Lesson 11

Dr. S. K. Patro,
1 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Doubly Reinforced Section
Doubly Reinforced Section is required under the following
circumstances
 Sectional dimensions are restricted by headroom considerations and
strength of singly reinforced section is inadequate.
 If high bending moment exists over a relatively short length of the beam
Compression
only (e.g. over supports of a continuous beam.) steel

 To increase the stiffness of the section Tension

Steel
 For member subjected to reversal of stresses
 Hanging bars of nominal dia used for the purpose of holding stirrups,
don’t normally qualify as compression reinforcement unless area of such
bars are greater than 0.2% of c/s area of beam. Dr. S. K. Patro,
2 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Section
b
dc εcu = 0.0035
Depth of N.A. ( Xu) εsc
Cu2
Asc Cu1
xu
Equating total compression ( in concrete and d
compression steel) with total tension (in steel) , D N.A.
C u = Tu d – 0.42 Xu
(d –dc)
0.36 fck b xu + (fsc – fcc) Asc = 0.87 fy Ast Ast
Tu
Cu1 Cu2 Tu εs
d’

fcc = compressive stress in concrete at the level of compression steel

(for simplification fcc may be ignored or may be taken as 0.45fck)
fsc = stress in the compression steel corresponding to εsc. It can obtained from the strain diagram, and is given
by : εsc = 0.0035(1-dc/xu)
For mild steel (Fe250), fsc = εsc Es =< 0.87 fy
For HYSD bars, the values of fsc are obtained from stress-strain diagram of HYSD Bars
corresponding to values of εsc for different ratios dc/d.
Stress in compression reinforcement f sc N/mm2
in doubly reinforced section with HYSD Bars
fy, dc/d
N/mm2 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
415 355 353 342 329
500 424 412 395 370 Dr. S. K. Patro,
3 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Section

 Moment of Resistance (Mur):

The ultimate moment of resistance is obtained by taking
moments of Cu1 (concrete) and Cu2 (compression steel) about
centroid of tension bsteel.
dc εcu = 0.0035
Cu2
Asc εsc
xu Cu1
N.A. d
D
d – 0.42 Xu
(d –dc)
Ast
Tu
εs
d’
Mur = Mu1 + Mu2
= 0.36 fck b Xu (d – 0.42 Xu) + (fsc – fcc) Asc ( d – dc)

Note: In design, the section is kept balanced to make full utilization of

moment of resistance of concerte. Therefore, Mu = Mur = Mu1 + Mu2
where, Mu1 = Mur,max (ie Mu,lim) of a singly reinforced balanced section and

Mu2 = Mu – Mur,max , this moment will be resisted by Dr. S. K. Patro,

4 Civil Engineering,
compression steel. VSSUT, Burla
 Design of Doubly Reinforced Section
Area of holes = Asc
 1.Area of tension steel Ast: dc
Mu = Mur = Mu1 + Mu2 Asc Asc
For section I resisting moment Mu1, xu
Mu1 = 0.87 fy Ast1 ( d – 0.42 Xu) d N.A. = +
d -dc
In design problem, the section is kept balanced
to make full utilization of concrete. Ast Ast1 Ast2
Hence, Mu1 = Mu,lim
Section Sec I: Resisting Sec II: Resisting
Subjected to moment Mu1 moment Mu2
M u,lim moment Mu ie Mu,lim
A st1 
0.87f y d  0.42x u,lim 
dc
Cu2= (fsc – fcc) Asc
Cu 0.42xu,lim
Xu,lim
Cu1= 0.36 fck b xu
For section II resisting moment Mu2, =
N A +
Mu2 = Mu – Mu1 = 0.87 fy Ast2 ( d – dc) (d – dc)
(d – 0.42 xu,lim)

M u2 Tu Tu1 = 0.87 fy Ast1

A st2 
0.87fyd  d c 
Tu2 = 0.87 fy Ast2
2.Area of compression steel Asc
By equilibrium, Cu2 = Tu2
(fsc – fcc) Asc = 0.87 fy Ast2
Total tension steel Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
0.87fyAst2 0.87f y A st2 Dr. S. K. Patro,
A sc  
5 f sc  f cc  f sc Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Design of Doubly Reinforced Section
3. Steps for design of beam when Area of compression steel A sc is given

Dr. S. K. Patro,
6 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Lesson 12

Dr. S. K. Patro,
7 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 (Click the Hyperlink to get full text in PDF)

Doubly Reinforced Ex
amples

Dr. S. K. Patro,
8 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Lesson 13

Dr. S. K. Patro,
9 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Flanged Sections ( T and L beams)

Slab acts along with the beam in resisting compressive forces.

•

Flange provides the compressive resistance and the web provides shear resistance and the stiffness.
•

Dr. S. K. Patro,
Civil Engineering,
10
VSSUT, Burla
 Dr. S. K. Patro,
11 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Requirements for T-beams and L-beams (Clause 23.1.1)
a) The slab shall be cast integrally with the web, or the web and the slab
shall be effectively bonded together in any other manner; and
b) It the main reinforcement of the slab is parallel to the beam,
transverse reinforcement shall be provided as shown in fig. below.
Such reinforcement shall not be less than 60 percent of the main
reinforcement at mid span of slab.

Dr. S. K. Patro,
12 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
Effective width of flange: ( Clause 23.1.2 )
L1 L2
a) For T-beams:

l0
bf   bw  6 D f  b(actual width)
6
b): For L-Beams

l0
bf   bw  3D f  b (actual width)
L
12
A C) For isolated beams, the effective flange width shall be obtained as
A below but in no case greater than actual width.

b = L1/2 + L2/2

l0
For T-beam, b f   bw
 l0 
bf bf bf  b 4
 
Df
0.5l0
For L-beam, b f   bw
 l0 
bw bw bw
 b 4
Section A-A
 
Note: For continuous beams and Dr. S. K. Patro,
frames l0 may be assumed as 0.7 times Civil Engineering,
effective span. 13
VSSUT, Burla
 Properties of Flanged Section

Depending upon depth of N.A. (Xu) in relation to depth of

flange (Df) following cases arise.

Case 2 Xu < Df
Case 1 Xu < Df
( N.A. lies outside the flange.)
( N.A. lies inside the flange.)

Case 2a 3Xu/7 > Df Case 2b 3Xu/7 < Df

( Rectangular part of the stress block greater ( Rectangular part of the stress block less than
than Df) Df)

Dr. S. K. Patro,
14 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Case 1: Neutral axis lying inside the flange ie Xu< Df
In this case flanged beam can be considered as a rectangular beam of
width b = bf and expression for Xu, Mur and Ast for singly reinforced beam
can be used by replacing b by bf.
bf

Cu =0.36 fck bf
Df
Xu
N.A.

d
(d – 0.42 Xu )

Ast
Tu = 0.87 fy Ast

Depth of N.A. ( Xu ) From equilibrium

condition, Cu = Tu
0.87 f y Ast
xu 
0.36 f ck b f
Moment of Resistance ( Mur ) :

M ur  0.36 f ck b f xu (d  0.42 xu ) OR
M ur  0.87 f y Ast (d  0.42 xu ) Dr. S. K. Patro,
15 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Case 2: N.A. lying in the web ie Xu > Df
Case 2a: 3Xu/7 > Df
Depth of N.A. (Xu) :
bf For equilibrium, Cu = Tu
Df 3Xu/7 Cu 0.36 f ck bw xu  0.446 f ck (b f  bw ) D f  0.87 f y Ast
Xu
d N. A. 0.87 f y Ast  0.446 f ck (b f  bw ) D f
xu 
Ast 0.36 f ck bw

bw
= Tu
(bf – bw)/2 (bf – bw)/2
0.446 fck
0.446 fck
Df Df/2
0.42 Xu Cuf
Xu Cuw N. A. N. A.
N. A. N. A. d

Astw
d
Mu,web
( d – 0.42 Xu ) + Astf Mu,flange
( d – Df/2)

Tuw Tuf

Moment of Resistance ( Mur) : Mu,web + Mu,flange

Df
M ur  0.36 f ck bw xu (d  0.42 xu )  0.446 f ck (b f  bw ) D f (d  )
2
Dr. S. K. Patro,
16 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Case 2b: 3Xu/7 < Df
Depth of N.A. ( Xu) :
For equilibrium, Cu = Tu
0.36 f ck bw xu  0.446 f ck (b f  bw ) y f  0.87 f y Ast
bf
where, y f  0.15 xu  0.65D f  D f
Df 3Xu/7 Cu
Xu
d N. A. 0.87 f y Ast  0.446  0.65 f ck D f (b f  bw )
Ast
xu 
0.36 f ck bw  0.446  0.15 f ck (b f  bw )
Tu

bw = 0.446 fck
(bf – bw)/2 (bf – bw)/2 0.446 fck

yf yf/2
0.42 Xu Df
Cuf
Xu Cuw
N. A.
d
Mu,web
N. A.

( d – 0.42 Xu )
+ N. A.
d
N. A.

( d – yf/2)
Mu,flange
Astw Astf
Tuw Tuf

Moment of Resistance ( Mur) : Mu,web + Mu,flange

yf
M ur  0.36 f ck bw xu (d  0.42 xu )  0.446 f ck (b f  bw ) y f (d  )
2
Dr. S. K. Patro,
17 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Lesson 14 and 15

Dr. S. K. Patro,
18 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 (Click the Hyperlink to get full text in PDF)

Flanged Beam section

Examples

Dr. S. K. Patro,
19 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Design Example
• Design a fixed beam with concrete grade M20 and steel Fe415.
Effective span of beam= 10 m
Live Load = 85 kN/m ( including finishing load )
Take width of beam= 450 mm ,
Thickness of slab = 120mm ,
C/c distance between beams = 3000 mm

Solution
Assume overall depth of beam=800 mm (To calculate self
wt of beam)
If required depth is more than assumed then revised the
calculations.
Loading:
Super imposed Load = 85 kN/m
Slab Load = 25 x 0.12 x 3.0 = 9 kN/m
Beam load= 25 x (0.8 – 0.12) x .450 = 7.65 kN/m
Total 101.65 kN/m
Dr. S. K. Patro,
20 say 102 kN/m
Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 102 KN/m

Fixed Beam
10 m

850 kNm

2.11 m
425kNm
B.M.D
437 kN
510 kN
d = 0.72 m

510 KN

S.F.D

Dr. S. K. Patro,
21 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Material Grade:
Concrete M20 and Steel Fe415
Maximum B.M. (@ support) = WL2/12 =102 x 102/12
= 850.00 kN-m
Factored Moment Mu = 1.5 x 850
= 1275 kN-m

Maximum B.M. (@ midspan) = WL2/24 =102 x 102/24

= 425 kN-m
Factored Moment Mu = 1.5 x 425
= 637.5 kN-m
Dr. S. K. Patro,
22 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 We will design centre section as T-beam and
support section as doubly reinforced.
Design of T-beam (@ centre): Mu = 637.5 kN-m
Effective flange width bf=L0/6+bw+6Df
L0=Distance between points of zero moments=5.78 m
bw=450 mm
Df=120 mm
bf=5.78/6+450+6*120=2133 mm < b =3000 mm

using 25mm dia bars.

Therefore, effective cover d’ = 30 + 10 + 12.5 = 52.5 mm
Effective depth d = 800 – 52.5 = 747.5 mm

Dr. S. K. Patro,
23 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 bf = 2133 Mu,flange = 0.36 fck bf Df (d – 0.42 Df )

Df =120 = 1284.7 kN-m > Mu

Hence N.A. lies in flange and section
800 acts as a rectangular section.
747.5 0.5 f ck 
1  1  4.6 M u2

bd
Ast ,req   
fy  f ck bd 
0.5  20  4.6  637.5  10 6 
450  747.5
Ast ,req  1 1
415   20  450  747.52 

bw =450 Ast ,req  2872.20mm 2

Provide 6 # 25 dia bars. Ast,prov

= 2940 mm2

Dr. S. K. Patro,
24 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Design of doubly reinforced section (@support) : Mu= 1275 kN-m
At support, moment is hogging ( producing tension at top) hence we can
not designed section as a T-beam.
For M20 and Fe415 , Ru = 2.76 and Pt = 0.96
D = 800 mm , b = bw = 450 mm
As we are designing it as a doubly reinforced section, more effective
cover will be assumed. Say d’ = 80 mm
Effective depth d = 800 – 80 = 720 mm
Mu,lim = Rubd2 = 2.76 x 450 x 7202 = 643.82 kN-m < Mu

Calculation of tension steel Ast :

Total tensionMsteel Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
A st1  u . lim

0.87  f y  (d  0.42 xu .lim )

643.82 106 For Fe415
Ast1 
0.87  415(720  0.42  344.88) Xu,lim =
Dr. S. K. Patro,
0.479 d Civil Engineering,
25 Ast1  3100.4mm 2 VSSUT, Burla
 M u  M u ,lim dc = effective cover to compression
Ast 2 
0.87  f y d  d c 
reinforcement

631.18  106
Ast 2 
0.87  415720  50 
Ast 2  2609.2mm 2

Total tension steel Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

= 3100.4 + 2609.2 = 5709.6 mm2

Provide 12# 25 dia bar. Astprov = 5880 mm2

Dr. S. K. Patro,
26 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Calculation of compression steel A sc:
0.87 f y Ast 2
Asc 
f sc
fsc = stress in compression steel which can be calculated from (dc/d)
dc/ d = 50 / 720 = 0.0694 fsc = 354 N/mm2 Refer Table F of SP-16

0.87  415  2609

Asc 
354
Asc ,req  2661mm 2

Provide 6 # 25 dia Bars.

Ast,provd = 2940 mm2

Dr. S. K. Patro,
27 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Curtailment of Reinforcement (@support)
As per Clause 26.2.3.4,
At least one-third of the total reinforcement provided for negative
moment at the support shall extend beyond the point inflection for a
distance not less than the effective depth of the member or 12Ф or
one-sixteenth of the clear span whichever is greater.

Therefore, Ast required to extend = 5880/3 = 1960 mm2

We will curtail 8# 25 dia bars. Ast,avaliable = 1960 mm2
Required to extend by distance,
Effective depth d = 745 mm
12 Ф = 12 x 25 = 300 mm Whichever
Clear span/16 = (10,000 - 400)/16 = 600 mmis greater
(assuming support width = 400 mm)

Dr. S. K. Patro,
28 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Design for Shear
Factored Shear force at critical section Vu= 655.5 KN Clause 22.6.2.1
ζcmax = Vu/bd = 2.023 N/mm2 < 2.8 N/mm2 Clause 40.2.3

Percentage of tension reinforcement,

Ast 5880
Pt   100   100
b d 450  720
Pt  1.8%

Therefore, c = 0.758 N/mm2 Clause 40.2.1

Shear strength of concrete = c bd

Vc = 0.758 x 450 x 720
= 245.6 KN
< 655.5KN

Hence shear reinforcement is required. Dr. S. K. Patro,

29 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 166.8 x 10

Design shear Vs = Vu – Vc
= 655.5 – 245.6
= 409.9 KN

Provide 2- legged 12 stirrups.

0.87 f y Asv d 0.87  415  226  720 Clause

Sv   3
 143.32mm
Vs 409.9 10 40.4 a)

Therefore, provide 12 2- Legged

Stirrups @ 140 c/c.
Dr. S. K. Patro,
30 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Minimum spacing requirement for shear reinforcement

1) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 720= 540 mm

Clause 26.5.1.5
2) 300 mm

3) Asv 0.4
 Clause 26.5.1.6
bsv 0.87 f y
Using 2-legged 12 stirrups.
Asv = 226 mm2

0.87 f y Asv 0.87  415  226

Sv  
0.4b 0.4  450
S v  453mm
Dr. S. K. Patro,
31 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 As shear force is go on reducing towards centre, we can increase the
spacing of stirrups in the middle zone.
We will provide 2 legged 12 stirrups @ 300 c/c.

Provision 26.5.1.6 need not be complied with when the maximum shear
stress calculated is less than half the permissible value and in members
of minor structural importance such as lintels.
Percentage of tension steel in midspan,
Ast 2940
Pt  100  100  0.87%
bw d 450  745.5
c =0.589 N/mm2 Table 19

Shear resisting capacity of section = c b d

= 0.589 x 450 x 745.5 Dr. S. K. Patro,
32 Civil Engineering,
V ’ = 197.59 kN VSSUT, Burla
 Distance corresponding to shear force Vu’/2 (ie 98.79 kN)
98.79 = 1.5 x ( 510 – 102 y)
y = 4.35 m

We will provide 2 Legged 12 stirrups @ 300 c/c in middle 1.3 m zone.

No Side face reinforcement is required as depth of web in a beam is less

than 750 mm.
( Depth of web = 800 – 120 = 680 mm )

Dr. S. K. Patro,
33 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
Check for Deflection Clause 23.2.1

span = 10 m
Basic Value = 26
Modification Factor = 1.1
Refer Fig. 4 of
(Depends on area and stress of steel
IS- 456:2000
in tension reinforcement)
Reduction Factor = 0.8 Refer Fig.6
Clause 23.2.1e)
( Depends on ratio of bw/bf )
Modified Basic Value = 26 x 1.1 x 0.8 = 22.88
L / d = 10 / 0.745 = 13.42 < 22.88

Dr. S. K. Patro,
34 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Reinforcement Details
400
A B
6# 25 4# 25
2655
6# 25

6# 25

4150 1300 4150

12 2 L-stirrups @ 140 c/c 12 2 L-stirrups @ 140 c/c
12 2 L-stirrups @ 300 c/c
A 6# 25
B
4# 25
Clear cover
6# 25
Top & bottom = 30 mm
120
Side = 30 mm

12 2 L-stirrups @ 140 c/c 12 2 L-stirrups @ 300 c/c

800 680

Dr. S. K. Patro,
35 6# 25 6# 25 Civil Engineering,
Section B-B
Section A-A 450
VSSUT, Burla
 (Click the Hyperlink to get full text)

Quiz 3

Dr. S. K. Patro,
36 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Lesson 16

Dr. S. K. Patro,
37 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Design of Slabs

Dr. S. K. Patro,
38 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Slabs

 Slab is a planer member supporting a transverse load. It

provide space for working.
 Slab transfer the load to the supporting beams in one or
two directions.
 Slabs behave primarily as flexural members and the
design is similar to that of beam.
 The breadth of slab is taken as unity while design.
 In slab, the shear stresses are usually low and hence
shear reinforcement is rarely required.
 The depth of slab is governed by the deflection criteria.

Dr. S. K. Patro,
39 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Classification of Slabs
One way Slab
1. Main Reinforcement is in shorter direction. 2. When the slab is supported on two opposite
All four edges are supported. parallel edges then it spans only in one
Ly/Lx > 2 direction.(May be shorter or longer)

(One way action)

Lx

beam
beam
slab

Ly

Dr. S. K. Patro,
40 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Classification of Slabs
Two way Slab
1. Main Reinforcement is in two orthogonal
direction. Lx

Ly

Ly/Lx < 2
(Two way action)

Dr. S. K. Patro,
Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Design of One-way Slabs
The procedure of the design of one-way slab is the same as that of beams.
However, the amounts of reinforcing bars are for one metre width of the slab
as to be determined from either the governing design moments (positive or
negative). The different steps of the design are explained below:
Step 1: Selection of preliminary depth of slab
Step 2: Design loads, bending moments and shear forces
Step 3: Determination/checking of the effective and total depths of slabs
Step 4: Depth of the slab for shear force
Step 5:Determination of areas of steel (Verify minimum steel using
cl.26.5.2.1 of IS 456)
Step 6: Selection of diameters and spacing of reinforcing bars (cls.26.5.2.2
and 26.3.3 of IS 456) Dr. S. K. Patro,
42 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Design Example

12000
5000 5000 5000 5000
Above fig. shows slab-beam arrangement.
Width of beam = 300 mm,
Live load = 5 kN/m2 , Floor finish Load = 1 kN/m2
Design slab and show reinforcement details. Dr. S. K. Patro,
43 Civil Engineering,
Material Used M20 and Fe415 VSSUT, Burla
 Lx = 5000 mm ( Shorter dimension of slab )
Ly = 12000 mm ( Longer dimension of slab)
Ly/Lx = 12000 / 5000 = 2.4 > 2.0 , Hence one way slab.

Trial depth ( From deflection criteria):

Basic (Lx/d) ratio = 26
Assuming modification factor = 1.25
Allowable (Lx/d) ratio = 26 x 1.25 = 32.5
Therefore, d = 5000 / 32.5 = 153 mm
Assuming effective cover = 25 mm
Overall depth D = 153 + 25 = 178 mm Say 175 mm
Dr. S. K. Patro,
44 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Calculation of Loads:
Consider 1m width of slab ie b = 1000 mm
Dead Load = 25 x 0.175 = 4.375 kN/m
Finish Load = 1 X 1 = 1 kN/m
Total Dead Load = 5.5 kN/m
Live Load = 5 x 1 = 5.0 kN/m

Ultimate dead load = Wud = 1.5 x 5.375 = 8.1 kN/m

Ultimate live load = WuL = 1.5 x 5.0 = 7.5 kN/m

Dr. S. K. Patro,
45 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Calculation of B.M. (Refer Table = 12 , Clause 22.5.1)

Span Moment Support Moment

Type of Load
Near middle of At middle of At support next to At interior support
end span interior span end support

D. L. = 8.1 kN/m (1/12) x 8.1 x 52 (1/16) x 8.1 x 52 -(1/10) x 8.1 x 52 -(1/12) x 8.1 x 52
= 16.88 kN-m =12.65 kN-m = -20.25 kN-m = -16.88 kN-m

L. L. = 7.5 kN/m (1/10) x 7.5 x 52 (1/12) x 7.5 x 52 -(1/9) x 7.5 x 52 -(1/9 x 7.5 x 52
= 18.75 kN-m = 15.62 kN-m =-20.83 kN-m = -20.83 kN-m

Total 35.63 kN-m 28.27 kN-m 41.08 kN-m 37.71 kN-m

Depth ‘ d ‘ - - 122 mm -
from BM < 150 mm
Ast, reqd
12 @ 150 mm c/c 12 @200 mm c/c 12 @ 130 mm c/c 12 @ 140 mm c/c
( Ref Table 41 ,
SP16)
The spacing of main reinforcement shall not exceed Dr. S. K. Patro,
i) 3d =3 x150 = 450 mm or ii) 300 mm Clause 26.3.3 b)
Civil Engineering,
46
whichever is smaller. VSSUT, Burla
 Lesson 17

Dr. S. K. Patro,
47 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Calculation of S.F. (Refer Table = 13 , Clause 22.5.1 and 22.5.2)

At support next At all other

Type of Load At End to end support interior
Support support
Outer Side Inner Side

D.L. =8.1 kN/m 0.4 x 8.1 x 5.0 0.6 x 8.1 x 5.0 0.55 x 8.1 x 5.0 0.5 x 8.1 x 5.0
= 16.2 kN = 24.3 kN = 22.28 kN =20.25 kN
L.L = 7.5 kN/m 0.45 x 7.5 x 5.0 0.6 x 7.5 x 5.0 0.6 x 7.5 x 5.0 0.6 x 7.5 x 5.0
=16.88 kN = 22.5 kN = 22.5 kN = 22.5 kN
Total ’ Vu ‘ 33.08 kN 46.8 kN 44.78 kN 42.75 kN

ζv = Vu/bd 0.22 N/mm2 0.31 N/mm2 0.30 N/mm2 0.29 N/mm2

Pt *
0.25 % 0.58 % 0.58% 0.53%

ζc ( Table 19) 0.36 N/mm2 0.50 N/mm2 0.50 N/mm2 0.49 N/mm2

ζc k 1.25 x 0.36 1.25 x 0.50 1.25 x 0.50 1.25 x 0.49

Hence,
( Clause Shear
40.2.1.1) reinforcement
=0.45 N/mm2 =0.625isN/mm
not2 required.
< =0.625 N/mm2 =0.62Dr.N/mm
S. K.2 Patro,
48 < ζv ζv <ζ Civil
< ζvEngineering,
* Half steelv is curtailed. VSSUT, Burla
Distribution Steel: (Clause 26.5.2.1)
For deformed bars 0.12% (of total C/S area) reinforcement
shall be provided.
Ast = 0.12 x 1000 x 175 /100 = 210 mm2

Using 8 bars ( area = 50 mm2 )

Spacing = 1000 x 50/210 = 238 mm ( < 5d or 450 mm)
Clause 26.3.3 b)

Provide 8 bars @ 230 c/c.

Dr. S. K. Patro,
49 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
Check for Deflection Clause 23.2.1

span = 5 m
Basic Value = 26
Modification Factor = 1.25 Refer Fig. 4 of
(Depends on area and stress of steel IS- 456:2000
in tension reinforcement , Pt =0.5)

Modified Basic Value = 26 x 1.25 = 32.5

L / d = 5000 / 150 = 33.3 ~ 32.5

Dr. S. K. Patro,
50 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Symmetrical
about
1500 = 0.3L 1500 1500 CL 1500
500=0.1L
0.15L=750 750 750 750
c d e e d h i i h
a b b g f f g 175

0.15L=750 0.25L=1250 1250 1250 1250

5000 5000

c-12 dia @ 300 c/c h-12 dia @ 280 c/c

d-12 dia @ 260 c/c

e-12 dia @ 260 c/c

i -12 dia @ 280 c/c

Distribution steel
PLAN SHOWING TOP REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
a – 12 dia @ 300 c/c b – 12 dia @ 300 c/c g – 12 dia @ 400 c/c f – 12 dia @ 400 c/c 8 dia @ 230 c/c ( top &
bottom )

PLAN SHOWING BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT DETAILS 51

Clear cover = 20 mm
 Two Way Slabs (Annexure D , IS 456:2000)
Ly/Lx < 2

Restrained Slabs
(Corners of a slab are
prevented from lifting)
Simply Supported
Slabs
(Corners of a slab are not
prevented from lifting and
have a tendency to lift)

Dr. S. K. Patro,
52 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Restrained Two Way Slabs ( D-1 , IS 456:2000 )

D-1-1 The maximum bending moments per unit width in a slab are
given by the following equations:
Mx = xwLx2 and My = ywLx2
Where,
Mx, My = moments on strips of unit width spanning
Lx and Ly respectively.
w = total design load per unit area.
Lx and Ly = Lengths of the shorter span and longer
span respectively.
x and y are coefficients given in table 26 ( IS 456:2000)

Dr. S. K. Patro,
53 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Restrained Two Way Slabs

Provision of Reinforcement:
• Slabs are considered as divided in each direction into middle strips and
edge strips as shown in fig. below. The middle strip being three-quarters
of the width and each edge strip one-eight of the width.
Ly Ly

EDGE STRIP Lx/8

EDGE MIDDLE STRIP EDGE Lx MIDDLE STRIP ¾ Lx

STRIP STRIP

EDGE STRIP Lx/8

For Span Ly
Ly/8 ¾ Ly Ly/8
For Span Lx
• Maximum moments calculated as per clause D-1-1 apply only to
the middle strips and no redistribution shall be made. Dr. S. K. Patro,
54 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Lesson 18

Dr. S. K. Patro,
55 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Restrained Two Way Slabs

Provision of Reinforcement (Cl. D-1.4 – D-1.7 of IS 456) contd..

• Tension reinforcement provided at mid-span in the middle strip shall extend
in the lower part of the slab to within 0.25L of a continuous edge, or 0.15L of
a discontinuous edge. Bars marked as B1, B2, B5 and B6 in Figs. A and B are
these bars.

• Over the continuous edges of a middle strip, the tension reinforcement shall
extend in the upper part of the slab a distance of 0.15L from the support,
and at least 50 percent shall extend a distance of 0.3L. Bars marked as T2,
T3, T5 and T6 in Figs. A and B are these bars.

• At a discontinuous edge, negative moments may arise. They depend on the

degree of fixity at the edge of the slab but, in general, tension reinforcement
equal to 50 percent of that provided at mid-span extending 0.1L into the
span. Bars marked as T1 and T4 in Figs. A & B.

• Reinforcement in edge strip, parallel to that edge, shall comply with the
minimum given in clause 26.5.2.1. The bottom and top bars of the edge
strips are explained in following slides .
Dr. S. K. Patro,
56 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
• Bottom bars B3 and B4 (Fig. A) are parallel to the edge along lx for the
edge strip for span ly, satisfying the requirement of minimum amount of
steel (cl. D-1.7 of IS 456).
• Bottom bars B7 and B8 (Fig. B) are parallel to the edge along ly for the
edge strip for span lx, satisfying the requirement of minimum amount of
steel (cl. D-1.7 of IS 456). 
• Top bars T7 and T8 (Fig. A) are parallel to the edge along lx for the
edge strip for span ly, satisfying the requirement of minimum amount of
steel (cl. D-1.7 of IS 456).
• Top bars T9 and T10 (Fig. B) are parallel to the edge along ly for the
edge strip for span lx, satisfying the requirement of minimum amount of
Dr. S. K. Patro,
57 steel (cl. D-1.7 of IS 456). Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Figure A

Dr. S. K. Patro,
58 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Figure B

Dr. S. K. Patro,
59 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Restrained Two Way Slabs

Requirements for torsion given below (Cl. D-1.8 – D-1.10 of IS 456)

i. Torsion reinforcement shall be provided at any corner where the slab is

simply supported on both edges meeting at that corner. It shall consists
of top and bottom reinforcement, each with layers of bars placed
parallel to the sides of the slab and extending from the edges a
minimum distance of one-fifth of the shorter span. The area of
reinforcement in each of these four layers shall be three-quarters of the
area required for the maximum mid-span moment in the slab.
ii. Torsion reinforcement equal to half that described above shall be
provided at a corner contained by edges over only one of which the
slab is continuous.
iii. Torsion reinforcements need not be provided at any corner contained
by edges over both of which the slab is continuous.

Dr. S. K. Patro,
60 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Reinforcement Detailing for restrained two way slab
Annexure D , D-1.22 to D-1.10 ,
IS 456:2000

Dr. S. K. Patro,
61 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Simply supported Two Way Slabs ( D-2 , IS 456:2000 )

• When simply supported slabs do not have adequate provision to resist torsion
at corners and to prevent the corners from lifting, the maximum moments per
unit width are given by the following equation:
Mx = xwLx2 and My = ywLx2
x and y are coefficients given in table 27 ( IS 456:2000)

• At least 50 percent of the tension reinforcement provided at mid-span should

extend to the supports. The remaining 50 percent should extend to within
0.1Lx or 0.1Ly of the support, as appropriate.

Dr. S. K. Patro,
62 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Dr. S. K. Patro,
63 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Lesson 19

Dr. S. K. Patro,
64 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Design Example
Design a R.C. slab for a room measuring 6.5m x 5 m. The slab is to
be cast monolithically over the beams with corners held down. The
width of the supporting beams is 200mm. The slab carries
superimposed load of 3kN/m2. Use M20 grade of concrete and Fe415
steel.
200mm

6.5 m

200mm
5.0 m

Dr. S. K. Patro,
65 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Effective span, Lx = 5000 + 200/2 + 200/2 = 5200 mm
Ly = 6500 + 200/2 + 200/2 = 6700 mm

Note: Effective span = c/c distance between support or clear span + d , whichever is
smaller. ( Clause 22.2 a )
Here effective span is taken as c/c distance between support.

Lx = 5200 mm ( Shorter dimension of slab )

Ly = 6700 mm ( Longer dimension of slab)
Ly/Lx = 6700 / 5200 = 1.29 < 2.0 , Hence two way slab.

Trial depth ( From deflection criteria):

Basic (Lx/d) ratio = 20
Assuming modification factor = 1.25
Allowable (Lx/d) ratio = 20 x 1.25 = 25
Therefore, d = 5200 / 25 = 208 mm
Assuming effective cover = 25 mm
Overall depth D = 208 + 25 = 233 mm Say 225 mm
Therefore, effective depth ‘ d ‘ = 200 mm

Dr. S. K. Patro,
66 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Calculation of Loads:
Consider 1m width of slab ie b = 1000 mm
Dead Load = 25 x 0.225 = 5.625 kN/m
Live Load = 3 x 1 = 3.0 kN/m
Total Load = 8.625 kN/m

Ultimate load = Wu = 1.5 x 8.625 = 12.94 kN/m

Dr. S. K. Patro,
67 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Ly / Lx = 1.29 , Four edges discontinuous
( Refer table 26 , IS 456:2000)

‘ d ’ from
Span  M BM Ast
consideration

Short x =0.0783 Mux = xwuLx2 99.63 mm 8 dia @ 130 c/c

span =27.40 kN-m < 200 mm

Long y =0.056 Muy = ywuLx2 - 8 dia @ 180 c/c

Span =19.6 kN-m

Dr. S. K. Patro,
68 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Distribution Steel: (Clause 26.5.2.1)
For deformed bars 0.12% (of total C/S area) reinforcement shall be
provided.
Ast = 0.12 x 1000 x 225 /100 = 270 mm2

Using 8 bars ( area = 50 mm2 )

Spacing = 1000 x 50/270 = 185 mm ( < 5d or 450 mm)

Provide 8 dia. bars @ 180 c/c.

Dr. S. K. Patro,
69 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Check for Shear:
(a) Long discontinuous edge
Vu,max = wu Lx [ / (2 + 1)] where  = Ly/Lx=1.29
= 24.25 kN
ζu= 0.12 N/mm2
Area of tension steel = 385 mm2
Pt= 0.1925 %
ζc, perm = 0.32 N/mm2 > ζu
Hence shear reinforcement is not required.

(b) Short discontinuous edge

Vu,max = wu Lx /3
= 22.43 kN
ζu= 0.112 N/mm2
Area of tension steel = 278 mm2
Pt= 0.12 %
ζc, perm = 0.28 N/mm2 > ζu
Hence shear reinforcement is not required.

Max S.F per unit width, Vu = wu (0.5Lx– d)

Dr. S. K. Patro,
70 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
Check for Deflection Clause 23.2.1

span Lx= 5.2 m

Basic Value = 20
Modification Factor = 1.4 Refer Fig. 4 of
(Depends on area and stress of steel IS- 456:2000

in tension reinforcement , Pt =0.1925)

Modified Basic Value = 20 x 1.4 = 28

L / d = 5200/ 200 = 26 < 28

Dr. S. K. Patro,
71 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Lesson 20

Dr. S. K. Patro,
72 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Design of Staircase

Dr. S. K. Patro,
73 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Staircase
The staircase is an important component of a building, and often the only
means of access between the various floors in the building. It consists of a
flight of steps, usually with one or more intermediate landings (horizontal slab
platforms) provided between the floor levels. The horizontal top portion of a
step (where the foot rests) is termed tread and the vertical projection of the
step is called riser.
Values of 300 mm and 150 mm are ideally assigned to the tread and riser
respectively — particularly in public buildings.
However, in residential and factory buildings lower values of tread (up to 250
mm) combined with higher values of riser (up to 190 mm) are used.
The width of the stair is generally around 1.1 – 1.6m, and in any case, should
normally not be less than 850 mm; large stair widths are encountered in
entrances to public buildings. The horizontal projection (plan) of an inclined
flight of steps, between the first and last risers, is termed going. Generally,
risers in a flight should not exceed about 12 in number. The steps in the flight
can be designed in a number of ways: with waist slab, with tread-riser
arrangement (without waist slab) or with isolated tread slabs Dr. S. K. Patro,
74 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Typical flight in a staircase

Dr. S. K. Patro,
75 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Common geometrical configurations of stairs

Dr. S. K. Patro,
76 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 Effective Span of Stairs Cl. 33.1-IS 456:2000

Structurally, staircases may be classified largely into two categories,

depending on the predominant direction in which the slab component of the
stair
  undergoes flexure:
1.Stair slab spanning transversely (stair widthwise);

2.Stair slab spanning longitudinally (along the incline)

In certain situations, beam or wall supports may not be available parallel to

the riser at the landing. Instead, the flight is supported between the
landings, which span transversely, parallel to the risers. In such cases, the
Code(Cl. 33.1b) specifies that the effective span for the flight (spanning
longitudinally) should be taken as the going of the stairs plus at each end
either half the width of the landing or one metre, whichever is smaller.

Dr. S. K. Patro,
77 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 (Click the Hyperlink to get full text)

Staircase Example 1

Staircase Example 2

Dr. S. K. Patro,
78 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla
 (Click the Hyperlink to get full text)

QUIZ 4

Dr. S. K. Patro,
79 Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla