Module 3 and 5 PDF

Module
3 and 4
5.0 Beams
6.0 Friction 5.0 BEAMS
5.1 Introduction
A beam is a structural member or element, which is in equilibrium under the action of a non-concurrent
force system. The force system is developed due to the loads or forces acting on the beam and also due to
the support reactions developed at the supports for the beam. For the beam to be in equilibrium, the reactions
developed at the supports the should be equal and opposite to the loads. In a beam, one dimension (length) is
considerably larger than the other two dimensions (breath & depth). The smaller dimensions are usually
neglected and as such a beam is represented as a line for theoretical purposes or for analysis.
ELEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 18CV1ICECV/18CV2ICECV
When the beams are subjected to different types of loads, supports will offer reactions to attain equilibrium.
such reactions are called as support reactions. support reactions for statically determinate beams are
calculated using basic conditions of equilibrium.
5.2 Types of Supports:

Supports are structures which prevent the beam or the body from moving and help to maintain equilibrium.
A beam can have different types of supports as follows. The support reactions developed at each support are
represented as follows.
Simple support: This is a support where a beam rests freely on a support. The beam is free to move only
horizontally and also can rotate about the support. In such a support one reaction, which is perpendicular to
the plane of support, is developed.
Roller support: This is a support in which a beam rests on rollers, which are frictionless. At such a support,
the beam is free to move horizontally and as well rotate about the support. Here one reaction which is
perpendicular to the plane of rollers is developed.
User 2
Hinged support
This support is also called as pinned support. The beam is not free to move in any direction but can rotate
about the support. In such a support a horizontal reaction and a vertical reaction will develop.
User 3
Fixed support: This is a support which prevents the beam from moving in any direction and also prevents
rotation of the beam. In such a support a horizontal reaction, vertical reaction and a Fixed End Moment are
developed to keep the beam in equilibrium.
5.3 Types of beams

Depending upon the supports over which a beam can rest (at its two ends), beams can be classified as
follows.
Simply supported beam.

A beam is said to be simply supported when both ends of the beam rest on simple supports. Such a beam can
carry or resist vertical loads only.
Over hanging beam :It is a beam which projects beyond the supports. A beam can have over hanging
portions on one side or on both sides
User 4
Cantilever Beams: It is a beam, with one end fixed and other and free. Such a beam can carry loads in any
directions.
Propped cantilever: It is a beam which has a fixed support at one end and a simple support at the other end.
Continuous beam: It is a beam which rests over a series of supports at more than two points.
User 5
Note: The support reactions in case of simply supported beams, beam with one end hinged and other on
rollers, over hanging beams, and cantilever beams, can be determined by conditions of equilibrium only (Σ
Fx = 0, ΣFy = 0, ΣM = 0). As such, such beams are known as Statically Determinate Beams. In beams such
as Hinged Beams, Propped Cantilever and Continuous Beams the support reactions cannot be determined
using conditions of equilibrium only. They need additional special conditions for analysis and as such, such
beams are known as Statically Indeterminate Beams
5.4 Types of loads:

The various types of loads that can act over a beam can e listed as follows.
Point load or Concentrated load: If a load acts over a very small length of the beam, it is assumed to act at
the midpoint of the loaded length and such a loading is termed as Point load or Concentrated load.
Uniformly distributed load (UDL): If a beam is loaded in such a manner that each unit length of the beam
carries the same intensity of loading, then such a loading is called UDL. A UDL cannot be considered in the
same manner for applying conditions of equilibrium on the beam. The UDL should be replaced by an
equivalent point load or total load acting through the midpoint of the loaded length. The magnitude of the
point load or total load is equal to the product of the intensity of loading and the loaded length (distance).
User 6
Uniformly varying load (UVL): If a beam is loaded in such a manner, that the intensity of loading varies
linearly or uniformly over each unit distance of the beam, then such a load is termed as UVL.
In applying conditions of equilibrium, a given UVL should be replaced by an equivalent point load or total
load acting through the centroid of the loading diagram (right angle triangle). The magnitude of the
equivalent point load or total load is equal to the area of the loading diagram.
External moment: A beam can also be subjected to external moments at certain points as shown in figure.
These moments should be considered while calculating the algebraic sum of moments of forces about a
point on the beam
User 7
Note :A beam can also be subject to a load as shown in figure belowwith combination of UVL and VDL.
In such a case, the UVL can be split into a UDL with a uniform intensity of w1/unit length another UVL
with a maximum intensity of (w2-w1) /unit length.
5.5 STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS

1.Beam subjected to loading is a coplanar non-concurrent force system. Here three conditions of
equilibrium can be applied, namely : ∑Fx = 0, ∑F y = 0 and ∑M = 0
2. Draw the free body diagram of the given beam by showing all the forces and reactions acting on the
beam.
5.Apply the three conditions of equilibrium to calculate the unknown reactions at the supports.
5.6 PROBLEMS:
1. A simply supported beam of 6m span is loaded as shown in Figure below. Find the reactions at A and B.
Writing FBD of the beam, converting the UDL of 3 kN/m over a span of 3 m into a point load
User 8
∑MB = 0
( Clockwise moment +ve)
- RA x 6 + 2 x 1.5 + 9 x 3 + 5 x 4.5 = 0
=> RA = 52.5/ 6 = + 8.75 kN
∑F y = 0
(↑+ve)
+RA + RB – 5 – 9 – 2 = 0
+8.75+RB-16 =0
=>RB =+7.25 kN
2. Determine the reactions at A and E for the beam shown below
Converting the UDL of 20 kN/m over a span of 3 m into a point load, and applying the laws of equilibrium
we can write FBD as below.
User 9
∑Fx = 0
(→+ve )
=> RAX – 200 cos 45° = 0
=>RAX = + 141.421 kN
∑MB = 0
–RE x 12 + 200 sin 45° x 9 + 60 x 4.5 + 100 x 3 + 100 = 0
=>RE = + 161.899 kN
∑F y = 0
(↑+ve)
RE + RAY – 100 – 60 – 200 x sin 45° = 0
=> RE + RAY = 301.421
=> 161.899 + RAY= 301.421
=>RAY = +139.522 kN
RA= √( RAX2 + RAY2)
= √( 141.4222 + 139.5222)
=>RA =198.662 kN
a = tan--( RAY/ RAX)
= tan--(139.522/ 141.422)
a = 44.61 ˚
4.Determine the distance x such that RA and RB are equal, for the beam shown
User 10
Applying the conditions of equilibrium to calculate the value of x, we will get,

