Ultimate flexural strength

of singly reinforced rectangular

sections,
L
cu=0.0035 0.45 fck x

0.002 x2 = 0.43xu 2 Cu
xu
x1 = 0.57xu 1
NA d
z

A st
Tu

1
• The stress strain behavior of concrete under compression is generally
obtained from cylinder or cube of concrete subjected to longitudinal
compressive for a cube, They may vary across the depth of a flexural
member. The ratio between the maximum flexural compression in a beam
and the crushing strength of a cube is likely to be different from unity. The
compressive strength of concrete in the structure is equal to 0.67 times
the characteristic strength. From the above strain diagram it shows the
variation of stresses across the depth. The stress diagram ABCDEA has
parabolic shape from A to B (Corresponding to the curve AB) and linear
from B to C @ the constant stress of 0.67fck corresponding to the line BC.
• The total compressive force Cu and its location below the top fibre can be
expressed in terms of stress block factors K1, K2, K3 as follows.
• K1= Shape factor defined as ratio between the area of stress block ABCD
and area of rectangle AFCD.
• Area of ABCD = Area of ABCD
Area of AFCD Area of (XxDC) Now ultimate strain in concrete Ecu=AD=0.0035 while strain Ec=AE , concrete yields @
constant stress of 0.67fck.
• AE = Ec = 0.002 = 4
AD Ecu 0.0035 7
• ED = 0.0035-0.002 = 0.0015 = 3
AD 0.0035 0.0035 7
• AE = 4AD & ED = 3AD
7 7
Area of ABCD=Area of ABE+ Area of BCDE
=(2 X AE x BE) +(ED x CD)
7
=(2 X 4 x AD x CD) +(3x AD x CD)
3 7 7

=(8x AD x CD) +(3x AD x CD)

21 7

K1=17/21 X Area of AFCD , therefore K1=17/21=0.81

• The resultant compressive force is located @ a depth K2 x below the top fibre, x is
the depth of the neutral axis.
• K2x AD=(Area of ABE)x X1 + (Area of BCDE)xX2
(Area of ABCD)
K2x AD= 8( ED+3 x AE) +9 (x 1 x DE)
21 7 21 2
(17/21)
= 8 (3 + 3 x 4) +9 (x 1 x 3) AD
21 7 8 7 21 2 7
(17/21)
= 36 + 27 =0.42
7 14
 Ultimate flexural strength
of singly reinforced rectangular
sections,
L
cu=0.0035 0.45 fck x

0.002 x2 = 0.43xu A1 Cu
xu
x1 = 0.57xu A2
NA d
(d-0.42Xu)

A st
T u=0.87fy Ast

5
• From
• Lever arm Z=(d-0.42Xu)
From similar Triangle
• 0.0035 = 0.002
Xu X1
• x1 = 0.002 Xu = 0.571 Xu
0.0035
• X2 = Xu-X1 = Xu-0.571 Xu
X2 = 0.43Xu

• Area of stress Block A=(A1+A2) =(0.45fck X2 ) + (2/3x 0.45fck X1)

• =(0.45fck x0.43 Xu ) + (2/3x 0.45fckx0.571Xu)=(0.1935Fck Xu)+(0.1713Fck Xu)
• A=0.36Fck Xu, Considering the centrodial axis X=A1X1+A2X2
• A1+A2
• =(0.1935Fck Xu x0.43Xu/2) +(0.171Fck Xu)x(3/8x 0.43Xux0.57Xu) = 0.42Xu
• 0.3645Fck Xu
 Xu

C xuLim=Xu C Xu Lim Xu
C Xu Lim
NA NA NA
d
T d T T
d
A st A st A st

b b
b
Balanced Section Under Reinforced Section Over Reinforced Section

Balanced Section is one which is designed that maximum allowable stress are developed both in concrete and steel
simultaneously. It is also called critical section or economical section. In this type of section (Xu) is equal to Limiting depth of
NA & Mu=Mu Limit.
Under reinforced Section is one which are provided with reinforcement less than that required for a balanced section which
results in steel attaining its maximum value of stress before concrete reaches its maximum value and hence steel fails before the
concrete fails. Neutral axis for an under reinforced beam lies in compression zone ( i.e. Xu < Xu max & Mu < Mu Lim)
Over reinforced Section is one which the quantity of steel provided is more than that required for a balanced section. Concrete
reaches its permissible value before steel reaches and neutral axis lies in tension (Xu >Xu max& Mu> Mu max)
7