CHAPTER 3.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
 Contents

1 Overturning

2 Trusses

3 Frames and machines

4 Friction
I. Overturning
I. Overturning
F1

F2 M O ( F2 ) = M O ( F1 )

O
A

For equilibrium:

Overturning moment about = Restoring moment

M OO = M OR or M OO ≤ M OR
I. Overturning

Example 1. The mobile crane has a weight of 120,000 lb and center of

gravity at G1 the boom has a weight of 30,000 lb and center of gravity at
G2. Determine the smallest angle of tilt θ of the boom, without causing
the crane to overturn if the suspended load is W = 40,000 lb. Neglect the
thickness of the tracks at A and B.
I. Overturning

Solution
Crane can overturn only about point B. So that the crane does not
overturn:
MB = 0

⇔ 120000 ⋅ 9 − 30000 ⋅ (12 cos θ − 3) − 40000 ⋅ ( 27 cos θ − 3) =0

43
⇔ cos θ =
48

⇒θ =26, 240
I. Overturning

Example 2. The crane has a weight of P1 and center of gravity at C. If it

is intended to support a maximum load P2, determine the counterweight
Q that should be placed to keep the crane from tipping overs.

Crane can overturn about A or B

Free body diagram:

4m
I. Overturning

Solution For the crane does not overturn about A

M BO ≤ M BR ⇔ P1 ⋅1,5 + P2 ⋅10 ≤ Q ⋅ 7
P1 ⋅1,5 + P2 ⋅10
⇒Q≥
7
For the crane does not overturn about B
(The most dangerous case P2 = 0)
M BO ≤ M BR ⇔ Q ⋅ 4 ≤ P1 ⋅ 4,5
4,5 P1
⇒Q≤
4
4m For the crane does not overturn

1,5 P1 + 10 P2 P1 ⋅ 4,5
⇒ ≤Q≤
7 4
I. Overturning

Problem 1:The platform assembly has a weight of 250 lb and center of

gravity at G1. If it is intended to support a maximum load of 400 lb
placed at point G2, determine the smallest counterweight W that should
be placed at B in order to prevent the platform from tipping over.
I. Overturning

Problem 2: The floor crane and the driver have a total weight of 2500 lb
with a center of gravity at G. Determine the largest weight of the drum
that can be lifted without causing the crane to overturn when its boom is
in the position shown.
I. Overturning

Problem 3: Outriggers A and B are used to stabilize the crane from

overturning when lifting large loads. Determine the maximum suspended
load the crane can lift without tipping over. The crane has a mass of 5
Mg and center of mass at GC, whereas the boom has a mass of 0.6 Mg
and center of mass at GB. For the calculation, take θ = 300
II. Trusses
A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined together at
their end points. The members commonly used in construction consist of
wooden struts or metal bars.
II. Trusses
II. Trusses
2.1. Simple Trusses
A simple truss is a planar truss which begins with a triangular element
and can be expanded by adding two members and a joint. For these
trusses, the number of members (M) and the number of joints (J) are
related by the equation
= 2J − 3
M
II. Trusses
2.1. Simple Trusses
II. Trusses
2.1. Simple Trusses
II. Trusses
2.1. Simple Trusses
II. Trusses
2.1. Simple Trusses
II. Trusses
2.1. Simple Trusses
* Assumptions for Design

1. All loadings are applied at the joints

2. The members are joined together by smooth pins

II. Trusses
2.1. Simple Trusses

Compression

Tension
II. Trusses
2.2. The method of joints

450 N BC
N BA

The equations of equilibrium

=∑ X ∑=
Fkx 0

∑ Y ∑=
= Fky 0
II. Trusses
Example 3.3. Determine the force in each member of the truss and
indicate whether the members are in tension or compression.
Solution
Joint B
x

