CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

2.1
STRESS - STRAIN
……………………………………………………………………………...
2.1 Rectangular beam
Performance of structure under load depends to a large degree on the stress-strain relationship
of the material from it is made and under the type of stress to which the material is subjected.

2.1.1 Stress-strain relations in concrete.

Since concrete is used mostly in compression, its compressive stress-strain curve is of primary
importance. Typical stress-strain curve of is shown in Figure 2.1.1

Figure 2.1: Stress-strain curve for concrrete.

2.1.2 Stress-strain relations in reinforcement.

Compared with concrete, steel is high strength material. Figure 2.2 shows stress-strain curve for
hot rolled steel.

Figure 2.2: Stress-strain curve for steel reinforcement

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 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

2.2
DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES(rectangular beam)
..……………………………………………………………………………...
2.2 Stress Strain Relation
This section which is based on Section 6.1 EN 1992-1-1, deals with analysis and design of
section for the ultimate limit state (ULS) design consideration of structural elements subjected
to bending. The two common types of reinforced concrete beam section are :

i. Rectangular section: singly and doubly reinforced.

ii. Flange section: singly and doubly reinforced.

2.2.1 Rectangular Section

2.2.1.1 Singly reinforced section
Figure 2.1.3 shows the beam cross-section, strain and stresses distribution at the ultimate limit
state of a singly reinforced rectangular beam.

Section Strains Stress

Figure 2.3: Singly reinforced section with rectangular stress block

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 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

Notation:

h = Overall Depth d = Effective Depth

b = Width of section = Depth of stress block
As =Area of tension reinforcement = Neutral axis depth
fck = Characteristic strength of concrete z = Lever arm
fyk = Characteristic strength of reinforcement

Bending of the beam will induce a resultant tensile force Fst in the reinforcing steel, and
resultant compressive force in the concrete Fcc which act through the centroid of the effective
area of concrete in compression.

Internal forces,
Fcc = 0.567fck (b x 0.8x) = 0.454fckbx
Fst = 0.87fyk As

For the internal forces to be in equilibrium,

Fcc = Fst
0.454fckbx = 0.87fyk As
x = 0.87fyk As / 0.454fckb (2.1)

Moment of resistance with respect to the steel,

M = Fcc . z
= 0.454fckbx (d-0.4x) (2.2)

Moment of resistance with respect to the concrete,

M = Fst . z
= 0.87fyk As (d-0.4x) (2.3)

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 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

Equation 2.2 show that, M increase with x and hence with As (equation 2.1 and 2.3). In design,
EC2 limit x to not exceeding 0.45d in order to avoid the sudden failure exhibit by an over-
reinforced section. When x = xbal = 0.45d, the moment resistance, M is represent the maximum
ultimate moment capacity of the section which is known as the ultimate moment of resistance of
singly reinforced section or balanced moment, Mbal.

Mbal = [0.454fckb (0.45d)].[d-0.4(0.45d)]

= [0.454fckb (0.45d)].[0.82d]
= 0.167 fckbd2
= Kbal fckbd2 where Kbal’ = 0.167 (2.4)

Equation 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 can be used to determine the area of tension reinforcement in a
concrete section to resist an applied moment M or to calculate the moment of resistance of a
given section with a known area of steel reinforcement.

2.2.1.2 Doubly reinforced section

Where the applied bending moment M exceeds Mbal, the axcess (M-Mbal) is to be resisted by
using additional reinforcement As’ at the compression zone such that the natural axis depth
remains at the maximum permitted value of 0.45d.

