BAA2213

REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN 1

TOPIC 2
ANALYSIS OF SECTIONS
(RECTANGULAR BEAM)
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

• Understand the relationship between stress-
strain.
• Understand the failure criteria; under reinforced,
balanced, over reinforced design
• Understand the application of stress block in the
design of beams
• Apply the stress block analysis to determine the
ultimate moment of resistance of RC beams
 Stress-strain relationship

• When load is applied to a structure, the

deformation occurred on the element will
produce stress and strain.
• Since RC is a combination of concrete and
steel, therefore the “stress-strain relationship”
of both materials needs to be understood.
Maximum stress Concrete

Concrete fails at ultimate

strain of 0.0035
 Concrete Strength and Deformation characteristic

Source: MS EN 1992 -1-1 2010 Eurocode 2. Design of concrete Structure . Part 1-1 General Rules and Rules for Building– pg. 249
Design strength Steel

Modulus of elasticity
Beam behaviour in bending

Simply supported beam

Beam behaviour in bending

Continuous beam
 Failure modes/criteria

• There are 3 types of failure modes that could

occur in beam design:

1. Under reinforced
2. Balanced
3. Over reinforced
 Under reinforced

• Area of steel reinforcement is very small as

compared to the area of concrete
• Steel will reach its yield strength earlier than
concrete
 Balanced

• Steel will reach its yield strength at the same

time as concrete
• Ideal design
 Over reinforced

• This is strictly not allowed

• Concrete will reach its maximum strength earlier than
steel
• Failure occurs caused by early failure of concrete in
compression
• Failure happens without warning (abrupt of sudden
failure)
 Stress-strain of a section

cc = maximum stress of concrete in compression

st = maximum stress of steel in tension
x = depth from compression face to neutral axis
 Stress block

3 PHASE:

1. Triangular stress block

• When the stresses are very nearly proportional to the strains, which occurs at
the loading levels encountered under working conditions.
• Used at serviceability limit state.

2. Parabolic rectangular stress block

• When the compressive strains are within the plastic range.
• Used for the design the ultimate limit state.

3. Rectangular stress block

• A simplified alternative to the rectangular-parabolic distribution.
 TYPES OF
BEAMS

RECTANGULAR FLANGED

NEUTRAL AXIS
SINGLY DOUBLY NEUTRAL AXIS
BELOW
REINFORCED REINFORCED IN FLANGE
FLANGE

SINGLY DOUBLY SINGLY DOUBLY

REINFORCED REINFORCED REINFORCED REINFORCED
 Design of rectangular section

• There are two types of rectangular sections:

1. Singly reinforced
• Consist only tension reinforcement, As
As
• The top reinforcements are hanger bars
(used to produce a cage-like arrangement)

2. Doubly reinforced As’

• Consist of both tension, As and compression As
reinforcement, As’
 Arrangement of reinforcements

Cage-like arrangement

Source: https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-reinforced-cement-concrete-beam
 Balanced = Simultaneous concrete and steel yielding

0.0035

x 𝑥 0.0035
= = 0.617
NA 𝑑 0.0035+0.002175

d-x
So EC2 rounds it down to 0.6
0.002175 to be on the safe side
 Singly reinforced rectangular section
0.85fck/c = 0.567 fck
0.4x 0.8x
Fcc = 0.45 fck b x x
d Neutral axis
h
As z = d – 0.4x

Fst = 0.87 fyk As

b

For equilibrium, total force in the section is taken as “zero”

Fst – Fcc = 0
Fst = Fcc
0.87 fyk As = (0.567fck) (0.8x) (b)
= 0.45 fck b x
x = 0.87 fyk As / 0.45 fck b pg. 21 ; RC Module
By taking moment about Fcc or Fst, moment of resistance for the section can
be calculated as follows:

Moment about Fcc

M = Fst . Z
= (0.87 fyk As) (d-0.4x)

or Moment about Fst

M = Fcc . Z
= (0.45 fck b x) (d-0.4 x)

This equation will be used to determine the moment of resistance that can be
resisted by the section with specified area of reinforcement.

“Higher reinforcement – higher capacity to resist larger

moment”
To avoid over reinforced section, EC2 has limit x to be not more than 0.45d

Ultimate moment of resistance for a singly reinforced rectangular section can

be calculated by substituting x = 0.45d into the moment equation.
Mu = 0.167 fckbd2
Mu = (Kbal)fckbd2

The limiting value for a singly reinforced section is Kbal = 0.167.