450 N BC
N BA
y
The equations of equilibrium for joints B

∑
= X N BC cos 450
+ 500 0
=  N BC = −500 2 N

∑ Y N
= BA + N BC sin 450
0
=  N BA = 500 2 N
II. Trusses

Solution N CB N AB

Joint C 450 Joint A XA N AC

C
x
N CA
N CB = N BC YA
YC y

Equations of equibrilium of joint C Equations of equibrilium of joint

∑ X N
= CA + N CB cos 450
0
= ∑X =
−X A 0
+ N AC =

∑ Y =−YC − N CB cos 450

=0 ∑ Y =−Y A − N AB =0

 N CA = 500 N  X A = 500 N
 
YC = −500 N YA = −500 2 N
II. Trusses
Example 3.4. Determine the forces acting in all the members of the truss.
Solution:
Free-body diagram

XA

YA YC
Equations of equibrilium

∑ X = 0 ⇔ − X A + 3 = 0  X A = 3kN
 
YA = 1,5kN
∑ mA = 0 ⇔ −3 ⋅ 2 + YC ⋅ 4 = 0 Y = 1,5kN
  C
∑ Y = 0 ⇔ −YA + YC = 0
II. Trusses
Solution: y N AB
Joint A 450 N AD
3kN 300
A x

1,5kN
∑ X = 0 ⇔ N AD cos 300 + N AB cos 450 − 3 = 0  N AB = 0, 776kN
 
∑  N AD = 4,1kN
0 0
Y =0 ⇔ N AD cos 60 + N AB cos 45 − 1,5 =0
N CB y

Joint C N CD 450

x
300 C

1,5kN
∑ X = 0 ⇔ N CD cos 300 + N CB cos 450 = 0  N CB = −5, 02kN
 
∑  N CD = 4,1kN
0 0
Y =0 ⇔ N CD cos 60 + N CB cos 45 + 1,5 =0
II. Trusses
y
Solution:
N DB
Joint D D
x
30 0 300
N DA N DC

∑ Y 0
= ⇔ N DB − N DC cos 60 0
− N DA cos 60 0
0
= N DB = 4,1kN
II. Trusses
Example 3.5. Determine the force in each member of the truss. Indicate
whether the members are in tension or compression.
Solution: Free-body diagram
YC
XC

YA

∑ X = 0 ⇔ − X C + 600 = 0 YA = 600 N

 
∑ mC = 0 ⇔ 400 ⋅ 3 + 600 ⋅ 4 − YA ⋅ 6 = 0  X C = 600 N
 Y = 200 N
∑ Y =0 ⇔ YA − YC − 400 =0  C
II. Trusses
Solution: y
y N AB N DB N DC
Joint A 5 4
N AD Joint D 4 5
3 3
A x x
N DA D 600N
600N
 3  3
∑ X =0 ⇔ N AD + N AB =
5
0 ∑ X =⇔
0 N DA + N DB + 600 =
5
 
∑ Y =⇔ 4 ∑ Y = 4
0 N AB + 600 = 0 0 ⇔ N DC + N DB = 0
 5  5

 N AB = −750 N  N DB = −250 N
 
 N AD = 450 N  N DC = −200 N
II. Trusses
Solution: y

YC ∑X= 0 ⇔ − X C − N CB = 0
Joint C N CB XC
N CB = −600 N
A x
N CD
II. Trusses
Problem 3.4. Determine the force in each member of the truss. State if
the members are in tension or compression.
II. Trusses
Problem 3.5. Determine the force in each member of the truss. State if
the members are in tension or compression.

Problem 3.6. Determine the force on each member of the truss and state
if the members are in tension or compression. Set P1 = 500 lb and P2 =
100 lb.
II. Trusses
Problem 3.7. Determine the force in each member of the truss, and state
if the members are in tension or compression.

Problem 3.8. Determine the force in each member of the truss and state
if the members are in tension or compression.
Hint: The resultant force at the pin E acts along member ED . Why?
II. Trusses
Problem 3.9. Determine the force in each member of the truss. State
whether the members are in tension or compression. Set P = 8 kN.

Problem 3.10. Determine the force in each member of the truss, and
state if the members are in tension or compression. Set θ = 00.

Problem 3.11. Determine the force in each member of the truss, and
state if the members are in tension or compression. Set θ = 300.
II. Trusses
Problem 3.12. Determine the force in each member of the truss and state
if the members are in tension or compression. Set P1 = 100 lb, P2 = 200
lb, P3 = 300 lb.

