Bending Deformations

Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure

bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
Pure Bending

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane.
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
• Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
• These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Fx    x dA  0
M y   z x dA  0
M z    y x dA  M
Strain Due to Bending
Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,

L     y 
  L  L     y      y
 y y
x    (strain varies linearly)
L  
c c
m  or ρ
 m
y
 x   m
c
 Stress Due to Bending
• For a linearly elastic material,
y
 x  E x   E m
c
y
   m (stress varies linearly)
c

• For static equilibrium,

• For static equilibrium,
y
Fx  0    x dA     m dA  y 
c M    y x dA    y    m  dA
  c 
0   m  y dA   I
c M  m  y 2 dA  m
c c
First moment with respect to Mc M
neutral plane is zero. Therefore, the m  
I Z
neutral surface must pass through y
the section centroid. Substituting  x    m
c
My
x  
I
4 - 11
312 CHAPTER 6 BEND NG

The member haviag rectangular cross section, Fig G30a, is desi$ed

a
io resist a momenlt of 40N m. In order to ircrease iis strength (
and rigidity, it is proposed that 1wo snall ribs be added at iis bottom'
eig. +iOf. i.t".'*iri. *e maximum normal shess in the member for I

SOLUTION
Without RibE. Clearly the Deutral axis is at the center of the closs
sectioD, Fig. G30a, so, : c = 15 mm : 0 015 m Thus,
(,)
11
i -- tl7 bh' -lr2l0.0bmlr0.03mJ'-0115(10'rmr

Therefore the maximum nomal stress is

Mc, (a0 N'm)(0.01s.m) ,1.44 MPa Ans.
0.135( t0-b) ma

hrith R!bs. From Fiq.6-30b, segmenling lhe area into I he large main
rerranale Jnd the boiom t'ao ricrangle' rribsr' rhe locarioD J
o[ (he
."nI o-id and Lhe neulr ul a).is rs derermin<d as tullow':
>tA
v: >A
-F 2[0.0325 m](0.00s m) (0 010 m)
(b) t0.015 ml(0.030 m)(0.060 n1) ..6
1oo:-1o.oeo-1 + 2(u.00s m)(00lrr )
l'i9.6-30
: 0.01592 m Dt

This value does notrepresent c. IDsaead

c : 0.035m - 0.01592m : 0'01908 m
ihe
Using the paralel axis theorem, the moment of inertia about
neutral axis is
li
I: r0.060 m)(0.0.10 m)'
^
r0.000m\{0.010mJ(0015q'm o.o1s lllF]
I t'2

,lrra,o.oro ,,,,0.00, .)3 r' (0.010 m) (0 005 m) (0'032s m o.olsoz m)'?]

0.1642(10-{) m4

Therefore, the mLximum normal stress is

(,-*: Mc
1
: 40N'm(0.01908 tr1) - 4.65 MPa
oi64r(101-;4
A,1s.

This suryrising result indicates that the addition of the dbs to

(4
NOTE:
the fioss sectiotr will ,r;j'ea!€ the normal stress rather than deoease it,
and for this reason they should be omitted.
 14"3)
a*r =fi(ri + Ai cg-vi)"1
tt-a$4\/ r| lt
0T It€L1t>\ nl lk x.rti"
frt= z t1o .70 *,*
o,t tle eatupida t x,t * Nt tt S-71-nl
"'it dY 1l7ue s'rc^^+ Z Vlt lr, uu'
ea,"|"r.d .(w- ;
lo+oS7.}Lr"u$ ffs' t? rs.ya*'
-.1
Z( J\ + A,( -, -1,)- J
I1". = I(>oE{,r'}{ + 38to ?((rl7'3e-
tlo'r)'] + f 7+1v+s 'ee +
k<^1rt J
3"?n- ?6 ( t1 - 3v - tq. L )a+
A+-,,^,rc 1,"p ,-"r-f, v( ar"ertrx # L a,1ot7-s5 + t?rs'+sf ('.1.3? -
"ey.f 5 6" LorN"la /
11
tlu *"la r"r'f r" 7),]
^
c^-fi^iA<t r*lJ' = tl?weq / !1 + !+trsre arl
+r + 1!l 3(D),f .io
= 5) { 3 fsrd.gr a^,rn e
u 2r- h .