∑F y = 0
(↑+ve)
+RA + RB – 30 – 20 – 10 – 20 = 0
2RA – 80 = 0
Since RA= RB,
RA = RB = 40 kN
∑MA = 0
+20 X 1 + 30 X 2 + 20 X 3 – 40 X 7 + 10(7 + x) = 0
=> x = 7 m.
4. For the beam with loading shown in below figure, determine the reactions at the supports A and D.
Inclination of plane of support to horizontal, tanQ = 1/ 2

=>Q = 26.56 ˚
Free body diagram of the beam can be written as below.
User 11
∑Fx = 0
(→+ve )
RAX + 100 x cos 45° – RD x sin 26.56° = 0
RAX – 0.477 RD = 70.71 --------------------------------------(1)
∑F y = 0
(↑+ve)
RAY + RD x cos 26.56° – 100 x sin 45° – 150 = 0
RAY + 0.894 RD = 220.71 -----------------------------------(2)
∑MA = 0
–5RD x cos 26.56° + 150 x 5.5 + 100sin 45° x 1 = 0
=>RD = +135.199 kN
Substituting in eqn (1);
RAX = –11.15 kN
Substituting in Eqn (2); we get,

RAY = 101.63 kN
= √( 135.199 2 + (-11.15)2)
=>RA =135.66 kN
a = tan--( 11.15/ 135.199)
a = 4.785 ˚
5. Find the reactions at supports A and B for the beam loaded as shown below.
Converting UDL to equivalent point load at center, FBD of the beam is as given below.
User 12
∑Fx = 0
(→+ve )
+ RAX – 3 = 0
=>RAX = + 3 kN
∑F y = 0
(↑+ve)
+RAY + RB – 5 – 6 = 0
=> RAY + RB = 11 -----------------------------------------------------------(1)
Also, we have,
∑MA = 0
-RB x 6 + 5 x 1 + 6 x 4.5 – 3 x 0.5 – 10 =0
=>RB = +5.417 kN
Substituting value of RB inEqn (1)
RAY + 5.417 = 11
=>RAY = +7.583 kN.
= √( 3 2 + 7.5832)
=>RA = 8.155 kN
a = tan--( 7.583/ 3)
a = 68.41 ˚
6. Find the reactions for the cantilever beam loaded as shown.
User 13
Converting UDL and UVL to respective point loads and writing FBD we get,
Point load due to UDL= 4 x 3 = 12 kN
Point load due to UVL= Area of the triangle= 0.5 X 2 x 2 = 2 kN.
∑Fx = 0
(→+ve )
+RAX- 80 cos 30° = 0
=>RAX = +69.282 kN
∑F y = 0
(↑+ve)
+RAY – 80 sin 30° – 2 – 12 – 30 = 0
=>RAY = + 84 kN
∑MA = 0
+80 sin 30° x 3 + ((2 x 2/3)+ 5) + 12 x 8.5 + 30 x 12 + MA = 0
=> MA= -594.667 kN-m.
7. Find the reactions for the beam loaded as shown.
Converting trapezoidal load into UDL of 20kN/m and UVL of 0 intensity at left end and 40kN/m at right
end, FBD of beam can be written as follows.
User 14
∑Fx = 0
(→+ve )
40 x cos 45° – RAX = 0
=>RAX = +28.284 kN
∑F y = 0
(↑+ve)
=> RAY + RB – 40 sin 45° – 60 – 60 = 0
=> RAY + RB = 148.284---------------------(1)
Applying ∑MA = 0 ,
–RB x 3 + 60 x 1.5 + 60 x 2 + 50 – 40 sin 45 x 1 = 0
=>RB = +77.238 kN
Substituting value of RB in (1)
RAY = +71.046 kN
= √( 28.284 2 + 71.0462)
=>RA = 78.469 kN
a = tan--( 71.046/ 28.284)
a = 68.292˚
User 15
6.0 FRICTION
6.1 Introduction
Whatever we have studied so far, we have always taken the force applied by one surface on an object to be
normal to the surface. In doing so, we have been making an approximation i.e., we have been neglecting a
very important force viz., the frictional force. In this chapter we look at the frictional force in various
situations.
Even when a smooth surface is observed under a microscope, it will be seen that the surface has undulations
with troughs and crests as illustrated in Figure. 6.1
Fig 6.1 Two bodies moving over each other
In this chapter when we talk about friction, we would mean frictional force between two dry surfaces. This
is known as Coulomb friction. Frictional forces also exist when there is a thin film of liquid between two
surfaces or within a liquid itself. This is known as the viscous force. We will not be talking about such
forces and will focus our attention on Coulomb friction i.e., frictional forces between two dry surfaces only.
Frictional force always opposes the motion or tendency of an object to move against another object or
against a surface. We distinguish between two kinds of frictional forces - static and kinetic - because it is
observed that kinetic frictional force is slightly less than maximum static frictional force.
Let us now perform the following experiment. Put a block on a rough surface and pull it by a force F (see
figure 1). Since the force F has a tendency to move the block, the frictional force acts in the opposite
direction and opposes the applied force F. All the forces acting on the block are shown in figure 1. Note that
we have shown the weight and the normal reaction acting at two different points on the block. I leave it for
you to think why should the weight and the normal reaction not act along the same vertical line?
User 16
It is observed that the block does not move until the applied force F reaches a maximum value Fmax. Thus
from F = 0 up to F = Fmax, the frictional force adjusts itself so that it is just sufficient to stop the motion. It
was observed by Coulombs that F max is proportional to the normal reaction of the surface on the object.
You can observe all this while trying to push a table across the room; heavier the table, larger the push
required to move it. Thus we can write
Where µs is known as the coefficient of static friction. It should be emphasized again that is the maximum
possible value of frictional force, applicable when the object is about to stop, otherwise frictional force could
be less than, just sufficient to prevent motion. We also note that frictional force is independent of the area of
contact and depends only on N.
As the applied force F goes beyond Fmax , the body starts moving now experience slightly less force. This
force is seem to be when is known as the coefficient of kinetic friction. At low velocities it is a constant but
decrease slightly at high velocities. A schematic plot of frictional force F as a function of the applied force is
as shown in figure 2.
Values of frictional coefficients for different materials vary from almost zero (ice on ice) to as large as 0.9
(rubber tire on cemented road) always remaining less than 1.
User 17
A quick way of estimating the value of static friction is to look at the motion an object on an inclined plane.
Its free-body diagram is given in figure 3.
Since the block has a tendency to slide down, the frictional force points up the inclined plane. As long as the
block is in equilibrium
As θ is increased, mgsinθ increases and when it goes past the maximum possible value of friction f maxthe
block starts sliding down. Thus at the angle at which it slides down we have
6.2 LIMITING FRICTION
The self-adjusting opposing and resisting friction F which opposes the sliding motion of one body over
another, has a limiting value and if the applied force exceeds this value, the body begins to move. This
limiting value of the force is called the limiting friction and at this stage the body is in limiting equilibrium
and just on the verge of motion.
User 18
Coefficient of Friction (µ)
It is the constant ratio which the limiting friction F bears to the normal reaction N, i.e. as shown in Figure
5.2, where a body of weight W is in equilibrium under the applied force P and the frictional force F,
Fig 6.2 Coefficient of Friction (µ)
µ=
µ= 0, for smooth surfaces
6.3 TYPES OF FRICTION
Depending on the state of rest or motion, we can categorize friction into:
(i) Static friction

