FRICTION

Lecture Outline:

1. Dry Friction (Coulomb friction)

2. Wedges
3. Belt Friction
4. Square Threaded Screws
5. Rolling Resistance
Dry Friction
 Friction forces oppose the tendency of contacting surfaces to
slip one relative to the other.

Dry friction- the tangential component of the contact

force.
Friction

 Forces have to be concurrent in order

to be in equilibrium.
Friction forces as a function of P

Maximum value of friction forces is called the limiting value of

static friction. This condition is also called the impending
motion.
Tip vs. Slip
Body Slips Body Tips
 The magnitude of the friction forces
Fmax=sN
Where s is the coefficient of static friction.
It is independent of normal forces and area of contact.

The general case for equilibrium condition

Once the body starts to slip

Fk=kN k is the coefficient of dynamic friction
k < s
The Resultant of the friction and normal forces

R= N2+F2 tan = F/N

At the point of impending motion:

R= N2+F2max = N2+(sN)2 = N 1+ s2

tan s= F/N= sN/N= s s is the angle of static friction

s
Load P applied on a body placed on a horizontal surface
•Four situations can occur when a rigid body is in contact
with a horizontal surface:

•No •No •Motion •Motion,

friction, motion, impending, (Px > Fm)
(Px = 0) (Px < Fm) (Px = Fm)
Angles of Friction
•It is sometimes convenient to replace normal
force N and friction force F by their resultant R:

•No •No •Motion •Motio

friction motion impending n
Gravity forces on inclined surfaces

For equilibrium: s

Angles of Friction
•Consider block of weight W resting on board with
variable inclination angle θ.

•No •No •Motion •Motio

friction motion impending n
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: Impending Slipping
1. The 50­kg block shown is initially at rest on
a horizontal plane. Determine the friction force
between the block and the surface after P was
gradually increased from 0 to 150 N.

P P

s = 0.5
N
k = 0.2
FBD:
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: Impending Sliding
2. The 50­kg block shown is at rest on a rough
horizontal plane before the force P is applied.
Determine the magnitude of P that would
cause impending sliding to the right.

P P

s = 0.5
N
k = 0.2
FBD:
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: Impending Sliding
3. A 100 lb force acts as shown on a 300 lb
block placed on an inclined plane. The
coefficients of friction between the block and
the plane are shown. Determine whether the
block is in equilibrium, and find the value of
the friction force.
W

lb
10 0 lb 10 0 4
3
F
4 N
3 s = 0.25
k = 0.20 FBD:
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: Impending Sliding
4. A support block is acted upon by two forces
as shown. Determine the force P required a) to
start the block moving up the incline, b) to
keep it moving up, and c) to prevent it from
sliding down.

25°

800 N
s = 0.35
k = 0.25
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: Impending Sliding
5. Determine the maximum force P that can be b. FBD of block A:
applied to block A as shown without causing 100 N
either block to move.
A P
Surface 1
s = 0.2 A W=100 N P F1
B W=200 N
N1
Surface 2
s = 0.1
100 N b. FBD of block B:
200 N
A P B
B 200 N F2

F2 N2
a. FBD of entire system: N2
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: Impending Tipping
6. The man in the figure is trying to move a
packing crate across the floor by applying a W
horizontal force P. The c.g. of the 250 N crate
is located at its geometric center. a) Does the
crate move if P=60 N? b) Calculate the force P P
to cause tipping of the packing crate. Also
determine the minimum s that permits tipping.

0.6m
F

N
1.8m

P
0.9m

s = 0.3
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: Impending Tipping
7. The winch shown is used to move the 150­kg W
uniform log AB. Compute the largest tension T
in the cable for which the log remains at rest. A 2m 2m 60° B

F
N
A 4m 60°
B
s = 0.4

W
T
A 2m 2m 60° B

F T

N
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: Impending Tipping
8. What weight W is necessary to start the
system of blocks shown moving to the right?
The coefficient of friction is 0.10 and pulleys
are assumed to be frictionless.

B
A l b
400
600 lb
30° W
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: Impending Tipping
9. A plank 10 ft long is placed in a horizontal
position with its ends resting in two inclined
planes as shown. The angle of friction is 20°.
Determine how close the load P can be placed
to each end before slipping impends.