^-,,r"
kt^pt+ r f
/sr.+ n. Av'*Y r'{r la^*.;5l ^Y '{ "k^n*f
," *.4* J , z(o.kr /L)^? ft p J*. , "'l
Jyy .
X-ka-
K,'"uy fr.{ ;
q ,<{*"n-f
1= 9o rnor
x aii
%t4hb", a,-l i = tYo "- $'10
T,, =Icli tai cf-Y;)'l
,- I tL hl
7r
* A' = cl6":t n^^
T, )'?Y vto€ r"'-

J: ; o\''|'t 4: - l)ipa ^^a>

+o Ylo6

lr, . f (qovr.6 + /,cro(PD -t"aflf

(. t't^ ( r n
76(,-0 L uo - -,o)r,-lJ ' F

L
9' 2A; tJ, f L1or, o' 1 1..i6a(ea-rc'r)-J
2*i -- (!1-t'xol)t + >r ?*.xD'
A = lt ,rr-ar * +)L Vo r))+ frrs''? o )e.+)
= llb '4Y xol u^ + '
( tor - t1l tf trt'Lyx'tr1(tJ,-111
-
L( lit +x +)+
>f ( tet+r \'+)+ (vb'-xTDf
ttr5)-83-oD
/ 1617_4 , = u1 1v N\,"^
 (e-+)
v =1r1, t+i (v
3. I xto6 u,rf +r tt""
)
T_ >r'7 t ylol n^^f 4- fi-,r a"a^ L
J
V*..rs .
f;- )'LY to
6
^r^+
A: b:ot) $ l-r^
>
-+t)

I11 = + o4'ad.( t1o - %)-1t 9rn

f}-to,or L Fr.r)
{. Ytr t 16"n ( t4'5 - tLtD'J +
[ ro6

'r ( tLP -
f t t't*tri b"',D
E-tr0
'ro)'J aFrm).
I ,ft -8 th
( f :o -yerro 6 1Y 8.
1 Pr/cd
,lt -b E ( tat ^\ur fw u ffe fiu,-V ol *k-"'"' t

tb *,us,
8<^-4c le : i
t- M, *l-o-"<
* c,i,lile,.,zv -(g1^^ x'f{. , f^ 7"'v'4 c=U
a
1 wli.l 4,.4qv l?.ss-s.lf6a of ta^'n
&rryfe- rz N\c"'f<-4 t" " -^o'frsF{ (r7 u -- -r4
'lt< 4*t c* -< 4 -_ tuo
lqd f - t r.N
^?flrci
q'r Pr4 '

;^,,- f1-",'-+ / 91^er:

^tnc fln
0<{e, = -(.DM/y\

\ fAe lq,,- *^+-A \ tri Io'J

lx-x -- I Td+
6+
e _ rtr\ = 1Tf 1^)'
6+
hot738's>t"'r^a
9<"h,, , Iuon
v^ q) =(-8 x ror x6so);
{ r+=u S =f* =o ( fopT3s.srr
- t +(g 0 tle=o
= q.s r'^f,i tf*xo.^)
Vq lr<^/'
Mto '(-Px,,e x(*;)
<) eu -0,
Flo{}t* st-l
- M*-s ' (, x+) -- o
&*-l -- -S F'u'r ' - &'.sryq C'"u-1'-:r"^)

/h*-r ' AF"r, ())

 k'L - ^1
-v: r) LD -')
ctp = l(tu:1+,+)
( nS r*^^ x s,67.f,d 1o vaL'- trl-N/4 -- To 't8 n"n '
st^, ,r h ,r" {p * ui r..^ P.n" ^ ^g Q Cp"t1",- = 93 8' *'"
I '

rao{i ?tl sf€rs e,r -1"2 a'={ kf1sn"

^^i.{r^ *aarl
Wt f ,f^e et<*<4' f1'n- , {r's'o fAz ft ^l 1t= .,.bl^-,.f o { l"26-lrh
"1
1t e Lu,w'
,&'rJ,ig--i'b" ,( *r*^l Flr€s ftf i' +& Le)ki'

-rx-x - Vr1:
E'"' r Air('r,)'l
ts^./M
19
I,= tae ,r+" *-' ffr. )-W
-u
-[r . .)-aen 6rP +u
at-
1-, = [{ (3e>fo t r{ aD(?} 3' - r'')'1
-r-
,. Ita *arl ).

