ALGEBRA 2

Principles and Sample

Problems
2.6 PERMUTATIONS
2.7 COMBINATIONS
2.8 PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
2.9 BINOMIAL EXPANSION
2.10 SET THEORY
2.11 PROBLEMS FOR SOLUTIONS
ALGEBRA 2.6 Permutations Theorem 1:
Permutation is a definite arrangement of The number of permutations of n distinct
all parts of a set of objects. Here repetition objects taken all at a time is n!
is not allowed and order matters.
n Pn = n!
The Fundamental Principle of Counting:
“If one event can occur in m different ways, Theorem 2:
and after it has occurred in any one of these
ways, a second event can occur in n The number of permutations of n distinct
different ways, then the number of ways the objects taken r at a time is :
two events can occur is mn different ways”.
This pattern can be extended if there are n!
more than two events in the situation. n Pr =
(n − r)!
Consider the numbers 1, 2, and 3. If
arranged all at a time, there will be 6 Permutations of n things of which
different permutations taken all at a time. some things are identical taken all at
a time.
123 132 213 231 312 321 r1 things are identical of
n! the first kind.
Horizontal Bar Method P=
A method of counting by drawing horizontal r1 !r2 !... r2 things are identical of
the second kind.
blank bars as the position of objects to be
arranged and the corresponding number of
ways of placing an object on that bar. By the
fundamental principle of counting, the
number of arrangements can be found. StilHOT
Permutations by Group: ALGEBRA 2.7 Combinations
P = G!m1!m2!... Combination is an arrangement without a
specific order. Repetition is not allowed.
G = no. of groups Recall that the numbers 1, 2 , 3 can be
m1 = no. of members in group 1 arranged in one combination taken all at a
m2 = no. of members in group 2, and so on… time.
The number of combinations of n objects
Circular Permutations: taken all at a time is 1. That is,

n Cn =1
appears as one
1
n 2 The numbers 1, 2, 3 can be arranged in 3
P = (n-1)! different combinations taken two at a time:
3 12 13 23
5 4 n!
nPr = nCr r!
n Cr =
( n − r )! r !
Circular Permutations, Some things are
identical taken all at a time: The total number of combinations of n
things taken 1 at a time, 2 at a time, 3 at a
(n −1)! time, …, or all at a time is:
P=
r1 !r2 !... CT = 2n −1
StilHOT
ALGEBRA 2.8 Pascal’s Triangle ALGEBRA 2.9 Binomial Expansion
rth term = n(n-1)(n-2)…[n-(r-2)] x
n-(r-1) yr-1

1 (x+y)0 1 (r-1)!
1 1 (x+y)1 1x+1y
n(n-1)(n-2)…(n-r+2) (n-r+1)! xn-(r-1) yr-1
1 2 1 (x+y) 2 1x +2xy+1y
2 2 a r =
(r-1)! (n-r+1)!
1 3 3 1 (x+y) 3
1x 3+3x2y+3xy2

(x+y) 4 +1y 3
n! xn-(r-1) yr-1
let m = r-1
1 4 6 4 1 ar =
1 1 (r-1)! [n-(r-1)]!
let x = f =first
n
1 n n 1 (x+y) let y = s = second