Problem 3.13. Determine the force in each member of the truss and state
if the members are in tension or compression. Set P1 = 10 kN, P2 = 15 kN
Problem 3.14. Determine the force in each member of the truss and state
if the members are in tension or compression. Set P1 = 0, P2 = 20 kN.
II. Trusses
2.3. The method of sections
When we need to find the force in only a few members of a truss, we can
analyze the truss using the method of sections.

It is based on the principle that if the truss is in equilibrium then any

segment of the truss is also in equilibrium.
II. Trusses

YD
N BC XD
N CB
N GC
N CG

N GF N FG
XE
II. Trusses
2.3. The method of sections
Equilibrium of segment : N BC
N GC

N GF

Use equations of equilibrium:

=

∑ X ∑ =Fkx 0
=∑ Y ∑= Fky 0

∑ mO = ∑ mO ( Fk )
II. Trusses
Example 3.6. Determine the force in members GE, GC, and BC of the
truss. Indicate whether the members are in tension or compression.
Free-body diagram

XA
YA YD

Solution:
∑ X = 0 ⇔ − X A + 400 = 0  X A = 400 N
 
∑ Y =0 ⇔ YA + YD − 1200 =0 YA = 300 N
 Y = 900 N
∑ mA = 0 ⇔ −400 ⋅ 3 − 1200 ⋅ 8 + YD ⋅12 = 0  D
II. Trusses
Solution:
The free-body diagram of the left portion of the sectioned truss
G N GE
3 5
4
N GC
N BC
400N B
300N
Equations of equibrilium:

∑ mG = 0 ⇔ N BC ⋅ 3 − 300 ⋅ 4 − 400 ⋅ 3 = 0
  N BC = 800 N
 4 
∑ X = 0 ⇔ N BC + N GE + N GC ⋅ − 400 = 0  N GC = 500 N
 5  N = −800 N
 3  GE
∑ Y = 0 ⇔ 300 − N GC ⋅ 5 = 0
II. Trusses
Example 3.7. Determine the force in member CF of the truss. Indicate
whether the member is in tension or compression. Assume each member
is pin connected.

XA

YA YE

Solution:
∑ X =⇔ 0 XA = 0 X A = 0
 
∑ Y = 0 ⇔ YA + YE − 5 − 3 = 0 YA = 4, 75kN
 Y = 3, 25kN
∑ mA = 0 ⇔ −5 ⋅ 8 − 3 ⋅12 + YE ⋅16 = 0  A
II. Trusses
Solution:
The free-body diagram of the right portion of the sectioned truss
G
N FG 2m
F

N FC
4m

E
C N DC D
Equations of equibrilium:
4, 75kN

 m = 0 ⇔ − N ⋅ 4 + 4, 75 ⋅ 4 = 0
∑ F DC  N DC = 4, 75kN
 2 
∑ mC = 0 ⇔ N FG ⋅ ⋅ 6 − 3 ⋅ 4 + 4, 75 ⋅ 8 = 0  N FG = −4,84kN
 5  N = −0,589kN
 2 1  CF
∑ X = 0 ⇔ − N DC − N FC ⋅ − N FG ⋅ = 0
 2 5
II. Trusses
Problem 3.15. The internal drag truss for the wing of a airplane is
subjected to the forces shown. Determine the force in members IH, BH,
and BC.
II. Trusses
Problem 3.16. Determine the
force in members BC, CF,
and FE. State if the members
are in tension or compression.

Problem 3.17. Determine the

force in members LK, KC, and
CD of the Pratt truss. State if the
members are in tension or
compression.
II. Trusses
Problem 3.18. Determine the force in members EF, CF, and BC of
the truss. State if the members are in tension or compression.

Problem 3.19. Determine the force in members GF, GD, and CD of the
truss. State if the members are in tension or compression.
II. Trusses
Problem 3.20. Determine the force in members DC, HI, and JI of the
truss. State if the members are in tension or compression. Suggestion:
Use the sections shown.
II. Trusses
Problem 3.21. Determine the force in member GJ of the truss and state if
this member is in tension or compression.

Problem 3.22. Determine the force in member GC of the truss and state
if this member is in tension or compression.
II. Trusses
Problem 3.23. Determine the force in members BC, HC, and HG. After
the truss is sectioned use a single equation of equilibrium for the
calculation of each force. State if these members are in tension or
compression.