And
(ii) Dynamic friction
Sliding friction Rolling friction
(i)Static friction: It is the friction experienced between two bodies when both bodies are at rest.
(ii) Dynamic friction: It is the friction experienced between two bodies when one body moves over the
other body. It is of two types –
User 19
(a) Sliding friction: It is the resisting force which opposes the sliding motion of one body over another
body. This force acts in a direction opposite to the direction of impending motion.
(b) Rolling friction: It is the friction between the two bodies when one body rolls over the other body.
Based on the surface of contact, there are two types of friction, namely:
Dry friction: If the contact surfaces between the two bodies is dry, then the friction between such bodies is
known as Dry friction.
Fluid friction: The friction between two fluid layers or the friction between a solid and a fluid layer.
Angle of friction (f)
Let us again consider a body of weight W which is placed over a rough surface and is subjected to an
external force P as shown in figure. The following forces are acting on the body:
(i) Self-weight, W
(ii) External force, P
(iii) Frictional force, F
(iv) Normal reaction, N
Fig6.3 Angle of friction (f)
The angle of friction for two contacting surfaces is the angle between the resultant R (of friction
force F and the normal reaction N) and the normal reaction N. It is denoted by f.
In triangle ABD,
User 20
Angle of Repose (u)
When a plane is inclined to the horizontal by a certain angle, the body placed on it will remain at rest up to a
certain angle of inclination, beyond which the body just begins to move. This maximum angle made by the
inclined plane with the horizontal, when the body placed on that plane is just at the point of sliding down the
plane, is known as the angle of repose. Repose means sleep which is disturbed at that particular angle of
inclination.
Let us consider a body of weight W which is placed on an inclined plane as shown in Figure 8.4. The body is
just at the point of sliding down the plane when the angle of inclination is u. The various forces acting on the
body are self-weight, normal reaction, and frictional force.
Fig6.4 Angle of Repose (u)
Applying the conditions of equilibrium,
ΣFx=0, ΣFy=0
Resolving forces along the x-axis,
-F +W sin u = 0,
Or F = W sin u
Resolving the forces along the y-axis,
N – W cos u = 0
Or N = W cos u
We know that,
Or tan f = tan u
User 21
Or f=u
Angle of friction = Angle of repose
6.4 LAWS OF FRICTION
The laws of static friction are:
(i) The force of friction always acts in a direction, opposite to that in which the body tends to move.
(ii) The magnitude of the force of friction is exactly equal to the applied force which just moves the
body.
(iii) The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the two
surfaces in contact, i.e.
Where F is the limiting friction and N is the normal reaction.