P
A B
10’

45° 30°

P
A B
10’
 Assignment
Two blocks with masses mA=20 kg
and mB=80 kg are connected with
a flexible cable that passes over a
frictionless pulley as shown in Fig.
P9-4. The coefficient of friction
between the blocks is 0.25. If
motion of the blocks is impending,
determine the coefficient of
friction between block B and the
inclined surface and the tension in
the cable between the two blocks. T = 152.67 N
= 0.320
Solution:

Free body diagram for block A

Fy = An - 196.14 cos(35) = 0

An = 160.67 N

For impending motion of the block A: (Af = s.An)

+  Fx = -T + 0.25(160.67) + 196.14 sin 35 = 0
T = 152.67 N
 Block B weight:
WB = mB.g = 80 (9.807) = 784.56 N

Free body diagram for block B:

Fy = Bn - 160.67 - 784.56 cos 35 = 0

Bn = 803.34 N

Fx = - Bf - 40.17 - 152.67 + 784.56 sin 35 = 0

Bf = 257.17 N

= Bf/Bn= 257.17/803.34 = 0.320

 Assignment
The masses of blocks A and B of
Fig. P9-36 are mA = 40 kg and mB
= 85 kg. If the coefficient of
friction is 0.25 for both surfaces,
determine the force P required to
cause impending motion of block
B.

P  935 N
 Solution
WA = mAg = 40 (9.807) = 392.28 N

From a free-body diagram for the block A

when motion is impending:
Af = Af (max) = A An = 0.25 An

Fy = An cos 45 + Af sin 45 - WA

= An cos 45 + 0.25 An sin 45 - 392.28 = 0
An= 443.81 N
Af= 0.25 An = 110.95 N
WB = mBg = 85 (9.807) = 833.60 N

From a free-body diagram for the

block B when motion is impending:
Bf = Bf (max) = Bn = 0.25Bn

Fx = P cos 20-WB sin 45-Af -Bf

= P cos 20-833.60 sin 45-110.95-0.25Bn = 0

Fy = P sin 20 - WB cos 45 - An + Bn

= P sin 20 - 833.60 cos 45 - 443.81 + Bn = 0

P  935 N
 Assignment
A 120 lb girl is walking up a 48-lb
uniform beam as shown in Fig. P9-
21. Determine how far up the
beam the girl can walk before the
beam starts to slip if;
(a)The coefficient of friction is
0.20 at all surfaces;
(b)The coefficient of friction at the
bottom end of the beam is
increased to 0.40 by placing a
piece of rubber between the beam
and the floor. a) x = 3.21 ft
b) x = 6.26 ft
 Solution
(a) For a free-body diagram for the
beam when motion is impending:

Ar = An = 0.2An
Bf= Bn = 0.2Bn
6
 = tan 6/8
-1
8 = 36.87
Fh = Bn sin 36.87 - 0.2Bn cos 36.87 - 0.2An = 0
+  Fy = Bn cos 36.87 + 0.2Bn sin 36.87 + An - 120 - 48 = 0
Solving yields: An = 118.46 lb; Bn = 53.85 lb
+ MA = 48(6) cos 36.87 + 120(x) cos 36.87 - 53.85(10) = 0
x = 3.209 ft  3.21 ft
(b) For a free-body diagram for the
beam when motion is impending:

Ar = An = 0.4An
Bf= Bn = 0.2Bn
+  Fh = Bn sin 36.87 - 0.2Bn cos 36.87 - 0.4An = 0
+  Fy = Bn cos 36.87 + 0.2Bn sin 36.87 + An - 120 - 48 = 0
Solving yields:An = 91.49 lb; Bn = 83.17 lb
+ MA = 48(6) cos 36.87 + 120(x) cos 36.87 - 83.17(10) = 0
x = 6.264 ft  6.26 ft
Wedges

•Wedges - simple
machines used to raise
heavy loads.
•Force required to lift •Block as free-
block is significantly less body
than block weight.
•Friction prevents
wedge from sliding out.
•Want to find minimum
force P to raise block.
•Wedge as free-body
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: Wedges
1. In the figure shown, determine the value of FBD:
P just sufficient to start the 10° wedge under
the 400 lb block. The angle of friction is 20°
for all contact surfaces.

400 lb 60°

P
10°

2. In Prob. 1, determine the value of P acting to

the left that is required to pull the wedge out
from the block.
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: Wedges
3. Determine the force P to start the wedge FBD:
shown. The angle of friction for all surfaces in
contact is 15°.

2000 lb

15°
500 lb