GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 2

DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
 The science of selecting, designing and
constructing the elements which will transfer the
weight and loads of a structure to the underlying
rock or soil.

Foundation
 That part of a structure normally placed below
the surface of the ground which transmits the
weight and loads of a structure to the underlying
soil
 The proper design of foundation requires that the
over-all settlement of the structure be limited to a
tolerable amount and that the differential settlement
of a structure should be minimized or totally
eliminated, as much as possible.

 To satisfy this requirements, it should be necessary to

transmit the load of the structure to a soil stratum of
sufficient bearing capacity and to spread the load
evenly over a sufficiently large areas of the soil
stratum to reduce the bearing pressure.
Requirements for Foundation
1. The depth of the foundation must be adequate to
prevent the lateral squeezing of the materials from
beneath the foundations. The excavation for the
foundation must take into account that this may
happen to the footings of existing footings on
adjacent sides and that protection may be required
for adjacent structures.
2. The depth of the foundation must be below the zone
of seasonal volume changes of the soil due to
freezing, thawing, plant growth and ground water
treatment.
Requirements for Foundation
3. Expansive soil conditions should be considered in
the design of foundations as expansive soils may
carry the foundation up with it if sufficiently
moist.
4. The foundation system must be safe against
overturning, uplift and sliding in addition to
other structural considerations.
5. The foundation system should be protected
against corrosion due to harmful materials
present in the soil.
Requirements for Foundation

6. Foundation systems should be adequate to sustain

some later changes in site or construction geometry
and be easily modified should changes in the
superstructure and loading becomes necessary.
7. The foundation system should be buildable with the
available personnel.
8. The foundation and site development must meet local
environmental requirements.
Foundation Types and Usage
1. Shallow Foundations
a. Spread footings, wall footings
Use: individual columns, walls
Applicable soil conditions:
Any condition where soil
bearing capacity is adequate
to applied loads; maybe used
on a single stratum – firm
layer over soft layer, soft
layer over firm layer.
b. Combined footings
Use:
Two or more columns, or if
space maybe limited
Applicable soil conditions:
Same as for spread footings
c. Mat foundations
Use:
Several rows of heavily
located columns; used to
reduce differential settlements.
Applicable soil conditions:
Soil bearing capacity generally
less than that (of the total) for
spread footings, over half of the
total area would be covered by
spread footings.
2. Deep Foundations
a. Floating pile
Use:
In groups of 2 or more supporting
a cap which interfaces with the
columns
Applicable soil conditions:
Surface and shallow soils have low
bearing capacity and adequate soil
stratum at great depth; sufficient
skin friction can be (prevented)
developed by soil-to-pile perimeter
to carry anticipated loads.
b. Bearing pile
Use:
Same as for floating piles
Applicable soil conditions:
Same as for piles; fewer are used than
piles; used for large column(s) loads.
Surface and shallow soils not relied on
for skin friction; adequate soil stratum
is at a practical depth (8-20m).
c. Drilled Piers or caissons
Use:
Same as for piles, fewer are used than
piles. Used for large column loads
Applicable soil conditions:
Same as for piles, may be bearing or
floating type (or combination),
depending on the depth of
adequate stratum.
 TYPES OF CAISSONS