(iv) The force of friction is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces.
(v) The force of friction depends upon the roughness of the surfaces in contact.
The laws of dynamic friction are:
(i) The force of friction always acts in a direction, opposite to that in which the body is moving.
(ii) The magnitude of the kinetic friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the two
surfaces in contact. But this ratio is slightly less than that in the case of limiting friction.
(iii) The friction force remains constant for moderate speeds but decreases slightly with the increase in
speed.
6.5 PROBLEMS
Tips to Solve the Problems
1) Draw a free body diagram.

2) Draw the reference axes. We have to choose the reference axes in such a way that one of the axis
must be along the direction of motion.
3) The following forces should be considered while drawing the free body diagram.
a) Self-weight always acts vertically downwards.
b) External or internal forces.
4) In a rough surface (with a non-zero coefficient of friction), two forces must be present.
a) Frictional force (tangential force) which is always opposite to the direction of motion at the contact
surface and is parallel to the contact surface.
b) Normal reaction, which is always perpendicular to the contact surface.
User 22
5) Write the algebraic sum of the forces along the x-axis, i.e. ΣFx = 0
6) Write the algebraic sum of the forces along the y-axis, i.e. ΣFy = 0
7) Write the limiting friction equation, i.e. µ = F/N.
8) Solve for the three unknowns from the three equations.
Let us now solve a couple of simple standard examples involving static friction/kinetic friction.
1. A 50kg block is on an inclined plane of 30°. The coefficient of static friction between the block and the
plane is 0.5. We wish to determine the range of m under the block will be in equilibrium (see figure 5).
The very first question that we address first is: why is there a range of m ? It is because of the friction. If
friction were absent, there is only one value of m , , that will balance the 50kg mass. On the
other hand, friction can adjust itself according to the kind of motion; it can even change direction depending
upon which way is the 50kg block slipping. Thus when friction is present, there is range of m , starting from
when the 50kg block has a tendency to slide down the ramp to when m pulls it up the ramp. Let us calculate
these values. We first take the case when the 50kg block is about to slide down the ramp. At that point, the
friction will be pointing up with its magnitude at its maximum value. In that case the free body diagram
of 50kg block is as follows.
A reminder here that a free body diagram is the one where we isolate a body and replace all other elements
in contact with it by the forces they apply on the body. Thus the ramp surface is replaced by its normal
reaction N, and the frictional force (max) µN, and the string attached with m is replaced by the
corresponding tension T in it. We reiterate that we have taken the direction of up the ramp because we have
assumed the block to be sliding down and we have taken the friction at its maximum possible value. This
gives us the smallest possible mass m .
User 23
Taking directions along the ramp to be the x-direction and that perpendicular to it to be the y-
direction gives
50g sin30 = T + µ N
Similarly gives
N = 50g sin30
To get T, we apply the force balance equation to mass m to get
T = mg
Solving these equations with g = 10ms -2 gives
m = 7.68kg.
Now as we start increasing m, the frictional force would become smaller and smaller than its maximum
value µN , eventually changing direction and increasing up to in the µN in the opposite direction. The free
body diagram of 50 kg block will then look like (note that the direction of friction is opposite to that in
figure 5) figure 6.
Then (taking the x-axis along the ramp) implies that
T = 50g sin30 + µN
The other two equations remain the same as in the previous case. Solution of these equations gives
User 24
m = 42.32kg
Thus we see that due to friction, there is a range of mass m from 7.68 kg to 42.32 kg that can balance the
50 kg weight on the ramp; for all the values of m between the values determined above, the frictional force
will be less than its maximum value. I leave this example by asking you: at what value of m will the
frictional force be zero?
We now take certain specific example of friction viz. rotation of a solid cylinder against a dry surface; this is
known as dry thrust waving. We then discuss the case of belt friction and finally the square screw thread and
the screw jack. In these discussions we closely follow the book by Shames on Engineering Mechanics.
2. A block of mass 100 kg is on a ramp of angle 30°. We wish to determine the magnitude and direction of
the frictional force for the applied force F = 600N, F = 500N and F = 100N . This is a
problem where we do not know a priori whether the block will be moving up or down the plane or whether
it will have a tendency to move up or down the plane. So while solving we have to keep itmind :
1. Whether the block will remain stationary or move.

2. Which way does the block have tendency to move or which way does it move?
That will determine the direction of friction.
To get the answer, we see that if the maximum possible static friction is not able to stop the block, it
will move and in that case the friction will be kinetic. We will check that as we solve the problem. To
understand which way will be the friction act, let us first assume that there is no friction and calculate the
corresponding Fo for equilibrium. If applied F is greater Fo than the block will have a tendency to move up,
otherwise it will have a tendency to move down the plane. Free-body diagram of the block looks (friction =
0) as follows.
User 25
Taking x-axis along the plane and y-axis perpendicular to it (see figure) we get from the equilibrium
conditions
Let us see what happens if we increase F beyond 558.6N. In that case the component of F up the slope will
increase and the block will have a tendency to move up. Let us now answer the second question whether
at 600N
( Fcos30° - 100gsin 30° )> Max. Friction OR ( Fcos30° - 100gsin θ ) < Max Friction
From
N=100gcos30° +Fsin30°
we get
N=981
User 26
=490
=848.68+300=1148.68N
Thus maximum value of frictional force is
On the other hand,
Thus only 29.6N of frictional force is required to keep the block in equilibrium. This is well below the
maximum possible frictional force. So under 600N, the block will be in equilibrium and the direction of
friction will be down the plane. The free body diagram will look as follows in this case.
Now we consider the case when the horizontal push is changed to 500N.
At F = 500N ( Fcos30° - 100gsin30°) will be negative so the block will have a tendency to slide down. Let
us again calculate the maximum possible frictional force µsN and ( 100gsin30º - Fcos30º) for F = 500N .
N= 100gcos30° - Fsin30°
=848.68+250=1098.68
User 27
and
Further
100gsin30° -Fcos30° =490 - 250 × 1.732
=57N
which is again well below the maximum frictional force of 219.7N. So the block will remain in equilibrium
with its free-body diagram a follows.
Next we consider the case of the force pushing the block to be 100N. At F = 100N obviously the block as a
tendency to slide down since it does so for F = 500N. For 100N case
N = 100gcos30° +Fsin30°
=848.68+50
=898.68 N
and
Further
This force is larger than the maximum frictional (static) force. Thus the block will start sliding down,
However when the block slides down, the friction will no more be given by µsN but by µkN. Thus the
User 28
frictional force is = .17x 898.68N = 152.8N. Thus the free body diagram of the block will look as given
below.
Another way of doing this problem would be to apply the external force F and calculate the frictional force
required to keep the body in equilibrium by assuming a direction for the frictional force. This would give
both the direction and magnitude of the frictional force required for equilibrium of the block. If this force is
below µsN, the body will remain in equilibrium; if it exceeds µsN, it will move.
6. A block shown in Figure 8.6 is just moved by a force of 200 N. The weight of the block is 600 N.
Determine the coefficient of static friction between the block and the floor.
Solution: Considering the conditions of equilibrium,
ΣFx = 0
User 29
200 cos 20° – μN = 0
μN = 187.938
ΣFy = 0
N – 600 + 200 sin 20° = 0
N = 531.596 N
Substituting the value of N in Eq. (i), we get
μ = 0.35
7.A small block of weight 1000 N as shown in Figure 8.10, is placed on a 30° inclined plane with = 0.25.
Determine the horizontal force to be applied for:
1) Impending motion down the plane

2) Impending motion up the plane.
Solution (i) The value of P for impending motion down the plane
Consider the free body diagram of block
User 30
ΣFy= 0
Or 20 × 9.81 × cos 30° – N = 0
Or N = 20 × 9.81 cos 30° = 169.914 N
Also, ΣFx= 0
or –P – 0.24 × 169.914 + 20 × 9.81 sin 30°
∴ P = 57.320 N
(ii) The value of P for impending motion up the plane
Consider the free body diagram of block

ΣFy= 0
Or N = 20 × 9.81 cos 30°
Or N = 169.914 N
Also, ∑Fx= 0
Or –20 × 9.81 sin 30° + P – N = 0
Or P = 20 × 9.81 sin 30° + 0.24 × 169.914
P = 138.879 N
8.A block weighing 4500 N resting on horizontal surface supports another block of
3000 N as shown in Figure 8.22. Find the horizore
ntal force P required to just move the block to the left. Take the coefficient of friction for all contact surfaces
as 0.5.
User 31
Solution When one body is placed over the other body, equal and opposite reactions and also equal and
opposite frictional forces will come into existence between the contact surfaces of the two bodies as shown
in Figure 8.25.
From Fig
For ΣFy= 0, we get
–3000 + N2 + T sin 30° = 0
N2 = 3000 – 0.5T
For ΣFx= 0, we get
T cos 30° – 0.3(3000 – 0.5T ) = 0
Or T cos 30° – 900 + 0.15T = 0
Or 1.016T = 900
Or T = 885.827 N
N2 = 3000 – 0.5T = 2557.086 N
User 32
From Figure
For ΣFy= 0, we get
N1 = 4500 + 2557.086 = 7057.086 N
And for ΣFx= 0,

P – 0.3 × 7057.086 – 0.3 × 2557.086 = 0
P = 2884.252 N
6.6 WEDGE FRICTION
A wedge is usually a triangular or trapezoidal body in action. It is used either for lifting heavy loads or for
slight adjustments in the position of a body, i.e. tightening fits or keys for a shaft.
When lifting a heavy load, the wedge is placed below the load and a horizontal force P is applied as shown
in Figure 8.51.
Fig 6.6 Wedge friction
The load will be resting against the wedge as shown in the above figure. As can be seen, the wedge moves
from right to left lifting the block upwards, Hence the friction force reaction always opposes the impending
User 33
motion and therefore the friction reaction Rw between the block and the wall is downwards, and that
between the ground and the wedge Rg is acting towards left to right.
The analysis of block and wedge depends on the relative motion. In case of block, it is moving from left to
right relative to the motion of wedge (right to left) and hence the friction reaction is right to left, whereas for
the wedge, the friction reaction is acting from left to right.
Further, the analysis of forces is easier with the Lami’s theorem. It can be seen that the forces acting on both
the block and wedge are a convergent system of forces and also there are three forces acting at each point O
and O′ respectively. As the system is in equilibrium, the Lami’s theorem can be applied in succession at both
the points respectively.
Consider the block first, as the number of forces acting on it is minimum (Figure 8.52). Out of the three
forces, the weight of the block acts vertically downwards. The friction reaction with the wall will be acting
at w from the normal to the contact surface of wall and block, i.e normal tothe vertical surface. Finally, the
third force is the friction reaction between the block and the wedge acting at b from the normal to the contact
surface, which in turn is inclined at θ (wedge angle) with the vertical.
Hence, the friction reaction from the wedge is inclined at an angle from the vertical. Following
is the free body diagram at point O’
User 34
Fig 6.7 free body diagram
The given problem can be solved by Lami’s theorem.
9.Determine the value of P just sufficient to start the 10° wedge under the 40-kN block. The angle of friction is 20°
for all contact surfaces.
User 35
10. What force P must be applied to the wedges shown in Figure to start them under the block? The angle of
friction for all contact surfaces is 10°.
User 36
User 37
6.7 LADDER FRICTION
A ladder is a device used for climbing the roofs or walls. It consists of two long uprights of wood, steel or
iron pipes connected by a number of cross pieces. The friction developed between the contact surfaces of
ladder and floor and also between the ladder and the wall is known as ladder friction.
Consider a ladder AB resting on ground and leaning against a wall as shown in Figure
Fig6.8 Ladder friction
As the upper end of ladder tends to slip downwards, the force of friction between the ladder and the wall
will be Fw upwards. Similarly as the lower end of the ladder tends to slip away from the wall, the force Fg
should be towards the wall.
Since the system is in equilibrium, the algebraic sum of the components of forces must be zero.
11. Determine the support reactions for the compound beam shown in Figure
Solution
The radius of the roller is negligible.
User 38
Consider the beam BE