Observations: n! fn-m sm n!
ar = but nCm =
1. The numbers in the Pascal’s triangle m! (n-m)! (n-m)!m!
correspond to the respective coefficients of
the terms in the binomial expansion. a r = n C m f n −m s m ; m=r-1
2. The exponent of x descends from n to 0
while that of y ascends from 0 to n. ❑ Properties of the Expanded Binomial
3. There are (n+1) terms in the expansion 1. The first and the last terms are raised
and each term has a degree of n. to n. xn+……+ yn .
2. Corresponding symmetrical terms
(x+y)n = xn + nxn-1y +n(n-1)xn-2y2 + … rth + … + yn
0! 1! 2! have the same coefficients.
(x+y)3= x3+3x2y+3xy2+y3 and
(x+y)4=x4+4x3y+6x2y2+4xy3+y4. StilHOT
3. The sum of the exponents (powers) of
each term is n. That is the degree of each
term is n.
4. The expansion has (n+1) terms.
5. The exponent of the first term of the
binomial is descending by 1 from n to 0
while that of the second term is
ascending by 1 from 0 to n.
❑ Sum of Coefficients of the Terms of
the Expanded Binomial , Sc
▪ CASE 1: General Binomial (axp+byq)n
Sc = ( a + b ) n
▪ CASE 2: General Binomial (axp+k)n
Sc = ( a + k ) n − k n
❑ Sum of Exponents of the Terms of
the Expanded Binomial , Se
Se = n( n +1)( ave. of exponents)
ALGEBRA 2.10 Set Theory
1. A set is a collection of objects called
elements of a set.
2. Any set is a subset () of itself. A set
without an element is called a null or an
empty set { } or .
3. Two sets are equal if they have exactly
the same elements.
4. The intersection () of two sets is the
set of elements common to two sets.
5. The union () of two sets is the set of
all elements that are in both sets.
6. The complement (S’) of a set consists
of elements in the universal set not found
in the given set.
StilHOT
2.11 Problems for Solutions:
1. Find the sixth term in the expansion
of (2x3+9y)11 .
Ans. 1,745,960,832x18y5
2. Find the sum of the coefficients of the
terms in the expansion of (4x-7y)4.
Ans. 81
3. In the expansion of (x1/2-3x-3/2)12, find
the constant term.
Ans. -5940
4. If the middle term of the expansion of
(x3+2y2)n is Cx18y12, find C.
Ans. 59,136
5. If a multiple-choice test consists of 5
questions with 4 possible answers of
which only one is correct,
5.1. how many different ways
can a students check off one answer to
each question. Ans. 1024
5.2. how many ways can a
student check off one answer to each
question and get all the questions
wrong? Ans. 243
6. In how many ways can 5 different
trees be planted
6.1 in a row? Ans. 120
6.2 in a circle? Ans. 24
7. How many ways can 6 people be lined
up to get on a bus
7.1. If certain 3 persons insist
on following each other? Ans. 144
7.2. If certain 2 persons refuse
to follow each other? Ans. 480
8. How many three-digit numbers can be
formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
and 6 if each digit can be used only once
if the number is greater than 330? 105
9. How many ways can 1 president, 1
vice president, and one secretary be
chosen from 14 PICE members if no one
can hold two positions? Ans. 2184
10. How many different permutations
can be made of the letters of the word
INFINITY? Ans. 3360
11.Find the sum of the coefficients in the
expansion of (4x-3)8 . Ans. -6560
Problems for Solutions:
Example 12: Ans. 6
In how many ways can the letters of
the word “BOOB” be arranged if all
letters are taken each time?
Example 13: Ans. 1728 ways
In how many ways can the books in
math, hydraulics and structural
engineering be arranged on a shelf if
math has 3 volumes, hydraulics has 2
volumes and structural engineering
has 4 volumes? Books of the same
subject must be altogether.
Example 14: Ans. 90; 360; 5760 ways
If repetitions are not permitted, how
many three-digit even numbers can be
formed from the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8,
and 9? How many different four digit
integers can be formed if they are to
be greater than 6000? How many
different numbers can be formed from
the given integers if they are to be
greater than 900000 and of different
digits?
Example 15: Ans. 480
There are 6 people lining up to pay
telephone bills. If two persons don’t
want to follow each other, how many
different line ups are possible?
Example 16: Ans. 2880
In how many ways can 5 engineers and
4 nurses be arranged in a round table if
the nurses insisted to be sitting side by
side?
Example 17: Ans. 435
There are 30 NBA teams in the league.
How many different games can be
scheduled?
Example 18: Ans. 9
There are 36 lines that can be drawn
from an n-cornered convex polygon.
How many corners are there all in all?
Example 19: Ans. 16
In how many ways can a panel of 5
judges declare a winner in a beauty
contest?
StilHOT
Example 20:
Use Pascal’s triangle to expand
(2x-3y2)6.
Ans. 64x6-576x5y2+2160x4y4- 4320x3y6
+4860x2y8-2916xy10+729y12
Example 21: Ans. 1,088,640; 275
What is the coefficient of the 5th term of
the expansion of (2x2+3y3)10? How
about the sum of the exponents of the
terms in the expansion?
Example 22: Ans. 5005
Find the term free of x in the expansion of
(x+ 1/x3/2)15.
Example 23: Ans. 65
Find the sum of the coefficients in the
expansion (x+2)4.
Example 24: Ans. 128
How many subsets are there in the set
{S, T, I, L, H, O, P} ?
Example 25:
Four married couples have bought 8 seats
in row for a concert. In how many different
ways can they be seated
a) with no restrictions? 40320
b) If each couple is to seat together? 384
c) If all men sit together to the right of the
women? 576
Example 26:
A committee of 6 persons is to be formed
from 4 men and 6 women. In how many
ways can this be done when at most 3
women are included?
A. 90 B. 95 C. 80 D.85
Example 27: Ans. 208,860
A combination lock has 60 different
positions. To open the lock, the dial is
turned to a certain number in the CW
direction, then to a number in the CCW
direction., and finally to a third number in
the CW direction. If successive numbers in
the combination cannot be the same, how
many different combinations are possible?
StilHOT
SOLUTION 25: SOLUTION 27:
25.1 ) 𝑁 = 8! 𝑁 = 60 ∗ 59 ∗ 59
𝑵 = 𝟒𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝑵 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟔𝟎
25.2) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 SOLUTION 8:
𝐺 = 4 , 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 = 𝑚4 = 2 1 3 5 ≥ 340
𝑁 = 4! 2! 2! 2! 2! 𝑁1 = 15
𝑵 = 𝟑𝟖𝟒 3 6 5 ≥ 400
25.3) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
𝑁2 = 90
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
𝑁 = 𝑊4 𝑀4 , 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝑁 = 4! (4!)
𝑵 = 𝟓𝟕𝟔

SOLUTION 26:
𝑁 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖 𝑜𝑓 4 𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛
+ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖 𝑜𝑓 3 𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛
𝑁 = 4𝐶4 6𝐶2 + (4𝐶3)(6𝐶3)
𝑁 = 15 + 80
𝑵 = 𝟗𝟓