Problem 3.24. Determine the force in members CD, CF, and CG and
state if these members are in tension or compression.
II. Trusses
Problem 3.25. Determine the force in members FG, GC and CB of the
truss used to support the sign, and state if the members are in tension or
compression.
III. Structure
III. Structure
III. Structure

Free-body diagram
III. Structure

Free-body diagram
XA
XC

YA YC
50 ⋅10N 50 ⋅10N
YC′
X C′

50kg
50 ⋅10N

X C′ = X C
YC′ = YC
XD

YD
III. Structure

Free-body diagram
III. Structure

Example. Draw the free-body diagrams of the boom ABCDF and the
stick FGH of the bucket lift. Neglect the weights of the members. The
bucket weighs W. The two–force members are BI ,CE ,DE and GE.
Assume all indicated points of connection are pins.
III. Structure

Example. Draw the free-body diagrams of the boom ABCD and the stick
EDFGH of the backhoe. The weights of these two members are
significant. Neglect the weights of all the other members, and assume all
indicated points of connection are pins.
III. Structure

Example. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of force

which the pin at C exerts on member BC of the frame.

Solution:
III. Structure

Solution:

Equations of Equilibrium for Segment BC


∑ mB = 0 ⇔ −200 ⋅ 2 + C y ⋅ 4 = 0 C x = 577 N

 FAB 3 
∑ Cm = 0 ⇔ − ⋅ 4 − 200 ⋅ 2 = 0 C y = 1000 N
 2

 FAB  FAB = 1154, 7 N
∑ X =0 ⇔ 2 − C x =0
III. Structure

Example. The compound beam is pin connected at B. Determine the

components of reaction at its supports. Neglect its weight and thickness.

Solution:
III. Structure

Solution:

Equations of Equilibrium:

Segment BC

∑ X = 0 ⇔ − Bx = 0  Bx = 0
 
∑ mB = 0 ⇔ −8 ⋅1 + C y ⋅ 2 = 0  By = 4kN
 
∑ Y = 0 ⇔ By + C y − 8 = 0 C y = 4kN
Segment AB
 3
∑ X = 0 ⇔ A x + B x − 10 ⋅
5
=0
 Ax = 6kN
 
 4
∑ Y = 0 ⇔ Ay − B y − 10 ⋅ =0  Ay = 12kN
 5 
 4  M A = 32kN .m
∑ A
m = 0 ⇔ M A − 10
5
⋅ 2 − By ⋅ 4 = 0

III. Structure

Example. The two planks are connected together by cable BC and a

smooth spacer DE. Determine the reactions at the smooth supports A and
F, and also find the force developed in the cable and spacer.

Solution:
III. Structure

Solution:

Segment AD
∑ mA = 0 ⇔ −200 ⋅ 2 − FBC ⋅ 4 + FDE ⋅ 6 = 0
  FDE = 140 lb
∑ mB = 0 ⇔ − N A ⋅ 4 + FDE ⋅ 2 + 100 ⋅ 2 = 0  F = 160 lb
 BC
Segment CF 
∑ mF = 0 ⇔ 200 ⋅ 2 − FBC ⋅ 6 + FDE ⋅ 4 = 0  N A = 120 lb
  N F = 180 lb
∑ mE = 0 ⇔ N F ⋅ 4 − FBC ⋅ 2 − 200 ⋅ 2 = 0
III. Structure

Example. For an 80-N squeeze on the handles of the pliers, determine

the force F applied to the round rod by each jaw. In addition, calculate
the force supported by the pin at A.

Solution:
III. Structure

Solution:

The top jaw

YA
NC
XA
XA

Equations of Equilibrium

∑ X = 0 ⇔ − X A = 0  X A = 0N
 
∑ mA = 0 ⇔ −80 ⋅ 95 − N C ⋅ 35 = 0 YA = 297,14 N
  N = −217,14 N
∑ Y =0 ⇔ YA + N C − 80 =0  C
III. Structure

Example. Determine the cutting force F exerted on the rod S in terms of

the forces P applied to the handles of the heavy-duty cutter.