zy.^tlau '* ,'fr'v n o >fr.' (F3 s, -!DJ-J

wl S r
Y**"oJ
= r- f-}-s>PJ 7t>+ +1+(tbl T6

f = ?3. slMtu' = +tToi ?r'f g n"- 4 ,

PL+<,-W fi.p rr,.--vi:^ur"'(A^"'-l

/-([ arit ta r M str.s1 1y'^.4 r,{fu p^"-f o I -
z.(+ra f^ '
S"l"1ctq Fal v*^ri r.-,^nr "ow+<, f
f* t") = M*,* cr"l
,

I x-x
= ( t>o rroc )(\o.yt)
( FrJ-) ) {703k.+8
: -, l"t) . y3 r'.r7^, ' 4"*-1,+"suJ
t) (l , 73 '\ /--' ( aw ss'f-\
{ t 1,.e
5vax = lr\n*x (ior.off
I
-- l'x >) J*-r
a = ( 1>5; 15e )( s: >>)
' l"? k'{ r'
Dc4e-*;^s iJ- uf +p L.^. 7 t+o:55 99
= lfot .l+ N/u-, tlt*nr^)
\ -' 2+\Y;
2*l Jr-a +V "t;+; f.rhz ^ u| ,^ou"^^I
= f tw r,+)t rrz)l + L(i "'ax 2+)(eD) l
tf
9{,.ers-s N -ft"e Les r,^

L tn r >-,9 t c1"'tx>41'
d J- l--l Mn
 ( B-6)
tp-'fu N/^^^

A
lu*

{ s+1=o,
ya - Cr,o)C +) --n
l.irir Vq = t.^ F-tt
'

hl{ffirrt-1s [e1^'ut" t'7^s a{

t"ot 46-fJ
*Y fzu -o,
rv-^-.}-/
"r,-l n6^r "f
c+re.cr_ .
--o
"\')Ctr)o) -
Q Ntft
tta'4 = Sao Fd*

e ') 7Y "o

lM.*
Y!!/,n
o L x-L+$
( ,)^
"rr

fz.r't< {nss t Va - {ra Ft')

1t 2t7 -u /

O1 dcL^rws+-)"e
.+1€E S .
4.a5 - a (,o )t-L) - -'V
l/ _ 4vn
_
-- 0
t(/.s-a,

l-v'r.,
rage,7 - *uo -( t a+"n >-) -
'r'ox)')t}')-D
lvr
= -5D-/,- 1 {co
>. - 9uo '
A e,,^F. h-u,, L<.,* ^;1c 4u kr*{r ?gr^
q'4 *.+a x I?c.^ q
f c,..\ cr sz.f t '1 ur r

r'<${;-+ qo-L # l',o ts t4u

q,tt:,.Yl ft'" ?"" .
x - lw\t C l' ft* +-" -*))
Gtc*(\je -fl^e I rfre-er aT 8."" 3-to* M=- 6-Dai) + t+{.sc() -- ?'5o
'*'^
Ll 4 I oaf<,1 3,-" f--" f-"< "'l fSD F.N ,"
 L a-1)
loh 3 F^l tq rl'b" ^+
l>
90r l?o-
l1
!=-{v-o
= 3F-Ptx lcl u*v -(Ar7)-1a->o+vrt+y'e =a
(tn,. = ig5*^ .( 4yty.) t/x I le = +1o L\).
J -
clo u',"' D'-^o -'o
'
I*tkv, Gpxt)(+/,) r rtbv 3) i Oa/+) -
s "tle wu*-.0 *!*-:r ,l trx t,."- qt *n =o
#^ Va fk xl 4 h, = rl,<ls
{= tuty fi, = )4s vtr
\<-
1 *sr. Vs',uh A\
( 7s, a roa )t tr) Vt) = jqo -)f<
3p Sdx Io
( = t4g c*
- 1s-s.f I r,t/nw' ?f0
1>:: 1s "t l*'"" ('-*7<t:s>)

