Reinforced Concrete Structures

Debre Markos University

DMiT
Department of Civil Engineering
Lecture-2
(Design of beams using limit state design methods)
 Contents
◼ Introduction
◼ Design procedure for singly reinforced
beam
◼ Design procedure for doubly
reinforced beam

2
 Basic assumptions of LSD
1. A section which is plane before bending remains plane
after bending. This implies strains across section are
linearly varying.
2. The reinforcement is subjected to the same variations in
the strain as the adjacent concrete. This implies there is
no slip between steel bars and the adjacent concrete.
3. Strain distribution is linear both in concrete & steel and
is directly proportional to the distance from N.A.
4. Tensile strength of concrete is ignored. The
reinforcement assumed to take all the tension due to
flexure.
3
 Basic assumptions
◼

4
 Analysis versus Design
◼ Analysis: Given a cross-section, concrete
strength, reinforcement size, location, and
yield strength, and compute the resistance or
capacity of sections.
◼ Design: Given a factored load effects such as
Msd, and select a suitable cross-section,
including dimensions, concrete strength,
reinforcement, and so on.
5
 Definition and classification of
beams

◼ A beam is a structural element that primarily

resists loads applied laterally to the beam's
axis.
◼ The total effect of all the forces acting on the
beam is to produce shear forces and bending
moments.

6
 Cont’d…
Types of beam based on support types
◼ Simply supported

◼ Fixed >>
◼ Over hanged beam

◼ Continuous >>
◼ Cantilever >>

7
Cont’d…

Fig. 1: Types of beams

8
 Cont’d…
Types of beam based on section types
◼ Rectangular beam
◼ T-beam
◼ Inverted L-beam

9
 Cont’d…

Fig. 2: Stress block for T beam analysis

If Y = 0.8X < hf then the beam is rectangular beam.

If Y = 0.8X > hf then the beam is T or inverted-L beam
10
 Design equations for singly
reinforced rectangular section
◼ In ultimate limit state, bending is critical for
moderately loaded medium span beams. Shear is
critical for heavily loaded short span beams.
◼ In serviceablity limit state, deflection will be
considered.
◼ Therefore, every beam must be design against
bending moment resistance, shear resistance and
deflection.

11
 Cont’d…
The ultimate resistance of section may be determined using
equilibrium of both internal and external forces based on the
stress block obtained from the basic assumptions.

Fig. 3: Stress block for rectangular beam 12

 Cont’d…
Consider a singly reinforced rectangular section subjected to a factored load
moment, as shown below.

Fig. 4: Stress block for rectangular beam section analysis

13
 Cont’d…
Where:
X=neutral axis depth
=height of compressive zone indicator
=effective strength factor

14
 Letting.
Geometrical Steel

Cont’d…
ratio of section

As
 =
Equilibrium of both internal and external forces, b.d

1  F = 0 
H  Cc = Ts  . f cd b . x = As . f yd  .. fcd . b . x =  . b . d . f yd
  . f yd 
Simplifying, Depth of neutral axis obtained as, x =   . d
Eq[1]
 f cd 
f yd Then, neutral-axis depth obtained in Eq.(1) can
 =  . be written as:  . d
 . f cd x =
 Eq[1a]
Therefore, depth of equivalent stress-block is
obtained as y = x =  . d
2
 
 M = 0  M u = Cc . z = Ts . z but, z = ( d − x / 2 )
Taking moment about Ts : M u = Cc . z  M u = (f cd . b . x ) . ( d − x / 2)
  . f yd    . f yd 
Substituting x from Eq.(1),  M u = f cd . b .  .d  .  d − .d  15
  f cd   2 f cd 
Relative
Ultimate
Moment Cont’d…
M u = fcd b d 2  ( 1 − 0.5 ) …………………….Eq[2]

Taking moment about Cc :

  . f yd 
Ultimate moment of M u =  . f yd . b . d .  1 − 2

Resistance of section is:  2. f cd 
M u =  . f yd . b . d 2 . ( 1 − 0.5 ) ……..Eq[3]

Mu Defining the ultimate moment and relative steel-area

 =
f cd . b . d2 using the following dimension-less parameters:
Mu  . f yd   . f yd 
= .  1 − 
Mu . f cd . b . d 2 . f cd  2 . f cd 
normalized m=
design  . f cd . b . d 2    2
moment  m =  .  1 −  =  −
16
 2  2
 Cont’d…

  2 − 2 + 2m = 0  =1− 1 − 2m

Area of tension steel required to resist the ultimate moment, Mu:

Taking moment about Cc M u = Ts . z Where z = (d − y / 2) = (1 − 0.5  ) .d
 M u = As . f yd . z = .m. f cd . b . d 2
Mu  .m. f cd . b . d 2  . fcd .b.d
As = = As =  ( )
f yd . z   
f yd .  1 −  .d f yd
 2 
The required area of
tension steel is obtained  =(
or  . fcd .
) As = bd Eq[4]
by: f yd 17
 Cont’d…

 . d
from x =


. fcd .
also from  =  ( )
f yd

18
 Cont’d…
Type of Singly Reinforced Beam Sections-Based on Modes of Stresses

Depending on the amount of steel used by

section, singly reinforced sections are divided
into three:
1. Balanced section,
2. Over-reinforced section and
3. Under-reinforced section.

19
 Cont’d…
1.Balanced section,
In balanced section, yielding of tension steel and crushing of concrete
takes place at same time when the section complete plastic deformation.

 c =  cu 3 ..See from ESEN table 3.1  s =  yd = f yd Es

From strain distribution, using similarity of triangles: x cu 3
=
d  cu 3 +  s
The balanced neutral-axis  cu 3
xb =
depth is obtained as: ( cu 3 + f yd Es )
.d

Balanced steel Ratio Balanced Mechanical steel ratio

And  cu 3
b =
( cu 3 + f yd Es )
20
Cont’d…

21
 Cont’d…
2 Under Reinforced Section..

❖Moment of resistance is governed by steel.

22
 Cont’d…
3 Over Reinforced Section…

◼   b

From force equilibrium

❖ Moment of resistance is
governed by concrete.
23
 Cont’d…
◼ ACI:318 code recommend: maximum reinforcement ratio
ensuring ductility as  max = 0.75b .
◼ For seismic load resisting member, the same code
recommends,  max = 0.5b .
◼ Based on ACI recommendation ( max = 0.75b ), maximum
design constants of singly reinforced section are
obtained as shown in table below.

Steel Grade
MPa  max  max
S-300 0.437 0.341
S-400 0.401 0.320
S-460 0.382 0.309 24
 Cont’d… According to ESEN

25
Cont’d…

26
 Cont’d…
◼

redistribution of
elastic moments
0% 0.448 0.448d
10% 0.368 0.368d
20% 0.288 0.288d
30% 0.208 0.208d
27
 Cont’d…
Based ESEN recommendation, maximum design constants of singly
reinforced section are obtained as shown in table below. For fck <
50Mpa
=0.8kx

% Redistribution
of  max  max = mlim
elastic moments
0% 0.3584 0.294
10% 0.2944 0.251
20% 0.2304 0.204
30% 0.1664 0.152
28
Cont’d…

.d
from....................x =


 = 1 − 1 − 2m

 . fcd .b.d
As =  ( )
f yd

29
 Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section

❖ Beam dimension is fixed for Architectural

purposes and any other case.
❖ Reinforcement are provided both in tension and
compression zone.
❖ Concrete has limitation to resist the total
compression so extra reinforcement is required.

30
 Cont’d…
◼ Consider a Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section
subjected to an ultimate moment, Mu as shown on the
next slide.
◼ Design equations are derived by dividing the section
into two parts: Balanced singly reinforced section
and excess tension steel plus compression steel.
◼ It is assumed that both tension and compression
steels are yielded. The excess tension steel and
compression steel are proportioned in such a way
that the neutral axis is maintained at balanced
position.
31
Cont’d…

32
 Cont’d…
Let M1=moment capacity of balanced singly reinforced
section
M2=moment resistance provided by excess tension steel
plus compression steel
Thus, the total ultimate moment of resistance of doubly
reinforced section is the sum of the two parts :moment
capacity of balanced singly reinforced section ,M1 and
ultimate moment resisted by excess tension steel plus
compressive steel,M2.
i.e MU=(M1+M2)
Moment capacity of balanced singly reinforced section
M =𝞰.m .fc .b.d2= 𝞰. .fc .b.d2 33
Cont’d…

 . fcd .b.d
As1 =  lim( )
f yd

34
Cont’d…

35
Cont’d…

36
Cont’d…

37
 Design for shear
Basic terminology
◼ VRd,c is the design shear resistance of the member
without shear reinforcement.
◼ VRd,s is the design value of the shear force which
can be sustained by the yielding shear
reinforcement.
◼ VRd,max is the design value of the maximum shear
force which can be sustained by the member

38
 Cont’d…
◼ In regions of the member where VEd≤VRd,c
no calculated shear reinforcement is
necessary.
◼ In regions where VEd> VRd,c, sufficient shear
reinforcement should be provided in order that
VEd≤ VRd.

39
Shear resistance of concrete

40
 ESEN detailing provisions
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement area

Maximum longitudinal reinforcement area

Asmax = 0.04 b d

41
 Cont’d…

◼ Shear reinforcement ratio

42
 Cont’d…

◼ The maximum longitudinal spacing between

shear assemblies should not exceed Sl,max

43
 Cont’d…
◼ The transverse spacing of the legs in a
series of shear links should not exceed St,max

44
45
 Example
Design a simply supported beam having span
length of 5 m and subjected to a LL of 10
kN/m2 in addition to self-weight.
Use C25/30 concrete, S-300 reinforcement
steel, class-I work, unit weight of concrete =
25 kN/m3, s = 6 mm, l = 20 mm, CC = 25
mm.

46
Design for flexure

47
Cont’d…

48
Cont’d…

49
Cont’d…

50
Cont’d…

51
 Cont’d…
Step-3: Calculate load on beam
DL = γ  D  B

= 25  0.3  0.25 = 1.875 kN/m

LL = 10 kN/m

Design load = Pd = 1.35 DL + 1.5 LL

= 1.35 (1.875) + 1.5 (10) = 17.53 kN/m

52
Cont’d…

53
Cont’d…

54
Cont’d…

55
Cont’d…

56
Cont’d…

57
 Cont’d…
◼ Step-5: Check whether the section is
designed as singly or doubly reinforced section.

If Msd < Mu design as singly reinforced section,

otherwise doubly reinforced.
Msd = 54.78 kNm < Mu = 81 kNm
Thus, design the beam as singly reinforced section.

58
Cont’d…

59
Cont’d…

60
Cont’d…

61
Cont’d…

62
Cont’d…

63
Cont’d…

64
Design for shear force

65
Cont’d…

66
Cont’d…

67
Cont’d…

68
Cont’d…

69
Cont’d…

70
Cont’d…

71
 Cont’d…
◼ Step-4: Detail drawings

72