Solution:
III. Structure

Solution:
Equations of Equilibrium

YC
XC C

XD
YD

∑ mC = 0 ⇔ − P ⋅ 22 + X D ⋅1,5cos150 + YD ⋅1,5sin150 = 0

∑ X = 0 ⇔ − X C + X D = 0

∑ Y = 0 ⇔ −YC + YD − P = 0
III. Structure

Solution: YC
XC
Equations of Equilibrium

NS YA

∑ mA = 0 ⇔ YC ⋅ 4,5 − N S ⋅ 2 = 0

∑ X =⇔ 0 XC = 0

∑ Y = 0 ⇔ −YC − YA + N S = 0

 X C 0;=
= XD 0

=YD 56,
= 66 P; YC 55, 66 P
= N 125, 23P; YA 69.57 P
 S =
III. Structure

Problem. Determine the components of all forces acting on each

member of the loaded frame.

Problem. Calculate the magnitude of the force acting on the pin at D. Pin
C is fixed in DE and bears against the smooth slot in the triangular plate.
III. Structure

Problem. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction

at pin C.

Problem. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction

at pin C.
III. Structure

Problem. Determine the reaction at A, B, C and D.

qa
q

3a 2a
III. Structure

Problem. If a 100-N force is applied to the handles of the pliers,

determine the clamping force exerted on the smooth pipe B and the
magnitude of the resultant force that one of the members exerts on pin A.

Problem. A pair of 80-N forces is applied to the handles of the small

eyelet squeezer. The block at A slides with negligible friction in a slot
machined in the lower part of the tool. Neglect the small force of the
light return spring AE and determine the compressive force P applied to
the eyelet.
III. Structure

Problem. For the paper punch shown, find the punching force Q
corresponding to a hand grip P.

Problem. Determine the force P exerted on the twig G. Note that there is
a horizontal line of symmetry for the handles, but there is no line of
symmetry for the jaws.
III. Structure

Problem. The handheld press is useful for such tasks as squeezing rivets
or punching holes. What force P is applied to the sheet metal at E for the
60-N forces applied to the handles?

Problem. The toggle pliers are used for a variety of clamping purposes.
For the handle position given by α = 100 and for a handle grip P = 150N,
calculate the clamping force C produced. Note that pins A and D are
symmetric about the horizontal centerline of the tool.
III. Structure

Problem. Determine the components of reaction at A and B.

Problem. Determine the components of reaction at C.

III. Structure

Problem. The wall crane supports a load of 700 lb. Determine the
horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pins A and D.

Problem. The toggle clamp is subjected to a force F at the handle.

Determine the vertical clamping force acting at E.
III. Structure

Problem. The engine hoist is used to support the 200-kg engine.

Determine the force acting in the hydraulic cylinder AB, the horizontal
and vertical components of force at the pin C, and the reactions at the
fixed support D.
III. Structure

Problem. The tractor boom supports the uniform mass of 500 kg in the
bucket which has a center of mass at G. Determine the force in each
hydraulic cylinder AB and CD and the resultant force at pins E and F.
The load is supported equally on each side of the tractor by a similar
mechanism.
III. Structure

Problem. The upper jaw D of the toggle press slides with negligible
frictional resistance along the fixed vertical column. Calculate the
compressive force R exerted on the cylinder E and the force F = 200N
supported by the pin at A if a force is applied to the handle at an angle θ
= 750.
III. Structure

Problem. Determine the compression force C exerted on the can for an

applied force when the can crusher is in the position shown. Note that
there are two links AB and two links AOD, with one pair of linkages on
each side of the stationary portion of the crusher. Also, pin B is on the
vertical centerline of the can. Finally, note that small square projections E
of the moving jaw move in recessed slots of the fixed frame.
III. Structure

Problem. Determine the compression force C exerted on the can for an

applied force P = 50N when the can crusher is in the position shown.
Point B is centered on the bottom of the can.
III. Structure

Problem. The elements of a rear suspension for a frontwheel-drive car

are shown in the figure. Determine the magnitude of the force at each
joint if the normal force F exerted on the tire has a magnitude of 3600 N.
III. Structure