ΣFy = 0
RB + RE = 9 kN
ΣMB = 0
5 x1 + 4 x 2 – RE x 3 = 0
3RE = 13
RE =4.33 kN
RB = 9 kN – 4.333 kN = 4.667 kN
Consider the beam AC
ΣFx = 0
RAX = 0
ΣFy = 0
RAY + RC = 15 + 4.667 = 19.667 kN
ΣMA = 0
15 x 1.5 + 4.667 x 3 – RC x4 = 0
4RC = 36.501
RC = 9.125 kN
RAY = 19.667 – 9.125 = 10.542 kN
RA = RAY = 10.542 kN (since RAX = 0)
For beam DF
ΣFx = 0
RFX = 0
ΣFy = 0
RD + RFY = 15 + 4.333 = 19.333 kN
ΣMF = 0
–15x1.5 – 4.333x3 + RDx 4 = 0
RD = 8.875 kN
RF = RFY = 19.333 – 8.875 = 10.458 kN
User 39
12.Determine the reactions developed in the double overhanging beam shown in figure
Solution
ΣFx = 0
RBX – 60 cos 30° = 0
RBX = 51.962 kN
ΣFy = 0
RBY + RC – 25 – 120 – 60 – 80 – 60 sin 30° = 0
RBY + RC = 315
ΣMB = 0
–RCx 6 + 60 sin 30°x 12 + 80x(1.333 + 6) + 60x 4 + 120x 3 – 25x 3 = 0
RC = 245.273 kN
RBY = 315 – 245.273 = 69.727 kN
RB =(51.952)2x (69.727)2
RB = 86.727 kN
13.Determine the support reactions for the beam shown in Figure
User 40
Solution
Using the conditions of equilibrium, we have

ΣFx = 0
–RDX = 0
ΣFy = 0
RBY + RDY – 60 – 50 – 50 = 0
RBY + RDY = 160
ΣMB = 0
RDY = 75.958 kN
RBY = 160 – 75.958 = 86.042 kN
RD = 75.958 kN
14.Find the support reaction at A and B in the beam as shown in fig
User 41
Sol.: First draw the FBD of the beam as shown in

6KN is the point load of UDL
WMNQB = Weight of MNQB
= UDL × Distance(MB)
=1×2 = 2KN, act at a point 1m vertically from point B
WNPQ = Weight of Triangle NPQ
= 1/2 × MB × (BP – BQ)
= 1/2 × 2 × (3 – 1)
= 2KN and will act at MB/3 = 2/3m from point B
Since hinged at point A and Roller at point B. let at point A RHA and RVA and at point B RVB is the
support reaction, Also beam is in equilibrium under action of coplanar non concurrent force system,
therefore:
∑H = 0
RAH –WMNQB – WNPQ = 0
RAH – 2 – 2 = 0
RAH = 4KN .......ANS
∑V = 0
RAV + RBV – 5 – 6 = 0
RAV + RBV = 11KN ...(i)
Taking moment about point A:
MA = 5 × 1 – 10 + 6 × 4.5 – RBV × 6 – WNPQ × (2 – 4/3) – WMNQB × 1 = 0
5 × 1 – 10 + 6 × 4.5 – RBV × 6 – 2 × (2 – 4/3) – 2 × 1 = 0
RBV = 5.11KN .......ANS
Putting the value of RBV in equation (i)
RAV = 7.99KN
15.Find out reactions at the grouted end of the cantilever beam shown in fig
User 42
Solution:
Draw F.B.D. of the beam as shown in figure First change UDL in to point load. Since Point A is
fixed point i.e., there is three reaction are developed, RAH, RAV, MA. Let ∑H & ∑V is the sum of
horizontal and vertical component of the forces, The supported beam is in equilibrium, hence
R = 0,
∑H = ?V =0
∑H = 0;
RAH = 0 .......ANS
∑V = 0;
RAV – 50 + 15 = 0, RAV = 35KN .......ANS
Now taking moment about point ‘A’
–MA + 50 × 2.5 + 100 – 15 × 14.5 = 0
MA = 7.5 KN–m .......ANS
16.Determine the support reactions for the beam supported and loaded as shown in Figure
[Ans.: RB = 32 kN, RA = 58.85 kN]
User 43
17. Determine the support reactions for a beam loaded as shown in Figure
[Ans.: RA = 55.83 kN, RE = 79.17 kN]
18.A horizontal beam 6 m long is supported on a knife edge at its end B and the end A, rests on a roller
support placed on an inclined plane, having an inclination of 300 as shown in
Figure 6.51. Find the reactions at the supports A and B.
[Ans.: RA = 1667.44 N, RB = 1696.17 N]
19.Find the support reactions for a beam loaded and supported as shown in Figure
[Ans.: RAX = 5 kN, RAY = 1.17 kN, RB = 16.83 kN]
20.Calculate the support reactions for the cantilever beam shown in Figure
21.Determine the force P required to start the wedge shown in Fig. . The angle of friction for all surfaces in
contact is 15°.
User 44
From the FBD of the block to the right

ΣFV=0
R1cos15∘=R2sin15∘+200
R1cos15∘=R2sin⁡15∘+200
R1=0.2679R2+207.0
ΣFH=0
R2cos15∘=R1sin15∘+50
R2cos⁡15∘=R1sin⁡15∘+50
R2cos15∘=(0.2679R2+207.06)sin15∘+50
0.8966R2=105.590.8966R2=105.59
R2=115.54 kN
From the FBD of the wedge to the left

ΣFH=0
User 45
R3cos30∘=R2cos15∘
R3cos30∘=115.54cos15∘
R3=128.87 kN
ΣFV=0
P=R2sin15∘+R3sin30∘
P=115.54sin15∘+128.87sin30∘
P=94.34 kNP=94.34 kN answer
22.To adjust the vertical position of a column supporting 200-kN load, two 5° wedges are used as shown in
Fig.Determine the force P necessary to start the wedges is the angle of friction at all contact surfaces is 25°.
Neglect friction at the rollers.
From the FBD of the upper wedge

ΣFV=0
R2cos30∘=200
R2=230.94 kN
From the FBD of the lower wedge

ΣFV=0
R3cos25∘=R2cos30∘
R3cos25∘=230.94cos30∘
R3=220.68 kN
User 46
ΣFH=0
P=R2sin30∘+R3sin25∘
P=230.94sin30∘+220.68sin25∘
P=208.73 kN answer
23.The block A in Fig. supports a load W and is to be raised by forcing the wedge B under it. If the angle of
friction is 10° at all surfaces in contact, determine the maximum wedge angle α that will give the wedge a
mechanical advantage; i.e., make P less than the weight W of the block.
β=180∘−100∘−(10∘+α)
β=70∘−α
R2sin100∘=WsinβR2sin⁡100∘=Wsin⁡β
R2sin100∘=Wsin(70∘−α)R2sin⁡100∘=Wsin⁡(70∘−α)
R2=Wsin100∘sin(70∘−α)R2=Wsin⁡100∘sin⁡(70∘−α)
User 47
θ=180∘−80∘−(80∘−α)
θ=20∘+α
R2sin80∘=Psinθ
R2=Psin80∘sinθ
Wsin100∘sin(70∘−α)=Wsin80∘sin(20∘+α)
sin100∘sin(70∘−α)=sin80∘sin(20∘+α)
sin100∘sin(20∘+α)=sin80∘sin(70∘−α)
sin100∘(sin20∘cosα+cos20∘sinα)=sin80∘(sin70∘cosα−cos70∘sinα)
sin100∘sin20∘cosα+sin100∘cos20∘sinα=sin80∘sin70∘cosα−sin80∘cos70∘sinα
sin100∘cos20∘sinα+sin80∘cos70∘sinα=sin80∘sin70∘cosα−sin100∘sin20∘cosα
(sin100∘cos20∘+sin80∘cos70∘)sinα=(sin80∘sin70∘−sin100∘sin20∘)cosα
sinαcosα=sin80∘sin70∘−sin100∘sin20∘sin100∘cos20∘+sin80∘cos70∘
tanα=sin80∘sin70∘−sin100∘sin20∘sin100∘cos20∘+sin80∘cos70∘ tanα=0.4663076582
α=25∘ answer
User 48
24.A uniform bar AB, weighing 424 N, is fastened by a frictionless pin to a block weighing 200 N as shown
in Fig. P-535. At the vertical wall, μ = 0.268 while under the block, μ = 0.20. Determine the force P needed
to start motion to the right.
ΣMA=0
NB(2x)=424x+fB(2x)
2NB=424+2fB
2NB=424+2(0.268NB)
1.464NB=424
NB=289.62 N
fB=0.268(289.62)
fB=77.62 N
ΣFV=0
NA=fB+200+424
NA=77.62+200+424
NA=701.62 N
fA=0.20(701.62)
fA=140.32 N
ΣFH=0
P=fA+NB
P=140.32+289.62
User 49
P=429.94 N answer
25.In Fig, two blocks each weighing 1.5 kN are connected by a uniform horizontal bar which weighs 1.0 kN.
If the angle of friction is 15° under each block, find P directed parallel to the 45° incline that will cause
impending motion to the left.
μ=tanϕ
μ=tan15∘
Summation of forces on block A normal to the 30° incline

NA=2cos30∘+Ccos60∘
User 50
NA=2cos30∘+0.5C
Amount of friction under block A

fA=μNA=tan15∘(2cos30∘+0.5C)
fA=2cos30∘tan15∘+0.5Ctan15∘
Summation of forces on block A parallel to the 30° incline

fA+2sin30∘=Csin60∘
(2cos30∘tan15∘+0.5Ctan15∘)+1=Csin60∘
2cos30∘tan15∘+1=Csin60∘−0.5Ctan15∘
(sin60∘−0.5tan15∘)C=2cos30∘tan15∘+1
C=2cos30∘tan15∘+1sin60∘−0.5tan15∘
C=2 kN
Summation of forces on block B normal to the 45° incline

NB=2cos45∘+Ccos45∘
NB=2cos45∘+2cos45∘
NB=2.8284 kN
Amount of friction under block B

fB=μNB=tan15∘(2.8284)
fB=0.7578 kN
Summation of forces on block B parallel to the 45° incline