rla - dr'l+srt
lf9l.N

t+9
E(r,'0 € F l"i, '.t:,r,)
i\ *-'*
Cq \r*b+t +l.c ho-"^!/ s+r''rr nl fe
L"q^ + I
L"1o^ fo€'fll€ /,.,t-^znf c;4 9rg I1i-
"4 ^^qxD*u^1
(Et,Xz)
A--.1xi/1,-u a^ /,a-{^^fi'te k N.e};i al: flc La5h1
akrr ) ="5
-i{ -LsDy>l
}l, F^l
I

a I ;"-
i
-\qo ' t!- 4'\€.
^4f"{
^*1'
L

4 l'rM0
ai
lvo l
G^]".1

!(. ,{,, l
M,-"fu A uc t'w
B.-:, ,. ",^rs ft,.1i6 "
^.or.<,.-l
 LtJ-e)
s{eg q-{ a^o"1,r"-.'r- rua..{ve
2^\ yl NI,ve I

24'r
L
^--X^^ clr-u )
= | ( oo, s *)t'*1f 't lt t'a x
"a )( r-i K'tu,
c' -' m-c'Gr
I
(>,^lv'Aao) + (Qox no) = (-l9oxr"a)(-o-o)
-------------
6a / ob t D- xtoo ilL\!0'
>iot1o3
-
-\
9 I!r.i /r,^,v' (+wk$b )'
- *to n-.
G t') = {r'1:6616*

fr.= L(7,r ai L!-3;)l

11
I
Jt = ) Ltbq,$'l An ' lx xlot ^
= ( r1oxp6)(ua)
j 3Lx ro'o
J. ' $ro x ust t.^n+ h>= ltoyN) ''4
- ) aq ff^*
., t1
1,.-" - [ t? axrcl- + l>.)YP'(?n - ev' ) )
tf 1 Pro xtot + ta..-.P'(a<n-l".ol')
? +rtol + r )-rrc1
i-4 x lo,o ^^*
Nrwr.,a7 rJq15 qf
^-rri ^"u ^^ t'na-fee
r""r"e,J I s{ierr) '
^^.;;n-u-
4'^ = M,(rop

1
=(uo->r*ro')Gw)
l'4 x lott
= -7 7l N/t^,-' Lu ^-f Jrn'

,r- tt)
!,c1"*-
l
( >-1o . >g' t to "
)( zro)
['?<xrct'
- +"( +
^l\-r(+e-do,)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4.1
The rcctangular tube shown is extruded from an aluminum alloy for which
or: 2't5 llPa, ou:
415 MPa, and E = 73 GPa. Neglecting the effect of
fillets, determine (lr) the hending moment M for which the factor of safety will
be 3.00, (,) the conesponding radius of cu afure of the tube.

SOLUTION

tEl- E -TI Moment of Inertia. Considering the cross-seciional area of the tnbe as the
difference betwee! the two recaangles shown and recalling the formula for the cen_
troidal momenl o[ inedia ol a reclangle. ue sri!e
[t- l"'i- 1 : ,,r(80 mm)(120 mm)3 ,f (68 ffnxlo8 mm)' 1 : 4.38 x 106 m'na

80mm
t-lrur
68 Allowable Shess. For a factor of safety of 3.00 and an ultimate stress of
415 MPa, we have

d'' L
o 415 MPa
3Jo =
l'1RMPa
F;.
Since o,n < 6r, the tube remains in ihe elastic range and we can apply the rc-

lI. Bending Momenl Wtt . : lllZO mml : 60 mm, we write

M. I 418
-- \ l0----:(138
6ma
= = C - U.UOm MPa) M- 10 r kN .1l {
"^ I. ,
U o.r.

D. Radius of Curvature. Recalling that E : 73 GPa we subsdrute this

value and the values obtained for l and M into Eq. (4.21) and find

I _M 10.1 kN . m
= 0.0316 m-r
p EI (73 GPa)(4.38 x 10-6ma)
p : 31.1m p:31.7 m "(
Altemative Sot)tio Sin€e we know that the maximum stress is
a"D = 138 MPa, we can detemrine the maximum stmin €,, and then use Eq. (4.9),

- l.b9 x lu "mm/mm
E 73 GPa
c c 60 mm
,,, p , €. 1.99"i0.
p = 3l;7 n P = 31.7 n<

222
 s_. r.oN 6.4 TFF t,' / F -oqv ',a 311

The beam shown in Fig. G29a has a cross-sectional area in the shape
of a charnel, Frg.6-29b. Determine the maximum bending stress that
occurs in the beam at section a-a.