Problem. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of force that

pins A and B exert on the two-member frame. Set F = 500 N.
III. Structure

Problem. The ramp is used as passengers board a small commuter

airplane. The total mass of the ramp and six passengers is 750 kg with
mass center at G. Determine the force in the hydraulic cylinder AB and
the magnitude of the pin reaction at C.
III. Structure

Problem. The nose-wheel assembly is raised by the application of a

torque M to link BC through the shaft at B. If the arm and wheel AO have
a combined weight of 100 lb with center of gravity at G, find the value of
M necessary to lift the wheel when D is directly under B, at which
position angle is 300.
III. Structure

Problem. If a force of F = 350 N is applied to the handle of the toggle

clamp, determine the resulting clamping force at A.
III. Structure

Problem. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of force at

pin B and the normal force the pin at C exerts on the smooth slot. Also,
determine the moment and horizontal and vertical reactions of force at A.
There is a pulley at E.
III. Structure

Problem. If a force of P = 6 lb is applied perpendicular to the handle of

the mechanism, determine the magnitude of force F for equilibrium. The
members are pin connected at A, B, C, and D.
III. Structure

Problem. Determine the reactions on the collar at A and the pin at C. The
collar fits over a smooth rod, and rod AB is fixed connected to the collar.
III. Structure

Problem. The double link grip is used to lift the beam. If the beam
weighs 4 kN, determine the horizontal and vertical components of force
acting on the pin at A and the horizontal and vertical components of force
that the flange of the beam exerts on the jaw at B.
III. Structure

Problem. The symmetric coil tong supports the coil which has a mass of
800 kg and center of mass at G. Determine the horizontal and vertical
components of force the linkage exerts on plate DEIJH at points D and
E. The coil exerts only vertical reactions at K and L.
IV. Friction

4.1. Dry friction

Friction is defined as a force of resistance acting on a body which
prevents or retards slipping of the body relative to a second body.
IV. Friction

41. Dry friction

Q Q Q
P P P
O
F
x N
IV. Friction

4.1. Dry friction

Q
P

F
x N
Surfaces
µs µk

4.1.1. Static friction force Steel on steel 0.74 0.57

Glass on glass 0.94 0.40

F ≤ µs N =
Fm Metal on Metal
0.15 0.06
(lubricated)
Ice on ice 0.10 0.03
Fm - maximum friction force.
Teflon on Teflon 0.04 0.04
Tire on concrete 1.00 0.80
µs - coefficient of static friction
Tire on wet road 0.60 0.40
IV. Friction

4.1. Dry friction

Q
P

F
x N
Surfaces
µs µk

4.1.2. Kinetic friction force Steel on steel 0.74 0.57

Glass on glass 0.94 0.40

Fk = µ k N Metal on Metal
0.15 0.06
(lubricated)
Ice on ice 0.10 0.03
Fk - kinetic friction force.
Teflon on Teflon 0.04 0.04
Tire on concrete 1.00 0.80
µk - coefficient of kinetic friction
Tire on wet road 0.60 0.40
IV. Friction

P small P large
IV. Friction

Example. The uniform crate has a mass of 20 kg. If a force P = 80 N is

applied to the crate, determine if it remains in equilibrium. The
coefficient of static friction is µs = 0.3.
IV. Friction

Solution
Free-Body Diagram.

Equations of Equilibrium:

∑ X =0 ⇔ 80 ⋅ cos 300 − F =0

∑
0
Y = 0 ⇔ −80 ⋅ sin 30 − 196, 2 + N C = 0

∑ O
0 0
m = 0 ⇔ 80 ⋅ sin 30 ⋅ 0, 4 − 80 ⋅ cos 30 ⋅ 0, 2 + N C ⋅ x =0

 F = 69,3 N
Solving, 
 N C = 236, 2 N
 x = −0, 00908m

IV. Friction

Solution
Fmax
Maximum friction force: = µ=
s NC 70,9 N

We have: F= 69,3 N < Fmax= 70,9 N

=> the crate will not slip , although it is very close to doing so.
IV. Friction

Example. It is observed that when the bed of the dump truck is raised to
an angle of θ = 250 the vending machines will begin to slide off the bed.
Determine the static coefficient of friction between a vending machine
and the surface of the truckbed.
IV. Friction