P+2sin45∘=fB+Csin45∘
P+2sin45∘=0.7578+2sin45∘
P=0.7578 kN answer
26.As shown in Fig. P-529, a homogeneous cylinder 2 m in diameter and weighing 12 kN is acted upon by a
vertical force P. Determine the magnitude of P necessary to start the cylinder turning. Assume that μ = 0.30.
User 51
When the cylinder starts to turn due to P, the normal force under horizontal surface is zero. See the free body
diagram below.
x=(1)(sin60∘)
x=123√ m
ΣMA=0
(1+x)P=12x
(1+123√)P=12(123√)
1.866P=10.392
P=5.569 kN answer
27.A ladder 6 m long has a mass of 18 kg and its center of gravity is 2.4 m from the bottom. The ladder is
placed against a vertical wall so that it makes an angle of 60° with the ground. How far up the ladder can a
72-kg man climb before the ladder is on the verge of slipping? The angle of friction at all contact surfaces is
15°.
User 52
Coefficient of friction
μ=tanϕ
μ=tan15∘
Amount of friction at contact surfaces

fA=μNA=NAtan15∘
fB=μNB=NBtan15∘
ΣFV=0
NA+fB=18+72
NA=90−fB
NA=90−NBtan15∘
ΣFH=0
fA=NB
NAtan15∘=NB
(90−NBtan15∘)tan15∘=NB
90tan15∘−NBtan215∘=NB
90tan15∘=NB+NBtan215∘
NB(1+tan215∘)=90tan15∘
NB=90tan15∘1+tan215∘
NB=22.5 kg
fB=22.5tan15∘
fB=6.03 kg
ΣMA=0
NB(6sin60∘)+fB(6cos60∘)=18(2.4cos60∘)+72(xcos60∘)
NB(6tan60∘)+6fB=18(2.4)+72x
6(22.5)tan60∘+6(6.03)=45.2+72x
72x=226.81
x=5.15 m answer
28.A ladder weighing 200 N and 4 m long is placed on the ground at an angle of 60° and thetop of the ladder
rests against the wall, as shown in Figure 8.84. A man weighing 1000 Nstands at the top of the ladder. The
coefficient of friction between the wall and the ladder is0.30 and that between the ground and the ladder is
0.35. If the ladder is not to slip, find thehorizontal force P required to be applied to the ladder at its end on
the floor.[Ans.: P = 178.174 N]
User 53
29.Determine the force P required to start the movement of the wedge as shown in
Figure 8.82. The angle of friction at all contact surfaces is 15º. [Ans.: 35.27 N]
30 Two blocks P and Q are connected by a rigid bar as shown in Figure 8.79. If the weight ofthe block P is
2800 N, determine the minimum weight of block Q to prevent sliding.[Ans.: WQ = 7577.8 N]
31.A 200 N block is in contact with a plane inclined at 30° to the horizontal. A force P parallelto and acting
up the plane is applied to the body. If s = 0.2 (a) find the value of P to justcause motion impend up the plane,
(b) to just prevent motion down the plane.
[Ans.: (a) P = 134.64 N, (b) P = 65.3
User 54
User 55

Module 3 and 5 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 3 and 5 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module

5.2 Types of Supports:

5.3 Types of beams

Simply supported beam.

5.4 Types of loads:

5.5 STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS

2. Determine the reactions at A and E for the beam shown below

Applying the conditions of equilibrium to calculate the value of x, we will get,

Inclination of plane of support to horizontal, tanQ = 1/ 2

Substituting in Eqn (2); we get,

6. Find the reactions for the cantilever beam loaded as shown.

7. Find the reactions for the beam loaded as shown.

Fig 6.1 Two bodies moving over each other

6.2 LIMITING FRICTION

Coefficient of Friction (µ)

Fig 6.2 Coefficient of Friction (µ)

µ= 0, for smooth surfaces

6.3 TYPES OF FRICTION

Depending on the state of rest or motion, we can categorize friction into:

(i) Static friction

Sliding friction Rolling friction

Angle of friction (f)

Fig6.3 Angle of friction (f)

Angle of Repose (u)

Fig6.4 Angle of Repose (u)

Applying the conditions of equilibrium,

Resolving forces along the x-axis,

Resolving the forces along the y-axis,

6.4 LAWS OF FRICTION

The laws of static friction are:

Where F is the limiting friction and N is the normal reaction.

The laws of dynamic friction are:

Tips to Solve the Problems

1) Draw a free body diagram.

To get T, we apply the force balance equation to mass m to get

Solving these equations with g = 10ms -2 gives

Then (taking the x-axis along the ramp) implies that

1. Whether the block will remain stationary or move.

That will determine the direction of friction.

Thus maximum value of frictional force is

On the other hand,

100gsin30° -Fcos30° =490 - 250 × 1.732

Solution: Considering the conditions of equilibrium,

200 cos 20° – μN = 0

N – 600 + 200 sin 20° = 0

Substituting the value of N in Eq. (i), we get

1) Impending motion down the plane

Consider the free body diagram of block

(ii) The value of P for impending motion up the plane

Consider the free body diagram of block

And for ΣFx= 0,

6.6 WEDGE FRICTION

Fig 6.6 Wedge friction

Fig 6.7 free body diagram

The given problem can be solved by Lami’s theorem.

6.7 LADDER FRICTION

Fig6.8 Ladder friction

Consider the beam BE

13.Determine the support reactions for the beam shown in Figure

Using the conditions of equilibrium, we have

14.Find the support reaction at A and B in the beam as shown in fig

Sol.: First draw the FBD of the beam as shown in