SOLUTION
lnternal Moment, Ilere the beam's suPpo reactions do rot have
to be determined. Ifftead, by the method of scctions, the segmert to
the left of section d-a can be used, Fig. G29c.In Particular, note that
the resultant intemal axial forc€ Npasses througi the centroid ofthe
doss section. Also, realize t\^t the lesultant intemal mom€nl muit be
computed about the beanx's neutral axis at sectio[ a4.
To find the location of the reutral axis. the cross-sectional area is
subdivided into three composite parts as shown ifl Fig. G296 Sincc
the neutral axis passes through tlle centroid. then using Eq. A 2 of
AppendixA, we have
ttA m) -r [0.010 m](0.02 m)(0.2s0 m)
210.100 ml(0.200 m)(0.01s
:,4 2(0.200 m)(0.01s m) + 0.020m(0.2s0n1)
= 005909m:59.09mm
Tlis dimension is showr in Fig. 6-29..
Applying the moment equation of equilibrium about the neutral
il
\+2MNA:0; 2.4kN(2m) + 1.0 tN(0.0s909 m) M:0 1r' I

M : 4.859 kN.m
Section Property, The moment of inerlia about the neutral axis is
detcrmined usitrg the parallel axis theorem applied to each of the tlree (b)
composite parts of tte cross sectional area. Working in meters,we have

z= *)fo.ozo m)3 + (0.250 in)(0.020 m)(0.05e0e m 0.010mF.]

llfo.zso
+ z[rr1{o.ors -){o.zoo-)3 + (0.01sm)(0.200m)(o.room - o.osoor m)'z]

: 42.26(10 6) n|
Maxirnum Bendihg Stres5. The maximum bending stress occum at 2.4kN
points farthest away from the neulral axis. This is at the boltom of the
bcarn-. : 0.200 m- 0.05909 m : 0.1409 m. Th s.

V, 4.850 kN m(0.l4uq m)
MPa An'
1 42.2b(10{)m4
- rD.2
G)
Show .hat at the top of the beam Ore bcnding stress is (,' : 6.79 MPa.
Fis.6-29
NOTE: The normal Iorce of N : 1 kN and shear force y : 2.4 kN
will also contdbute additional stress on ttre cross section. The super-
positiotr oI all these effects will be discussed in a later chapter.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4,2
A cast-iron machine pafi is acted upon by the 3 kN . m couple shown. Knowing
that E : 165 GPa and neglecting the effect of fillets, determine (d) the maxi-
r-mmm-- mum tensile and comprcssive stresses irl the castinS, (r) the radius of curvaRrre
of the casting.

SOLUTION

Centroid. We divide lhe T shaped cross section into the two rectangles
_l-l1.n..
Area, mm'? Y, mm YA, rnrnl
lo
I 1 (20xe0) - 1800 50 90 x 103 Y)A = 2yA
x to1 v(3000) : 114 x
,,=20nm ! 2 (4ox3o) =
t,4 =
12oo
3000
20 24
>il=114x1d I=38mm
106

Centroidal MoDrent of Inertia. The parallel-axis theorcm is used to de-

temine the moment of inertia of each rectangle with Espect to the axis r' that
passes tlrough the centroid of the composite seciion. Adding the moments of
inertia of the rectangles, we write

t1 r,, : >(r + Ad1 : >Gbhl + A8)

1, mm I_ il l2!,.,n : +(90X20)' + (e0 x 20)(12)'z+ +(30X40F + (30 x 40xr8f
I
f=
T,
38 mm = 868 X 103 mma
I 1= 868 x 10 ema

a. Maximum Tensile Stress. Since the applied couple bends the cast-
ing downward, the centff of culvalure is located below the cross section. The
maximum tensile st ess occurs at point A, which is farthest ftom the center of

Mco (3 k\ ' m)(0.022 m)

' ' r= i76'0 Ml" {
I 868v10'n
Maximum Compr.essive Stress. This occurs at point B; we have
Mca (3 kN . m)(0.038 m)
:
I 868 X 10 ema
ao 131.3 MPa '(
t Radius of Curvature. From Eq. (4.21), we have
IM 3kN.m
p E1 (165 GPa)(868 x 10 e lna)
= 20.95 x 10 rm-r o - 4'1.7 m 4

223