Solution Free-Body Diagram

Equations of Equilibrium:
∑ X =0 ⇔ W ⋅ sin 250 − F =0

∑
0
Y = 0 ⇔ −W ⋅ cos 25 +N= 0

∑ mG = 0 ⇔ − F ⋅ 2,5 + N ⋅ x = 0
Since slipping impends at θ = 250, we have:

F = µ s N ⇔ W ⋅ sin 250 − µ s (W ⋅ sin 250 ) =

0

=µ s tan
= 250 0, 466
IV. Friction

Example. The uniform 10-kg ladder rests against the smooth wall at B,
and the end A rests on the rough horizontal plane for which the
coefficient of static friction is µs = 0.3. Determine the angle of inclination
θ of the ladder and the normal reaction at B if the ladder is on the verge
of slipping.
IV. Friction

Solution
FA
Since the ladder is on the verge of slipping: = µ=
sNA 0,3 N A
Equations of Equilibrium of AB:

∑ X =0 ⇔ FA − N B =0

∑ Y = 0 ⇔ N A − 98,1 = 0

∑ mA = 0 ⇔ −98,1 ⋅ 2 cos θ + N B ⋅ 4sin θ = 0

N A = 98,1N sin θ
= tan=θ 1, 6667
N B = 29, 4 N cos θ

θ ≈ 590
IV. Friction

4.2. Rolling resistance (rolling friction)

Rolling resistance is the force resisting the motion when a body
(such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface.
IV. Friction

4.2. Rolling resistance (rolling friction)

Q Q
Q
P P
P
N N
k M

F F
4.2.1. Static friction

M ≤ ks N =
Mm
Mm - maximum moment rolling friction
ks - coefficient of static rolling friction
IV. Friction

4.2. Rolling resistance (rolling friction)

Q Q
Q
P P
P
N N
k M

F F
4.2.2. Kinetic friction
M k = kk N
Mk - kinetic moment rolling friction
k - coefficient of static rolling friction
IV. Friction

4.3. Wedges
IV. Friction

4.4. Frictional forces on flat belts

T2 = T1e µβ

µ - coefficient of static or kinetic friction between

the belt and the surface of contact
β - angle of belt to surface contact, measured in radians
IV. Friction

Problem. If P = 200 N, determine the friction developed between the 50-

kg crate and the ground. The coefficient of static friction between the
crate and the ground is µs = 0.3.

Problem. Determine the minimum force P to prevent the 30-kg rod AB

from sliding. The contact surface at B is smooth, whereas the coefficient
of static friction between the rod and the wall at A is µs = 0.2.
IV. Friction

Problem. If the coefficient of static friction at contact points A and B is

µs = 0.3, determine the maximum force P that can be applied without
causing the 100-kg spool to move.

Problem. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied without

causing movement of the 250-lb crate that has a center of gravity at G.
The coefficient of static friction at the floor is µs = 0.4 .
IV. Friction

Problem. The winch on the truck is used to hoist the garbage bin onto
the bed of the truck. If the loaded bin has a weight of 8500 lb and center
of gravity at G , determine the force in the cable needed to begin the lift.
The coefficients of static friction at A and B are µA = 0.3 and µB = 0.2,
respectively. Neglect the height of the support at A.
IV. Friction

Problem. The block brake consists of a pin-connected lever and friction

block at B. The coefficient of static friction between the wheel and the
lever is µs = 0.3, and a torque of 5 N.m is applied to the wheel.
Determine if the brake can hold the wheel stationary when the force
applied to the lever is (a) P = 30 N, (b) P = 70 N.
IV. Friction

Problem. The block brake is used to stop the wheel from rotating when
the wheel is subjected to a couple moment M0. If the coefficient of static
friction between the wheel and the block is µs, determine the smallest
force P that should be applied.
IV. Friction

Problem. The lawn roller has a mass of 80 kg. If the arm BA is held at an
angle of 30° from the horizontal and the coefficient of rolling resistance
for the roller is 25 mm, determine the force P needed to push the roller at
constant speed. Neglect friction developed at the axle, A, and assume that
the resultant force P acting on the handle is applied along arm BA.