Section Strains Stress

Figure 2.4: Doubly reinforced section with rectangular stress block

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 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

Internal forces,

Fcc = 0.454fckbx
Fsc = 0.87fyk As’
Fst = 0.87fyk As

Lever arm,
z = (d-0.4x)
z1 = (d-d’)

For the internal forces to be in equilibrium,

Fst = Fcc + Fsc

0.87fyk As = 0.454fckbx + 0.87fyk As’

Taking moment about the centriod of the tension steel,

M = Fcc . z + Fsc . z1
= (0.454fckbx) (d-0.4x) + (0.87fyk As’) (d-d’)

For design purpose, x = 0.45d

M = (0.454fckbx) (d-0.4(0.45d)) + (0.87fyk As’) (d-d’)

= 0.167 fckbd2 + (0.87fyk As’) (d-d’)
= Mbal + (0.87fyk As’) (d-d’)

The area of compression reinforcement,

(𝑀 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 )
𝐴𝑠 ′ =
0.87 𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )

or
(𝐾−𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 )𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 ′ = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝑑−𝑑 ′ )
(2.5)

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 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

Equation (2.5) x z, [z = d-0.4x, if x = 0.45d then z = 0.82d]

0.87fyk As . z = 0.454fckbx . z + 0.87fyk As’ . z

0.87fyk As . z = 0.454fckb(0.45d)(0.82d) + 0.87fyk As’ . z
0.87fyk As . z = Kbal fckbd2 + 0.87fyk As’ . z

The area of tension reinforcement,

0.1678𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧
+ As’
or
𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘𝑧
+ As’ (2.6)

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 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

2.2.2 Design Procedure for Rectangular Section

The steps to be followed in the design of rectangular beam can be summarized as follows.
Supposed the design bending moment is M, beam section is b x d, concrete strength is fck and
steel strength is fyk, to determine the area of reinforcement, proceed as follows

𝑀
1. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐾 = 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.167

2. If K  𝑲𝒃𝒂𝒍, compression reinforcement is not required, and

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.25 −
1.134

• Calculate tension reinforcement:

𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧

3. If K> 𝑲𝒃𝒂𝒍, compression reinforcement is required and

𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑑−𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.25 − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥=
1.134 0.4

• Calculate compression reinforcement:

𝑑′
Check :
𝑥
𝐾 −𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 ′ = if d’/x  0.38 or
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑−𝑑′

𝐾 −𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑑′
𝐴𝑠 ′ = if d’/x > 0.38 where 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 700(1- 𝑥 )
𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝑑−𝑑′

4. Calculate tension reinforcement :

𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = + As’
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧

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 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

Example 2.1

A rectangular reinforced concrete beam has to support a design moment of 175kNm.

Determine the area of reinforcement required if the beam dimension is 250 x 500mm (b x d),
concrete strength, 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and steel strength,
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑁/𝑚𝑚2.

Example 2.2

A rectangular reinforced concrete beam has to support a design moment of 300kNm. Determine
the area of reinforced required if the beam dimension is 250 x 500mm (b x d), concrete
strength 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑁/𝑚𝑚2and steel strength,
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑁/𝑚𝑚2.

Example 2.3

A rectangular reinforced concrete beam has to support a design moment of 150kNm. Determine
the area of reinforced required if the beam dimension is 200 x 325mm (b x d), concrete
strength 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 30𝑁/𝑚𝑚2and steel strength,
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑁/𝑚𝑚2.
d’ = 60mm

26
 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

Example 2.1
Ref Calculation Output

Specification :

Size b x d = 250 x 500 mm

Chac. Strength of concrrete, 𝑓𝐶𝐾 = 25 N/mm2
d Chac. Strength of concrrete,𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500 N/mm2
Bending moment , M = 175kNm

Determine the area of reinforcement required

b
Solution

27
 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

Example 2.2
Ref Calculation Output

Specification :

Size b x d = 250 x 500 mm

Chac. Strength of concrrete, 𝑓𝐶𝐾 = 25 N/mm2 d
Chac. Strength of steel, ,𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500 N/mm2
Bending moment , M = 300kNm

Determine the area of reinforcement required

b

Solution

28
 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

Example 2.3
Ref Calculation Output

Specification :
d’=60
Size b x d = 200 x 325mm
Chac. Strength of concrrete, 𝑓𝐶𝐾 = 30 N/mm2 d
Chac. Strength of steel, ,𝑓𝑦𝑘 =500 N/mm2
Bending moment , M = 150kNm

Determine the area of reinforcement required b

Solution

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 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

2.3
DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES(Flange beam)
………………………………………………………………………………...
2.3 Flange beam
Beam having T-section is commonly encountered in beam supported slab floor system as shown
in Figure 2.5. In such situations, a portion of the slab acts integrally with the beam (in
longitudinal direction of the beam).