3. Retaining structures
a. Retaining wall, bridge abutment
Use:
Permanent material retention
Applicable soil condition:
Any type of soil but a specified
zone in the backfill is usually of
controlled fill.
b. Sheeting structures (sheet piles,
wood sheeting, etc.)
Use:
Temporary requirement for
excavation; marine cofferdams for
river training works
Applicable soil conditions:
Retain soil or water backfill for
water front and cofferdam systems
is usually granular for better
drainage.
 Strength Conditions Considered in the
Design of Footing
1. Bearing (compression) from column on top of
footing
2. Dowels into the footing
3. Strength of soil beneath the footing
4. Shear strength
5. Reinforcement provided
6. Development length of bars
Design of reinforced concrete 9th edition by Jack Mccormac
TABLE 12.1 Maximum Allowable Soil Pressure
Class of Material
Rock
Compact coarse sand, compact fine
sand, hard clay, or sand clay
Medium stiff clay or sandy clay
Compact inorganic sand and
silt mixtures
Loose sand
Soft sand clay or clay
Loose inorganic sand–silt mixtures
Loose organic sand–silt mixtures,
muck, or bay mud
Maximum Allowable Soil Pressure
U.S. CustomaryUnits SI Units
(kips/ft2) (kN/m2)
20% of ultimate 20% of ultimate
crushing strength crushing strength
8 385
6 290
4 190
3 145
2 95
1 50
0 0
 McCormac c12.tex V2 - January 9, 2013 10:16 P.M. Page 358

Single column footing prior to

placement of column reinforcing
P T ER 12 Footings

Rhodes Annex–Clemson University, 2008.

Single column footing prior to placement of column reinforcing.
Design of footing
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 or 𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 −
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

a) Due to unfactored service dead load and live loads

𝑃𝐷𝐿 +𝑃𝐿𝐿
Area of footing: 𝐴1 =
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡

b) Due to unfactored dead load, live load and wind load.

Allow a 33% increase in net soil pressure (NSCP specs)
𝐷𝐿+𝐿𝐿+𝑊
Area of footing: 𝐴2 =
1.33 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡

1.2 𝑃𝐷𝐿 +1.6𝑃𝐿𝐿

𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
One way or beam shear Punching or two-way shear
 One way shear
Wall Footing
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 or 𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 −
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

a)Due to unfactored service dead load and live loads

𝑃𝐷𝐿 +𝑃𝐿𝐿
Area of footing: 𝐴 = where A = L(1)
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡

b) Factored Upward Pressure

1.2 𝑃𝐷𝐿 +1.6𝑃𝐿𝐿

𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
c) Shear Stress f) Spacing of main bars

1000
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 1 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑏
𝑠
∅ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 1000
𝑉𝑢 = (allowable) where: n = (no. of bars)
6 𝑠

d) Design Moment s = spacing

𝑥
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (x) (1) ( ) g) Temperature bars
2

e) Steel Area required 𝐴𝑠 = 0.0020 𝑏 𝑡 (𝑓𝑦 < 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

0.59𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.0018𝑥420
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 1 − 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑏 𝑡 (𝑓𝑦 ≥ 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎,)
𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0014𝑏 𝑡 (𝑓𝑦 ≥ 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎,)
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max spacing of temp bars = 5t or 450 mm
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 t = thickness of footing (min 200mm, NSCP 2015)
Development Length
𝐿𝑑 9𝑓𝑦 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝜆
=
𝑑𝑏 10 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
𝑐 𝑑𝑏
Where:
𝐶 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
≯ 2.5
𝑑𝑏
C= side cover
𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0 no stirrup
𝛼 = 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
a
𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝛾 = 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝜆 = 𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
 Development length of dowels into the footing

0.25𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑 =
𝑓𝑐′
𝐿𝑑 =0.04 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 200 𝑚𝑚

 Development length of dowels into column

0.25𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑 =
𝑓𝑐′
𝐿𝑑 =0.04 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 200 𝑚𝑚
Bearing strength
 Bearing strength of concrete at base of column
𝐹1 = ∅ (0.85)𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴1
 Bearing strength of concrete footing
𝐴2
𝐹1 = ∅ (0.85)𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴1 𝐴1

Where:
∅ = 0.65
𝐴1 = area of column
𝐴2 = area of footing
𝐴2
≯2
𝐴1

Note: If the computed bearing force is less than the smaller of the two allowable
values, no dowels will be needed. But a min area of A=0.005x gross cross sectional area
of column is required. Otherwise, dowels should be provided.
Column Footing
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 or 𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 −
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

a) Due to unfactored service dead load and live loads

𝑃𝐷𝐿 +𝑃𝐿𝐿
Area of footing: 𝐴= where A = 𝐿2
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡

b) Factored Upward Pressure

1.2 𝑃𝐷𝐿 +1.6𝑃𝐿𝐿

𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
c) One way shear f) Steel Area required
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝐿 𝑥
∅ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 0.59𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑉𝑢 = (allowable) 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 1 −
6 𝑓𝑐′
1.4
d) Check for punching shear 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦

𝑉𝑢 =𝑞𝑢 (𝐿2 − 𝑐 + 𝑑 2 )
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
∅ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑜 𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = (allowable)
3

e) Design Moment g) No.of bars

𝑥 𝐴𝑠
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (L) (x) ( ) n=
2 𝐴𝑏
WALL FOOTING:

A wall footing is to support a 300 mm wide reinforced concrete wall with a dead load of
290 kN/m and a live load of 220 kN/m. The bottom of the footing is 1.2 m below the
final grade. Assume the soil weighs 15.74 kN/m3 and the allowable soil pressure is 193
kPa. 𝑓𝑐′ = 20.7 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 415 MPa. Use 75 mm steel covering. Concrete weighs 23.5
kN/m3
a. Compute the width and depth of footing
b. Compute the spacing of 22 mm ∅ main bars and 12 mm ∅ longitudinal temperature
and shrinkage steel.
c. Compute the development length required if
Bar location factor ∝=1.0
Coating factor 𝛽=1.0
Size factor 𝛾=1.0
Normal weight concrete 𝜆=1.0
SQUARE FOOTING:

A 400 mm square tied interior column supports a dead load of 890 kN and a live load
of 710 kN. The column is reinforced with 8-25 mm ∅ bars. A square footing is designed
to support this load with its base at 1.5 m below the ground surface. Allowable soil
pressure is 240 kPa. Assume soil weighs 15.74 kN/m3 and concrete to be 23.5 kN/m3
𝑓𝑐′ = 20.7 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 415 MPa.
a. Determine the dimension of the square footing
b. Determine the reinforcement of the square footing
c. Determine the required development length of the square footing
Bar location factor ∝=1.3
Coating factor 𝛽=1.0
Size factor 𝛾=1.0
Lightweight aggregate concrete factor 𝜆=1.0
Dowels:
A 350 mm x 350 mm square column carries a factored axial load
𝑃𝑢 =3560 kN. The footing supporting this column has a dimension
of 3.96 m x 3.96 m. 𝑓𝑐′ = 20.7 MPa in the footing and 34.6 MPa in
the column with 𝑓𝑦 =415 Mpa for both. The column is reinforced
with 8-25 mm dia. bars. Compute the following.
a. Required reinforcement for dowels
b. Development length of dowels into the footing
c. Development length of dowels into column
Rectangular footings

 are necessary where square footings cannot be used because of space

limitations.
 may be used where and overturning moment is present to produce a
more economical footing.
 design is quite similar to that for a square footing
 reinforcement in the long direction is computed in the same manner
as for a square footing
 steel in the short direction is usually placed on top of the longitudinal
steel
 a specific percentage of the total short-side steel is placed in the
column area
Design Procedure
 Check both one-way shear and two-way shear using the critical shear
surfaces. Determine the minimum required D and T to satisfy both.
 Design the long steel. Distribute this steel evenly across the footing.
 Design the short steel
 Since the central portion of the footing takes a larger portion of the
short-direction flexural stresses, place more of the short steel in this
zone. To do so, divide the footing into inner and outer zones. The
portion of the total steel area, As, to be placed in the inner zone
RECTANGULAR FOOTING
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 or 𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 −
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

a) Due to unfactored service dead load and live loads

𝑃𝐷𝐿 +𝑃𝐿𝐿
Area of footing: 𝐴 = where A = L(1)
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡

b) Factored Upward Pressure

1.2 𝑃 +1.6𝑃
𝑞𝑢 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐷𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

c) Allowable shear
∅ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = (one way)
6