K = M/bd2fck

NOTE: If K ≤ Kbal = only tension reinforcement is required (singly reinforced)

If K > Kbal = both tension and compression reinforcement is required
(doubly reinforced)
• The lever arm between the resusltant forces Fcc and Fst

z = d – 0.8x/2

Rearranging the equations and substituting with M and K,

z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 – K / 1.134)]

• Area of tension reinforcement for singly reinforced section:

M = Fst . z
= (0.87 fyk As) (z)

 As = M / 0.87 fyk z
 Doubly reinforced rectangular section
0.567 fck
d’ 0.4x Fsc = 0.87 fyk As’
As’ Fcc = 0.45 fck b x
d Neutral axis
h z1 = d – d’
As z = d – 0.45x

Fst = 0.87 fyk As

b

In equilibrium,
Fst = Fcc + Fsc
x = (0.87 fyk As – 0.87 fyk As’) / 0.45 fck b
Moment about Fst
M = Fsc . z1 + Fcc . z
Ultimate moment of resistance at x = 0.45d for doubly reinf. section
M = 0.87fyk As’ (d-d’) + Mu
Area of compression reinforcement:

As’ = (M – Mu) /((0.87 fyk (d-d’))

As’ = (K-Kbal) fck b d2 / 0.87 fyk (d-d’)

Area of tension reinforcement:

As = ((0.167 fck b d2) / 0.87 fyk z) + As’

As = (Kbal fck bd2 / 0.87 fyk z) + As’

 Design flow chart for bending

Analysis to determine the design moments (M)

Determine K and compare with Kbal

Kbal = 0.167

Is K  Kbal ?
Yes No
Beam is under reinforced Beam is over reinforced
– compression steel is not required –compression steel is required
(singly reinforced section) (doubly reinforced section)

1 2
1 Singly reinforced design procedure
Calculate lever arm, z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 – K / 1.134)]  0.95 d

K ≤ Kbal
Calculate area of tension reinforcement
required:

Check min & max reinforcement requirements:

Check minimum spacing between reinforcements:

k1 = 1 mm , k2 = 5 mm

Check maximum spacing between reinforcements

2 Doubly reinforced design procedure
zbal = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 – Kbal / 1.134)] = 0.82d

K > Kbal Check d’/d ≤ 0.171

=> The compression steel will have yielded

Calculate area of compression reinforcement

required: If d’/d > 0.171
Area of tension reinforcement:

Calculate area of tension reinforcement required:

Check min & max reinforcement requirements

Check minimum spacing between reinforcements
Check maximum spacing between reinforcements
EC2 : Page 152
EC2 : Page 29
(Table 3.1)
EC2 : Page 131

UK NA :
Use recommended
value
 Table of reinforcement
Number of bars
Bar Size (mm)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6 28 57 85 113 141 170 198 226

10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628

12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905

16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608

20 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513

25 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927

32 804 1608 2413 3217 4021 4825 5630 6434

40 1257 2513 3770 5027 6283 7540 8796 10053

 Example

• Example 2.1 – Moment Capacity of

Rectangular Section – pg. 21
• Example 2.2 – Area of Reinforcement for a
Rectangular Section without Compression
Reinforcement – pg. 24
• Example 2.3 - Area of Reinforcement for a
Rectangular Section with Compression
Reinforcement – pg. 25
 Problem 1

• Design the main reinforcement of the rectangular

beam & sketch the arrangement of the
reinforcements.
• Design data:
• Width, b = 200 mm d
h
• Effective depth, d = 450 mm As
• Overall depth, h = 500 mm
• Design moment, M = 150 kNm b

• Concrete: Class 25/30

• Type of steel = High yield steel
 Problem 3

Design the main reinforcement for the beam and sketch

the arrangement of the reinforcement.
• Design data:
• Width, b = 250 mm
• Effective depth, d = 700 mm d’ As’
• Effective depth (comp reinf.), d’ = 60 mm h
d

• Overall depth, h = 750 mm As

• Design moment, M = 880 kNm
b
• fck = 30 N/mm2
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
 Practice Problem 2
Rectangular Beam Design
• Refer to KALAM