T-beam and L- beam

Figure 2.5: Slab acts as a top flange to the beam. T-beams and Inverted L-beams

30
 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

The slab portion is called the flange of the T or L beam. The beam portion below
the flange is term the web. In order to operate within the framework of the theory of flexure,
which assumed a uniform stress distribution across the width of section, it is necessary to define
an effective flange width.

The effective flange width beff is specified (C1.5.3.2.1 EC2) by following equation:

beff = bw + Σ beff , i ≤ b (2.7)

Where,

beff , i = 0.2bi + 0.1lo ≤ 0.2lo and also beff , i ≤ bi

lo is the distance between the point of contra flexure along the beam as shown in Figure 2.1.6

Figure 2.6: Definition of lo and effective flange width parameters

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 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

2.3.1 Analysis of Section

The neutral axis and hence the depth of stress block may lie either within the flange or in the
web of the flange beam. In the case of neutral axis within the flange (Figure 2.1.7), as all the
concrete on the tension side is assumed ineffective in flexural computations, the flange beam
may just well be treated as a rectangular section having a width beff.

i. Neutral axis in the flange

Section Stress

Figure 2.7: Flange section – neutral axis within flange

This section may be treated as a rectangular section of width b and flange depth, hf = 0.8x,

Mf = Fcc . z
= 0.567fck b (0.8x). (d-0.4x)
= 0.567fck b hf . (d-0.5 hf)

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 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

ii. Neutral axis in the web : Singly reinforced

Section Stress

Figure 2.8: Flange section – neutral axis within web : singly reinforced

Forces,
Fcc1 = 0.567fck bw(0.8x) = 0.454fck bw x
Fcc2 = 0.567fck (b-bw)hf
Fst = 0.87fykAs
Lever arms,
z1 = (d-0.4x)
z2 = (d-0.5hf)

Moment of resistance,
M = Fcc1. z1 + Fcc2. z2
= (0.454fck b x). (d-0.4x)+ (0.567fck (b-bw)hf (d-0.5hf)

Ultimate moment of resistance of the section is when x = xbal = 0.45d

Mbal = 0.454fckbw (0.45d). [d-0.4(0.45d)] + 0.567fck (b-bw)hf(d-0.5hf)
= 0.167fckbwd2 + 0.567fck (b-bw)hf(d-0.5hf)

Devide by fckbd2
𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑤 ℎ 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
= 0.167 𝑏
+ 0.567 𝑑𝑓 1 − 𝑑 2𝑑
Mbal = βf fckbd2

33
 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

If M < Mbal : the compression reinforcement is not required. Taking moment about Fcc2,

M = Fst . z2 + Fcc1 . ( z1 - z2)

= 0.87fykAs (d-0.5hf)-(0.2 fck bwd) . [(d-0.5hf)-(d-0.18d)]
= 0.87fykAs (d-0.5hf)-(0.2 fck bwd). (0.18d-0.5 hf)

Area of tension reinforcement,

𝑀+0.1𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 0.36𝑑 − ℎ𝑓
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 −0.5ℎ𝑓

This equation should not be used when hf > 0.36d.

iii. Neutral axis in the web : Doubly reinforced

Section Stress

Figure 2.9: Flange section – neutral axis within web : doubly reinforced

34
 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

Forces,
Fcc1 = 0.567fck bw(0.8x) = 0.454fck bw x
Fcc2 = 0.567fck (b-bw)hf
Fsc = 0.87fykAs’
Fst = 0.87fykAs

Lever arms,
z1 = (d-0.4x)
z2 = (d-0.5hf)
z3 = (d-d’)

Moment of resistance,
M = Fcc1. z1 + Fcc2. z2 + Fsc. z3
=(0.454fck b x). (d-0.4x)+ (0.567fck (b-bw)hf (d-0.5hf) + 0.87fykAs’(d-d’)
= Mbal + 0.87fykAs’ (d-d’)

Area of compression reinforcement,

𝑀 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙
𝐴′𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 − 𝑑′

Equilibrium of forces
Fst = Fcc1 + Fcc2 + Fst
0.87fykAs = 0.454fck bw x + 0.567fck (b-bw)hf + 0.87fykAs’

Area of tension reinforcement,

0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑+0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 ℎ𝑓 𝑏−𝑏𝑤

𝐴𝑠 = + As’
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘

Note: when negative bending moments are applied as for example at the support of
continuous beam, the flange is in tension and makes no contribution to the strength of the
beam. In this case the beam behaves like a rectangular beam whose width is that of the
web. Tension reinforcement is placed in the flange and compression reinforcement in the
web.

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 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

2.3.2 Design procedure for flange beam

Supposed the bending moment is M, beam section is bw x b x d x hf, concrete strength is fck and
steel strength fyk, to determine the area of reinforcement, proceed as follows,

1. Calculate 𝑴𝒇 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏ℎ𝑓 𝑑 − 0.5ℎ𝑓

2. If M  𝑴𝒇 , neutral axis in the flange

𝑀
i. K=
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

𝐾
ii. z = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.25 − 1.134

𝑀
iii. As =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧

3. If M > 𝑴𝒇 , neutral axis lies in web

𝑏 ℎ𝑓 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓
i. Calculate 𝛽𝑓 = 0.167 𝑏𝑤 + 0.567 𝑑
1 − 𝑑
1− 2𝑑
ii. Calculate 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝛽𝑓 𝑓𝑐𝑘 b𝑑 2
iii. Compare M with 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙

4. If M  𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍 , compression reinforcement is not required

𝑀+0.1𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 0.36𝑑 −ℎ𝑓

As = ℎ𝑓
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 −
2

5. If M > 𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍 , compression reinforcement is required

𝑀 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙
As’ =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 −𝑑′

0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑+0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 ℎ𝑓 𝑏 −𝑏𝑤

As = +𝐴𝑠 ′
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘

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 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

Example 2.4

Determine the area of steel required in a T beam with the following dimensions for an applied
moment of 180 kNm. Depth of slab = 100 mm, width of flange = 600 mm, width of web = 200
mm, effective depth = 350 mm. Assume fck = 25 N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2.

bw

Example 2.5

Determine the area of steel required in a T beam with the following dimensions for an applied
moment of 260 kNm. Depth of slab = 100 mm, width of flange = 600 mm, width of web = 200
mm, effective depth = 350 mm. Assume fck = 25 N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2.
b

d’=50

bw

Problems
2.1 Determine the area of steel required in a T beam with the following dimensions for an
applied moment of 460 kNm. Depth of slab = 100 mm, width of flange = 700 mm, width
of web = 300 mm, effective depth = 500 mm. Assume fck = 25 N/mm2 and fyk = 500
N/mm2

2.2 Design a rectangular reinforced beam to resist service moment of 120 kNm from dead
loads and 110 kNm from live loads. The beam dimension should be (b x d) 250 x 600 mm.
Assume fck = 25 N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2.

37
 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

Ref Calculation Output

Specification
b

b = 600mm
hf = 100mm
d bw = 200mm
d = 350mm

bw

Chac. strength of concrete, fck = 25 N/mm2

Chac. strength of steel , fyk = 500 N/mm2
Bending moment, M = 180kNm

38
 CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION

Ref Calculation Output

Specification

d’=50 b = 600mm
hf = 100mm
bw = 200mm
d
d = 350mm

bw

Chac. strength of concrete, fck = 25 N/mm2

Chac. strength of steel , fyk = 500 N/mm2
Bending moment, M = 260kNm

39