∅ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑜 𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = (punching or two-way)
3
d. Steel Area Required
0.59𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 1 − 𝑓𝑐′
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦

a. short direction, 𝐴𝑠1

𝐴𝑠1 2 𝐿 2𝑊
= β= =
𝐴𝑠 𝛽+1 𝑤 𝑊
b. short direction, 𝐴𝑠2
𝐴𝑠 = 2𝐴𝑠2 + 𝐴𝑠1
RECTANGULAR FOOTING:
A 450 mm square interior column carries a dead load of 825 kN
and a load of 668 kN. A rectangular footing is required to carry the
column loads such that the length of the long side must be equal
to twice the width of the short side. Assume bae of footing is 1.5
m below the ground surface. Allowable bearing pressure of soil is
192 kPa. 𝑓𝑐′ = 27.6 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 415 MPa weight of soil is 15.54 kN/m3
and that of the concrete is 23.5 kN/m3
a. Determine the dimensions of the rectangular footing
b. Determine the longitudinal steel requirements
c. Determine the steel requirements in short direction
SQUARE FOOTING SUBJECTED TO BENDING (2001 NSCP specs)
𝑃𝑢 6𝑀𝑢𝑥 6𝑀𝑢𝑦
a. 𝑓𝐴 = + −
𝐴 𝑏𝑑2 𝑑𝑏2
𝑃 6𝑀𝑥 6𝑀𝑦
b. 𝑓𝐴 = 𝐿2 + +
𝐿3 𝐿3

c. 𝑓𝐴 ≯ 𝑞𝑒
d. 𝑞𝑒 =𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 −
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
e. 𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 −(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑥 𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 )−(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 )
Punching Stress
a. 𝑃𝑢 = 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿
b. 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 0.75 1.4𝑀𝐷𝑥 + 1.7𝑀𝐿𝑥 + 1.87𝑀𝐸𝑥 (choose bigger value between b & c)

c. 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 1.4𝑀𝐷𝑥 + 1.7𝑀𝐿𝑥

d. 𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 0.75 1.4𝑀𝐷𝑦 + 1.7𝑀𝐿𝑦 + 1.87𝑀𝐸𝑦 (choose bigger value between d & e)

e. 𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 1.4𝑀𝐷𝑦 + 1.7𝑀𝐿𝑦

SQUARE FOOTING SUBJECTED TO BENDING (2001 NSCP specs)
Effective stress
𝑃𝑢 6𝑀𝑢𝑥 6𝑀𝑢𝑦
a. 𝑓𝐴 = + −
𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿3
𝑃𝑢 6𝑀𝑢𝑥 6𝑀𝑢𝑦
b. 𝑓𝐵 = + +
𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿3
𝑃𝑢 6𝑀𝑢𝑥 6𝑀𝑢𝑦
c. 𝑓𝐶 = − +
𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿3
𝑃𝑢 6𝑀𝑢𝑥 6𝑀𝑢𝑦
d. 𝑓𝐷 = − −
𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿3

e. Average soil pressure at the center

𝑓𝐴 +𝑓𝐵 +𝑓𝐶 +𝑓𝐷
f. 𝑞𝑢 = 4
SQUARE FOOTING SUBJECTED TO BENDING
Example:
A spread footing supports a 350mm x 350mm column
carrying a dead load of 300 kN and live load of 500 kN.
The footing is subjected to an axial moment produced
by the effect of dead load, live and earthquake. The
unfactored moments are tabulated below.
𝑀𝐷𝑥 = 50 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝐿𝑥 = 60 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝐸𝑥 = 36 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝐷𝑦 = 30 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝐿𝑦 = 50 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑀𝐸𝑦 = 29 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Thickness of footing is 460 mm with an effective depth
of 360 mm. The bottom of the footing is 1.2m below
the ground surface. Unit weight of soil = 15.7kN/m3,
concrete = 23.5 kN/m3. Determine the following
a. dimension of the spread footing
b. punching stress at the critical section
c. number of 20 mm dia. reinforcing bars in both ways
for the footing