝑥𝑢 + 0.65 × 120)

= 0.87 × 415 × 4000
Solving xu=240.7mm ∴ yf = (0.15𝑥𝑢 + 0.65𝐷𝑓 ) = 0.15 × 240.7 + 0.65 × 120 = 114.1𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑢 240.7
( )=( ) = 0.40
𝑑 600
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
( ) = 0.48
𝑑
∴ 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑥𝑢 > 𝐷𝑓
𝐷 120
Also (𝑥 𝑓 ) = (240.7) = 0.498 > 0.48
𝑢
Hence, the moment of resistance is expressed as

𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 ( ) [𝑑 − 0.42 ( )] 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2 + 0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )𝑦𝑓 (𝑑 − 0.5𝑦𝑓 )
𝑑 𝑑
= (0.36 × 0.40)[1 − (0.42 × 0.40)](20 × 300 × 6002 )

+ (0.45 × 20)(1200 − 300) × 114.1 × (600 − 0.15 × 114.1)
𝑀𝑢 = 760.5 kNm
ANALYSIS EXAMPLES ON SHEAR STRENGTH
1. A reinforced concrete beam has a support section with a width 250 mm and effective depth 500
mm. The support section is reinforced with 3 bars of 20 mm diameter on the tension side. 8 mm
diameter 2 legged stirrups are provided at a spacing of 200 mm centres. Using M20 grade
concrete and Fe 415 HYSD bars, calculate the shear strength of the support section.
Step.1 Given data
b= 250mm
d = 500mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = (3×314) =942mm2 , 𝐴𝑠𝑣 = (2×50)=100mm2
Sv =200mm
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/mm2
Step.2 Percentage of tension reinforcement
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 942
𝑝𝑡 = ( )=( ) = 0.75
𝑏𝑑 250 × 500
Refer to IS:456-2000, Table 19 and readout the design shear strength of concrete 𝜏𝑐
corresponding to 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20 N/mm2.
𝜏𝑐 = 0.56N/mm2
Step.3 Shear resisted by concrete:
𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 𝜏𝑐 bd =0.56×250×500×10-3=70kN
Step.4 Shear resisted by vertical links:
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (0.87𝑓𝑦 )𝑑 100 × 0.87 × 415 × 500
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = [ ]=[ ] = 90.26𝑘𝑁
𝑆𝑣 200
Step.5 Total shear resistance of support section:
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑉𝑢𝑐 + 𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 70 + 90.26 = 160.26𝑘𝑁

2. A reinforced concrete beam of rectangular section with a width of 300 mm and effective depth
600 mm is reinforced with 4 bars of 25 mm diameter at tension reinforcement. Two of the
tension bars are bent up at 45° near the support section. The beam is also provided with double
legged vertical links of 8 mm diameter at 150 mm centres near supports. Using M25 grade
concrete and Fe 415 HYSD bars, compute the ultimate shear strength of the support section
using IS:456-2000 code specifications.

DESIGN PROBLEMS ON SHEAR STRENGTH


ANALYSIS EXAMPLES ON TORSIONAL STRENGTH OF BEAMS


DESIGN EXAMPLES OF TORSION STRENGTH OF BEAMS




ANALYSIS EXAMPLES ON BOND AND ACHORAGE STRESS


DESIGN EXAMPLES ON BOND AND ACHORAGE STRESS
1. A reinforced concrete section cantilever beam of rectangular section 300 mm wide by 600 mm
deep is built into a column 500 mm wide as shown in figure below. The cantilever beam is
subjected to a hogging moment of 200 kN·m at the function of beam and column. Design
suitable reinforcements in the beam and check for the required anchorage length. Adopt M20
grade concrete and Fe 415 HYSD bars .

Figure: Cantilever beam
The bars are extended into the column to a length of 400 mm with a 90° bend and 500 mm length
as shown in Figure.
Anchorage length provided= [400 + (8 x 20) + 500] = 1060 mm> 940 mm.

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Figure: Reinforcement details

DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS


FLANGED BEAMS
Design Parameters of T-Beams
The most common type of reinforced concrete floor and roof system comprises concrete slabs
monolithically cast with floor beams in the span range of 5 m to 10 m. In such cases the compressive
flange is made up of the width of rib and a portion of the slab length on either side of the rib referred
to as the effective width of flange. Figure below shows the prominent design parameters of flanged
T-beams using the notations used in IS:456 code.
Figure: Parameters of flanged beam

Design examples on flanged beam


Figure: Reinforcement detail


Distance of centroid of shear force from the centre line of the beam = 0.5 x 1442-150 = 571 mm
Ultimate torsional moment Tu = (78 x 0.571) = 44.5 kN·m
Eccentric load on L-beam


References:
1. N Krishna Raju, Design of Reinforced Concrete structures, CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt
Ltd, India.
2. Dr. B. C. Punmia. Limit state design of reinforced concrete, Laxmi Publications.
3. IS 456-2000, Indian standard -plain and reinforced concrete design-Code of practice

UNIT - 2 Design of RC Structural Elements

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B18CE5010 Design of RC structural Elements

LIMIT STATE METHOD DESIGN OF BEAMS

(Flexure, Shear, Torsion, Bond)

2.1 TYPES OF RC BEAMS

1. Singly reinforced beams

2.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS:

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. 1

2.2.1 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

2.2.1.1 Moment of Resistance Equations: The computation of ultimate flexural strength of

Figure:2.1 Stress block parameters (rectangular section) as per IS 456:2000

Equilibrium of forces across the section yields the following relations

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. 2

Table 2.1: Limiting values of neutral axis depth ratio (xumax/d)

From the strain diagram figure 2.1, we have

Ultimate strain in concrete, εcu=0.0035

Substituting the values of T and 𝑥𝑢 , we have the relation

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. 3

Table 2.2: Moment of resistance for limiting values of (xumax/d)

2.2.2 ULTIMATE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF FLANGED SECTIONS

2.2.2.1 Moment of Resistance Equations

Let bw = width of rib

Figure:2.2 Stress block parameters (flanged section) as per IS 456:2000

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. 4

The following cases are considered:

Case a: Neutral axis lies within the flange

The moment of resistance of the under-reinforced section is computed by the relation

𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 )

𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 )

C1=0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏𝑤

C2=0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷𝑓 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )

The final relation is expressed as

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. 5

yf = (0.15xu + 0.65Df) but not greater than Df.

The modified equation for moment of resistance is expressed as

2.2.3 ULTIMATE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE

Necessity of Doubly Reinforced Sections

Moment of Resistance equations

Figure:2.3 Doubly reinforced section as per IS 456:2000

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. 6

1. Limiting moment 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 of the singly reinforced section

3. 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = (𝐴𝑠𝑡 - 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 )

0.0035 ( 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 −d′ )

6. The ultimate moment capacity of the section is given by

2.3 SHEAR STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. 7

2.3.1 SHEAR FAILURE MECHANISMS

a. Shear tension or diagonal tension failure.

The transverse shear force (V) is resisted by the following mechanisms:

1. Shear resistance of the uncracked portion of concrete (𝑉𝑐 ).

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. 8

Figure 2.4 Various types of shear failures source

Table 2.3: Shear failure modes

2.3.2 NOMINAL SHEAR STRESS

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. 9

2.3.3 DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. 10

Table 2.6: Shear strength of slabs (IS:456-2000, Clause 40.2.1.1)

2.3.4 DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS

School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru. 11

2.3.5 MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS

The minimum shear reinforcements to be designed using the relation

2.4 TORSIONAL STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS