LECTURE NO.

1
INTRODUCTION, EQUILIBRIUM

Objectives:
• To explain the concepts of the Mechanics of
Materials and equilibrium of a deformable body
 INTRODUCTION
"Mechanics of Materials" deals with the following:
Relationships between the external loads applied to a
deformable body and the intensity of internal forces
acting within the body
Computation of stresses and deformations of the body
under the influence of external loads
Study of the body's stability when the body is subjected
to external loads
Design of a component which consists of the
determination of : size of the component; its deflection;
its stability, under the influence of external loads
Design of a component depends on the stresses
developed under the influence of external loads, and the
strength (i.e. behavior) of material from which the
component is to be made
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY: External Loads

(i) Surface Forces

• Concentrated load
• Distributed load
(ii) Body Force
• Self-weight of the body, which acts in vertically downward
direction through the body's C.G.
 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY:
Support Reactions
(i) Force Reactions
• Force reactions, developed when a support prevents
translation in a given direction

(ii) Moment Reactions

• Moment reactions, developed when a support prevents
rotation in a given direction
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY:
Support Reactions
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY:
Equations of Equilibrium
Notes:
•Equilibrium equations are
written using the body's
free-body diagram
•External loads, support
reactions, and internal
forces are shown in the
body's free-body diagram
•Solutions of the equations
of equilibrium give the
values and sense of the
support reactions and
internal forces
 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY
Step-by-Step Procedure for Determination of the Resultant
Internal Loadings using the “Method of Sections”:
1. A cut be made through the
region where the internal
loadings are to be
determined, as shown in
the figure:

2. The two parts of the body

are then separated, and a
free-body diagram of one
of the parts is drawn,
showing all the external
and internal forces and
reactions, as shown in the
figure:
 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY
Step-by-Step Procedure for Determination of the Resultant
Internal Loadings using the “Method of Sections”:
3. The internal loadings may be determined by writing and
solving simultaneously the equilibrium equations

4. The internal resultant force and moment at any specific

point O, can be determined as shown in the figure:
 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY:
Internal Loading Components in 3-D
(i) Normal Force (N)
Acts perpendicular to the
cross-sectional area

(ii) Shear Force (V)

Acts parallel to the cross-
sectional area

(iii) Torsion Moment (T)

Tends to twist the body

(iv) Bending Moment (M)

Tends to bend the body
 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY:
Internal Loading Components in 2-D
(i) Normal Force (N)
Acts perpendicular to the
cross-sectional area

(ii) Shear Force (V)

Acts parallel to the cross-
sectional area

(iii) Bending Moment (M)

Tends to bend the body
 Problem # 1
The support bearings at A and B allow free turning of
the shaft, as shown below. Determine the resultant
internal torque acting on the cross-sections through
points C and D.
 (i) Cutting at C
V
N
Tc
C
(i)  Tabout B = 0
B
Bx
 –TC + 800 = 0  TC = 800 lb-ft Ans.
By FBD of BC

V
(ii) Cutting at D N
700 lb-ft TD
D
800 lb-ft
C
(ii)  Tabout B = 0
B
Bx  –TD + 700 + 800 = 0  TD = 1500 lb-ft Ans.
By FBD of BD
 Problem # 2
Determine the resultant internal loadings at
cross-sections through points E and F on the
assembly.
 Determination of support reactions

C Cx

Cy Considering the FBD of CB

2m
Mabout B = 0
B  2Cx + 1.5 Cy = 0 --------- (1)
NB 1.5m

VB FBD of CB

fR = 1.25  1.5
= 1.875 kN Considering the FBD of AB
0.75m
Mabout B = 0
B
Ax N
 –1.5 Ay + 1.875  0.75 = 0
Ay V  Ay = 0.9375 kN --------- (2)
FBD of AB
 Determination of support reactions---contd.

Considering the FBD of ABC

C Cx
Fy = 0  Ay – 1.875 + Cy = 0
Cy  Cy = 1.875 – 0.9375 = 0.9375 kN ------- (3)
FR = 1.875 kN
From Eq. 1 (2Cx + 1.5 Cy = 0)
Ax A
B
 2Cx + 1.5  0.9375 = 0
Ay  Cx = – 0.7031 kN ------- (4)
FBD & ABC
Fx = 0  Ax – Cx = 0
 Ax = Cx = – 0.7031 kN ------- (5)
 Internal loadings at cross-section through point E.

0.5m FR  1.25 1 1.25 kN

ME
0.7031 kN A E
NE

1m
0.9375 kN VE
FBD of AE

Considering FBD of AE
Fx = 0  NE – 0.7031 = 0  NE = 0.7031 kN Ans.
Fy = 0  0.9375 – 1.25 + VE = 0  VE = 0.3125 kN Ans.
 Mabout A = 0  – 1.25  0.5 + VE  1 + ME = 0  ME = 0.3125 kN-m Ans.
 Internal loadings at cross-section through point F.

1.5
  tan 1  36.86
2
C 0.7031 kN

MF  0.9375 kN

VF
NF
FBD of CF

Considering FBD of CF
 Fx = 0  –NF sin  +VF cos  + 0.7031 = 0  – 0.6 NF + 0.8 VF = – 0.7031
Fy = 0  – NF cos  – VF sin  + 0.9375 = 0  – 0.8 NF – 0.6 VF = – 0.9375
Solving above two equation gives: NF = 1.1718 kN and VF = 0 Ans
 Mabout C = 0  – MF = 0  MF = 0 Ans.
 Problem # 3
Determine the normal force, shear force, and
moment at a section through point C.
Take P = 8 kN
 Determination of support reactions

Considering the FBD of entire system:

B Mabout A = 0
Bx

0.6m
–0.6 Bx + 8  2.25 = 0
A
Ax
 Bx = 30 kN
2.25m Fx = 0
Ay
P=8kN  30 – Ax = 0
F.B.D. of entire system
 Ax = 30 kN
 Fy = 0  – 8 + Ay = 0  Ay = 8 kN
Internal loadings at cross-section through point C.

C A 30 kN
Nc
Mc 0.75m
8 kN
Vc
F.B.D. of AC

Considering the FBD of AC.

 Fx = 0  – Nc – 30 = 0  Nc = –30 kN
 Fy = 0  – Vc + 8 = 0  Vc = 8 kN Ans.
 Mabout C = 0  – Mc + 8  0.75 = 0  Mc = 6 kN-m
 Problem # 4
Determine the resultant internal loadings
acting on the section b-b through the
centroid, point C on the beam
 Determination of support reactions

B
Bx
900  9
FR   4050 lb
2
C
9 sin30 = 4.5 ft

A
Ax

Ay
F.B.D. of entire system

Considering FBD of entire system

Mabout A = 0  4.5 Bx – 4050  3 = 0  Bx = 2700lb
Internal loadings at cross-section through point C.

300  3 Considering FBD of BC:

FR   450 lb
2
B Bx = 2700lb Fx = 0  Vb-b + 450 sin30 – 2700 = 0
30o  Vb-b = 2475 lb = 2.475 kip Ans
Fy = 0  Nb-b – 450 cos30 = 0
3 sin30=1.5ft

b C b

Mc Vb-b  Nb-b = 389.71lb = 0.389 kip Ans

Nb-b
Mabout C = 0
 2700  1.5 – 450  1 + Mc = 0
F.B.D. of BC
 Mc = 3600 lb-ft = 3.6 kip-ft Ans